RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>RIVM</strong> <strong>report</strong> 773301 001 / NRP <strong>report</strong> 410200 051 page 65 of 142<br />
In the process of updating 1990 activity data with more recent statistical datasets, these levels are<br />
often changed to a lesser or larger degree. This is caused by the phenomenon that statistics of activity<br />
data of the most recent years tend to change during a couple of years after the first compilation. This<br />
happens in particular in non-OECD countries, however, also in industrialised countries this<br />
phenomenon can be observed, although in these countries the changes are often only minor. In<br />
addition, data for the former USSR have become rather weak due to inconsistencies between the sum<br />
of the new countries and the 1990 data for the former USSR.<br />
Moreover, international statistics often do not include full time series for all countries. Often for<br />
the most recent year(s) as well as in the more distant past data are missing. For industrial production<br />
statistics this has been 'repaired' by extrapolating at constant levels to 1995 and linearly back to 1970<br />
in these cases. Interpolation was used when intermediate years were missing. For the so-called 'new'<br />
countries (e.g. of the former USSR), extrapolation of the official time series back in time was done by<br />
applying the annual growth rates of the former country to all new countries.<br />
8SGDWHRIHPLVVLRQIDFWRUVIRU<br />
As a result of the validation of EDGAR 2.0 with other global and regional emission inventories it was<br />
decided that several items should be modified for the reference year 1990. Compared to Version 2.0<br />
the following amendments have been made for 1990:<br />
ú The emission factors for 1990 for direct greenhouse gases CO 2 ,CH 4 and N 2 O have been brought<br />
more in line with the defaults recommended in the 5HYLVHG ,3&& *XLGHOLQHV IRU<br />
*UHHQKRXVH*DV,QYHQWRULHV (IPCC, 1997) and for reference purposes any departures from them<br />
will be clearly identified. For CO 2 from fossil fuel use, emission factors per detailed fuel type are<br />
used as recommended as default in the 5HYLVHG ,3&& *XLGHOLQHV, including the default<br />
fractions of fuel not oxidised (in V2.0: one aggregated factor for coal, oil and gas). For CO 2 from<br />
non-energy use of fossil fuels we used the default carbon storage factors recommended by the<br />
5HYLVHG ,3&&*XLGHOLQHV (see Table 4.4). This also means that the agricultural emissions<br />
have been changed substantially by the inclusion of ‘indirect’ emissions of N 2 O. Other examples<br />
of areas where emission factors were updated are CH 4 from rice and landfills (see separate<br />
sections 4.2.4.5 and 4.2.4.6).<br />
ú Global default emission factors for NO x , CO and NMVOC for the following non-road transport<br />
activities are updated: Rail transport, Inland water, Other land-non-road and Non-specified<br />
transport. Emission factors are entered for coal, diesel oil and gasoline when applicable. These<br />
new EDGAR factors are taken from the EMEP-CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory<br />
Guidebook.<br />
ú Global default emission factors for NO x and SO 2 for sea ships have been updated; in particular the<br />
emission factor for NO x has increased significantly. The new emission factors for NO x and SO 2<br />
are based on Corbett HWDO(1997, 1999) and for others on the IPCC default values (IPCC, 1997)<br />
(see Table 4.5).<br />
ú Global emission factors for biomass burning (savannah burning, deforestation, agricultural waste<br />
burning) have been updated, based on existing GEIA inventories and default values<br />
recommended by IPCC (1997) (see Table 4.6.a and b). The emission factors for biofuels were<br />
updated based on a recent literature review, which are similar to the default values recommended<br />
in IPCC (1997). The main differences with the emission factors for vegetation fires in EDGAR<br />
2.0 are the factors for CH 4 and CO from agricultural waste burning and for NO x from<br />
deforestation fires, which are presently about half of the old values.