RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
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<strong>RIVM</strong> <strong>report</strong> 773301 001 / NRP <strong>report</strong> 410200 051 page 67 of 142<br />
ú NO x from savannah burning (almost half lower, but well within the 2 range);<br />
ú NMVOC from temperate vegetation fires (5 times as high);<br />
ú SO 2 from savannah burning (twice as high, at the upper side of the 2 range).<br />
So we may conclude that all EDGAR 3.2 emission factors are within the uncertainty of the data set<br />
presented recently, except for NMVOC from temperate vegetation fires, which we based on figures<br />
<strong>report</strong>ed by Hobbs et al. (1996).<br />
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CH 4 N 2 O CO NO x NMVOC SO 2 NH 3<br />
Deforestation 6.8±2.0 0.2 104±20 2.5±1.6 8.1±3.0 0.57±0.23 1.3<br />
Savannah burning 2.3±0.9 0.21±0.10 65±20 6.0±3.8 3.4±1.0 0.35±0.16 0.6-1.5<br />
Agricultural waste burning 2.7 0.07 92±84 3.8±1.7 7 0.4 1.3<br />
Temperate vegetation fires 4.7±1.9 0.26±0.07 107±37 4.6±2.3 5.7±4.6 1 1.4±0.8<br />
Biofuel: fuelwood 6.1±2.2 0.06 78±31 1.7±1.1 7.3±4.7 0.27±0.30 1.3<br />
Note: one figure, a range and (value ñ standard deviation) corresponds with one, two or more than two<br />
measurements, respectively.<br />
After an evaluation of available data sources for biofuel use (see references listed in Table 4.8),<br />
including measurement data that has been published recently, we selected the emission factors in<br />
Table 4.8 for use in EDGAR 3. The largest differences compared with EDGAR V2.0 are found in:<br />
ú CH 4 and CO from dung (doubled) and vegetal waste (+50%);<br />
ú NO x from fuelwood (doubled); NMVOC from wood waste (1/10 of the old value);<br />
ú SO 2 from vegetal waste (+50%).<br />
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SURGXFWLRQJ*-<br />
Biofuel type CH 4 N 2 O CO NO x NMVOC SO 2 NH 3 References<br />
Fuelwood 300 4 5000 150 600 15 55 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12<br />
Charcoal 150 1 7000 100 100 20 55 2,3,6,8,9<br />
Agricultural waste 300 3 5000 150 600 60 55 3,5,11<br />
Dung 400 4 7000 250 800 400 55 2,3,5,11<br />
Wood waste 400 4 4700 100 65 15 0 4<br />
Charcoal production 1000 1 7000 10 1700 5 3 2,3,7,8,9,10<br />
Sources: 2 (Berdowski HW DO, 1993); 3 (Veldt and Berdowski, 1995); 4 (Olivier HW DO, 1999); 5 (Smith and<br />
Ramakrishna, 1990); 6 (Smith HWDO, 1993); 7 (Delmas, 1993); 8 (Delmas HWDO, 1995); 9 (Brocard HWDO, 1996);<br />
10 (USEPA, 1985); 11 (Joshi HWDO, 1989); 12 (Ellegard and Egneus, 1992).<br />
The emission factors for N 2 O from nitric acid (NA) production have been compiled using the<br />
emission factors provided in the IPCC *RRG3UDFWLFH*XLGDQFH<strong>report</strong> (IPCC, 2001):<br />
ú For 1990 we used 1.2 kg/ton for the 20% NA plants in the world equipped with Non-Selective<br />
Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) control technology (this is the lower end of the 1.12-2.5 range)<br />
(Choe HWDO 1993). For other NA plants without NSCR we use the emission factor of 9 kg/ton<br />
(average of the 8-10 range default for non-NSCR) (IPCC, 2001). We assume that all NSCR plants<br />
are within OECD; i.e. of the 68% of total world production in OECD countries, 20% points have<br />
an emission factor of 1.2 and the other 48% points has an emission factor of 9. Since we do not<br />
know which OECD plants are equipped with NSCR, we use the weighted average emission factor<br />
of 6.7 for all OECD countries. For non-OECD countries the default of 9 kg/ton is used.<br />
ú According to Choe/EMFA cited in the IPCC (2001), older plants, i.e. pre 1975, may have<br />
emission factors around 19 kg/ton. Therefore we assume that all NA plants in 1975 and earlier