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page 70 of 142 RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051
and even more important, emissions are mostly not specified by fuel type. This is essential for
processing results to a suitable input for the EDGAR model. Hence use has been made of the data
from the RAINS7.2 module (Cofala and Syri, 1998a,b). This module is able to generate emissions by
fuel type and sector for all countries in UN/ECE Europe for among others 1995 based on estimates by
IIASA for the gradual implementation of reduction measures for acidifying pollutants. With the aid
of RAINS it has been attempted to estimate the total emission reduction by sector, fuel type and
country, which had been achieved in 1995 compared to the uncontrolled situation. The reduction
percentages thus calculated have been multiplied with the 1990 EDGAR emission factors in order to
come to 1995 emission factors for NO x and SO 2 for the EDGAR sectors Power generation and
Industrial combustion. The EDGAR V2 factors for 1990 did not take into account existing emission
control, therefore all emission control implemented by 1995 has been considered.
Also for the USA, the SO 2 and NO x emission factors for the sectors 3RZHU JHQHUDWLRQ and
,QGXVWULDOFRPEXVWLRQ have been updated to 1995. This has again been done using emission reduction
percentages, which have been calculated from the detailed NAPAP emission inventory results for
1990 and 1995 and the IEA energy statistics.
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During the period 1990 to 1995 significant emission control measures have been taken for mobile
sources. For instance a further penetration of the exhaust catalyst has taken place in most regions of
the world. In order to estimate the resulting effect of these measures on the emission factors for the
road transport sector, several methodologies have been used. For NO x emission in Europe use has
been made of IIASA’s RAINS7.2 module (Cofala and Syri, 1998a,b). EDGAR requires data to be
specified by fuel type and the RAINS module can produce this data for 1990 and 1995. Based on the
RAINS results the relative reduction in emission factors is calculated by fuel type for the period 1990
to 1995. These reduction factors are multiplied with the EDGAR 1990 emission factors to account for
the emission control measures taken. NO x , CO, SO 2 and NMVOC emission factors for road transport
for the USA have been calculated from the detailed NAPAP emission inventory results for 1990 and
1995 and the IEA energy statistics.
For N 2 O and NH 3 the effect of the introduction of catalytic converters for petrol cars in the '80s in
the USA, Canada, Japan and Australia, and in European countries effectively since the early '90s on
the emission factors was estimated by using country-specific time series 1970-1995 for these
countries (see Table 4.10).
For N 2 O and NH 3 the effect of the introduction of the catalytic converter for petrol cars in the '80s
in the USA, Canada, Japan and Australia, and in European countries effectively since the early '90s
on the emission factors was estimated by using country-specific time series 1970-1995 for these
countries (see Table 4.10).
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1092&IURPWKHFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\
For solvent use an improved method is under development but was not yet available for
implementation in EDGAR 3.0. For NMVOC emissions from miscellaneous industrial processes in
EDGAR 2.0 we applied a method by Piccot HWDO (1992) using a global emission factor based on a
ratio to a countries population, calibrated to data for the USA.
Analysis of emissions from non-combustion processes in the USA (Nizich and Pope, 1998)
showed that the largest remaining NMVOC process source was hazardous waste: Treatment, Storage
or Disposal Facility ('TSDF'), which accounts for 10% of total solvent use of the USA. This factor
was used in EDGAR 3.0 for all countries, resulting in 2.2 Tg NMVOC globally in 1990 for the new
source called +D]DUGRXV :DVWH. For the remaining 0LVFHOODQHRXV LQGXVWULDO SURFHVVHV in EDGAR
3.0, the old method was replaced by a more realistic approach, using an emission factor based on the
ratio to remaining uncovered NMVOC emissions from known chemical process sources, calibrated to
data for the USA (150 Gg cf. Nizich and Pope, 1998). This reduces global NMVOC emissions from
0LVFHOODQHRXV LQGXVWULDO SURFHVVHV from 10 Tg in version 2.0 to 0.5 Tg in EDGAR 3.0 plus the
+D]DUGRXV:DVWH emissions of 2.2 Tg in 1990.