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page 98 of 142 RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051
In this Appendix we focus on anthropogenic time profiles for seasonality (monthly variation). Table
A.2.1 summarises the priority setting for compiling time profiles per source category in relation with
their contribution to total emissions of specific compounds.
In general climatic, cultural and economic influences contributing to non-uniformity of human activities
are:
ú space heating, influencing the demand on fuels in the residential and commercial sectors;
ú space cooling, affecting the demand for electricity in the residential and commercial sectors;
ú availability of hydropower, influencing the use of fossil fuels or electricity production;
ú holiday periods, influencing both road traffic intensity and manufacturing activities;
ú maintenance periods for large plants relating to favourable periods (e.g. due to holidays, demand
drops, weather conditions), influencing the demand for fossil fuels and the activity level of
industrial processes;
ú seasonality of agricultural production, influencing the amount of national and international
transport (predominantly road and shipping, respectively);
ú car cooling, influencing emissions of CFCs and HFCs from mobile air conditioners.
In the LOTOS approach (Veldt, 1992) time profiles on different time scales are based on reasonable,
simplified assumptions for key sources (Table A.2.2). In Figure A.2.1 the weekly and seasonal variation
of these profiles is presented graphically, showing the straightforward character of these datasets.
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Category/sector Winter/Summer 1 Working/Weekend day Day-time/Night-time 1 Temp. dependent
1 Power plants 1.1/0.9 1.06/0.85 1.1/0.9 no
2 Area source combustion 1.04/0.96 1.08/0.8 1.24/0.76 no
3 Small combustion sources 1.55/0.45 1/1 1.5/0.5 no
4 Refineries 1/1 1/1 1/1 no
5 Industrial processes 1/1 1/1 1/1 no
6 Solvent use 1/1 1/1 1/1 no
7-9 Traffic 1/1 1/1 1.8/0.2 yes
10-12 Vegetation 1/1 1/1 1/1 yes
1 Each of each length.
As an example of a more detailed approach, in Figure A.2.2 time profiles are presented that have been
defined and used in the USA for estimating quarterly emissions of NAPAP emission inventories.
Obviously there is an enormous amount of data available on economic activities at the smallest scale
(plant level, city, street, individual farmers). Within Europe, comprehensive effort has been made by the
GENEMIS project (Generation of European Emission Data for Episodes), which is part of EUROTRAC,
to produce time profiles at a very high spatial and temporal resolution (Heymann, M, 1992; 1994)(see
Table A.2..3). This approach extended and generalised the LOTOS approach discussed above. The
GENEMIS project showed that the availability of high temporal resolution indicator data is limited.
Some examples of this project are summarised in the Section of temporal variation in the
(0(3&25,1$,5(PLVVLRQ,QYHQWRU\+DQGERRN (EMEP-CORINAIR, 1999).