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page 66 of 142 RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 7DEOH1RQHQHUJ\XVH,3&&7LHUGHIDXOWIUDFWLRQVRIFDUERQVWRUHGDQGUHVXOWLQJHIIHFWLYH&2 HPLVVLRQ IDFWRUDVXVHGLQ('*$5 Fuel type Carbon content (kg C/GJ) Fraction stored (-) Emission factor (kg C/GJ) Ibid. (kg CO 2 /GJ) Bitumen 22.0 1 0 0 Ethane 16.8 0.8 12.3 45.2 Gas/Diesel oil 20.2 0.5 37.0 135.8 LPG 17.2 0.8 12.6 46.2 Lubricants 20.0 0.5 36.7 134.5 Naphtha 20.0 0.75 18.3 67.2 Coke-oven coke&lignite coke 29.5 0.75 27.0 99.1 Gas coke 29.5 0.75 27.0 99.1 Natural gas 15.3 0.33 37.6 137.8 Other derived gases 15.3 0.33 37.6 137.8 Source: IPCC (1997). 7DEOH(PLVVLRQIDFWRUVLQ('*$5IRULQWHUQDWLRQDOVKLSSLQJEDVHGRQ&RUEHWWHWDODQG ,3&&NJ*-) Compound Emission factor HFO (kg/GJ) Emission factor diesel (kg/GJ) NO x 1700 1700 SO 2 1500 (3%) 500 (1%) CO 15 30 NMVOC 3 3 7DEOHD(PLVVLRQIDFWRUVLQ('*$5IRUELRPDVVEXUQLQJYHJHWDWLRQILUHVJNJ& Source CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O CO NMVOC NO x NH 3 SO 2 Deforestation 3667 10 0.11 1) 200 10 4 1.85 1.4 Savannah burning NA 5.3 0.07 133 9 7.9 1.85 1.4 Agricultural waste burning NA 6.7 0.165 133 16 6 1.85 1.4 Temperate vegetation fires 3667 10 0.22 300 40 12 1.85 1.4 Fuelwood 100 2) 6.8 0.08 64.3 13.5 1.4 1.4 0.2 )XHOZRRGJ*- 1) Excluding post-burn effects (Bouwman HWDO, 1997). 2) 10% of C content, comparable with an unsustainable production at about 10% (reference value, to indicate possible order of magnitude). 7DEOHE(PLVVLRQIDFWRUVLQ('*$5IRUYHJHWDWLRQILUHVODUJHVFDOHILHOGLQJNJGP Source CH 4 N 2 O CO NO x NMVOC SO 2 NH 3 Deforestation 5.6 0.055 1) 111.0 3.6 7.7 0.7 0.93 Savannah burning 2.2 0.033 66.5 3.6 5.5 0.7 0.93 Agricultural waste burning 6.7 0.083 116.5 4.1 7.8 0.7 0.93 Temperate vegetation fires 5.6 0.055 111.0 3.6 40.0 0.7 0.93 1) Excluding post-burn effects (Bouwman HWDO, 1997). Recently, Andreae and Merlet (2001) compiled a comprehensive set of emission factors based on 130 publications (Table 4.7). Comparison with this set shows that most of the EDGAR 3.2 emission factors are in line or within the uncertainty of the reference set presented in this recently published review paper. Marked differences are: ú CH 4 in agricultural waste burning (twice as high, however based on only one measurement, thus very uncertain); ú N 2 O from temperate vegetation fires (twice as high, at the upper side of the 2 range); ú N 2 O from deforestation (4 times lower, however based on only one measurement, thus very uncertain); ú N 2 O from savannah burning (6 times lower, near the lower side of the 2 range);
RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 page 67 of 142 ú NO x from savannah burning (almost half lower, but well within the 2 range); ú NMVOC from temperate vegetation fires (5 times as high); ú SO 2 from savannah burning (twice as high, at the upper side of the 2 range). So we may conclude that all EDGAR 3.2 emission factors are within the uncertainty of the data set presented recently, except for NMVOC from temperate vegetation fires, which we based on figures reported by Hobbs et al. (1996). 7DEOH(PLVVLRQIDFWRUVLQIRUYHJHWDWLRQILUHVSUHVHQWHGLQ$QGUHDHDQG0HUOHWJNJGP CH 4 N 2 O CO NO x NMVOC SO 2 NH 3 Deforestation 6.8±2.0 0.2 104±20 2.5±1.6 8.1±3.0 0.57±0.23 1.3 Savannah burning 2.3±0.9 0.21±0.10 65±20 6.0±3.8 3.4±1.0 0.35±0.16 0.6-1.5 Agricultural waste burning 2.7 0.07 92±84 3.8±1.7 7 0.4 1.3 Temperate vegetation fires 4.7±1.9 0.26±0.07 107±37 4.6±2.3 5.7±4.6 1 1.4±0.8 Biofuel: fuelwood 6.1±2.2 0.06 78±31 1.7±1.1 7.3±4.7 0.27±0.30 1.3 Note: one figure, a range and (value ñ standard deviation) corresponds with one, two or more than two measurements, respectively. After an evaluation of available data sources for biofuel use (see references listed in Table 4.8), including measurement data that has been published recently, we selected the emission factors in Table 4.8 for use in EDGAR 3. The largest differences compared with EDGAR V2.0 are found in: ú CH 4 and CO from dung (doubled) and vegetal waste (+50%); ú NO x from fuelwood (doubled); NMVOC from wood waste (1/10 of the old value); ú SO 2 from vegetal waste (+50%). 7DEOH (PLVVLRQ IDFWRUV LQ ('*$5 IRU ELRIXHO FRPEXVWLRQ LQ WKH UHVLGHQWLDO VHFWRU DQG IRU FKDUFRDO SURGXFWLRQJ*- Biofuel type CH 4 N 2 O CO NO x NMVOC SO 2 NH 3 References Fuelwood 300 4 5000 150 600 15 55 2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 Charcoal 150 1 7000 100 100 20 55 2,3,6,8,9 Agricultural waste 300 3 5000 150 600 60 55 3,5,11 Dung 400 4 7000 250 800 400 55 2,3,5,11 Wood waste 400 4 4700 100 65 15 0 4 Charcoal production 1000 1 7000 10 1700 5 3 2,3,7,8,9,10 Sources: 2 (Berdowski HW DO, 1993); 3 (Veldt and Berdowski, 1995); 4 (Olivier HW DO, 1999); 5 (Smith and Ramakrishna, 1990); 6 (Smith HWDO, 1993); 7 (Delmas, 1993); 8 (Delmas HWDO, 1995); 9 (Brocard HWDO, 1996); 10 (USEPA, 1985); 11 (Joshi HWDO, 1989); 12 (Ellegard and Egneus, 1992). The emission factors for N 2 O from nitric acid (NA) production have been compiled using the emission factors provided in the IPCC *RRG3UDFWLFH*XLGDQFHreport (IPCC, 2001): ú For 1990 we used 1.2 kg/ton for the 20% NA plants in the world equipped with Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) control technology (this is the lower end of the 1.12-2.5 range) (Choe HWDO 1993). For other NA plants without NSCR we use the emission factor of 9 kg/ton (average of the 8-10 range default for non-NSCR) (IPCC, 2001). We assume that all NSCR plants are within OECD; i.e. of the 68% of total world production in OECD countries, 20% points have an emission factor of 1.2 and the other 48% points has an emission factor of 9. Since we do not know which OECD plants are equipped with NSCR, we use the weighted average emission factor of 6.7 for all OECD countries. For non-OECD countries the default of 9 kg/ton is used. ú According to Choe/EMFA cited in the IPCC (2001), older plants, i.e. pre 1975, may have emission factors around 19 kg/ton. Therefore we assume that all NA plants in 1975 and earlier
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