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page 68 of 142 RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 have this emission factor of 19. Interpolation is used for the emission factors between 1975 and 1990. The emission factors for N 2 O from adipic acid production were determined by the fraction abatement assumed: ú According to Reimer HWDO (1992) globally 32% of N 2 O from adipic acid manufacture in 1990 was abated and on average 53% of the emissions from Du Pont plants, including 98% abatement at the Du Pont plant in Victoria, USA. ú Our production data from SRI (1998) (smoothed and averaged) and point source information from Castellan HWDO (1991) leads to the conclusion that on average 22% of the non-Du Pont plant emissions were abated in 1990. For other years we assumed that the emission factors have remained constant. 8SGDWHRIWKH('*$5HPLVVLRQIDFWRUVIURPWR Basically, for EDGAR 3.0 the emission factors for 1995 are imported from EDGAR 2.0 (1990) without any changes except for an improved data format for Europe and the USA. However certain developments influencing emission factors that have taken place during the first half of the 1990s cannot be ignored. Updated emission factors, or another mix of sub-activities, for 1995 will be required for sources such as coal mining, gasoline cars, shifting type of rice cultivation, landfills with gas recovery. In addition, also for power plants and some industries in countries where additional control technology e.g. for SO 2 and NO x has been installed. For extension of emission factors for CH 4 and N 2 O towards 1970 similar considerations have been made. Given the limited resources available for the 1995 update it was decided to focus only on the most important developments and changes that might influence emission factors. There are many sectors in which important emission reduction measures have been implemented. For the update of the 1990 EDGAR 3.0 emission factors to 1995 the following three sectors have been selected: large combustion plants, mobile sources and solvent use. &RDOPLQLQJ For coal mining, we used the same country-specific emission factors for underground and surface mining, respectively, as in EDGAR 2.0 for 1990. However, the steadily increasing share of surface mining in total hard coal and brown coal production results in decreasing emissions as the emission factor for surface mining is much lower than for underground mining. Therefore we used countryspecific information of the largest producing countries to compile for EDGAR 3.0 a dataset for the split of national total production into surface and underground mining in the period 1970-1995. Taking into account this shift, it appears that the impact on global methane emissions by and large compensates the increasing trend of total coal production (see Fig. 4.4). Another reason why global total coal mining emissions remained more or less constant in the '80s and '90s is the increasing amount of methane recovered (and combustion for energy purposes or flared), which increased to 1 and 2 Gg in 1990 and 1995, respectively (see Table 4.9).
RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 page 69 of 142 7J&+ &+IURPIRVVLOIXHOSURGXFWLRQDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQ )*$675$160,66,21 )*$6352'8&7,219 )2,/352'*$6)/$5,1*9 )2,/+$1'/,1*7$1.(569 )2,/352'352&(66(69 )&2$/352',1&/&+5(&299 1RWYLVLEOH )LJ7UHQGRIPHWKDQHHPLVVLRQVRIIRVVLOIXHOSURGXFWLRQDQGJDVDQGRLOWUDQVPLVVLRQ 7DEOH0HWKDQHUHFRYHU\IURPFRDOPLQLQJODQGILOOVDQGZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWSODQWV::73LQ*J 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 &RDOPLQLQJ USA 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.8 OECD Europe 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 Oceania 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Eastern Europe 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 Former USSR 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 East Asia 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 /DQGILOOV Canada 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 USA 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 OECD Europe 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.5 Oceania 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 ::73 Canada 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 USA 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 OECD Europe 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Oceania 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Japan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 *UDQGWRWDO Sources: coal mining: Bibler HWDO (1998); landfills, WWTP: National Inventory Reports to UNFCCC; Strogies, 2001, pers. comm. /DUJHFRPEXVWLRQSODQWV Emission of SO 2 and NO x from large combustion plants in Europe and the USA have decreased considerably as a result of the progress made in national and international programmes against acidification. For Europe an appropriate data source would be the CORINAIR95 inventory. However there are several difficulties in using these data, being the fact that CORINAIR95 is still incomplete
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