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RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 page 63 of 142
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Region 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Latin America 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.98
Africa 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93
South Asia 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.94
East Asia 3.69 2.82 2.04 1.58 1.00 0.50
Southeast Asia 1.12 1.07 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.97
Oceania 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
World 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.02 1.00 0.94
Source: simulation of IMAGE 2.1 (Baseline A), except underlined values for 1995, where IMAGE values were
considered unrealistically low (own estimate).
Source of activity data: FAO (1993).
For DJULFXOWXUDO ZDVWH EXUQLQJ (on-site), the fractions burned on-site have been changed
substantially, based on analysis made for the GEIA ammonia inventory for non-OECD'90 countries
(Bouwman, 1997) and data reported in National Communications of OECD countries (i.e. of USA,
Japan, Australia). For both developed and developing countries the fractions burned are now
estimated considerably lower than in EDGAR 2.0. We assume 5% in OECD regions, 20% in EIT
(Eastern Europe and former USSR) and 40% in developing regions, except for Oceania where we
used a percentage of 30% (Nat. Com. Australia) and for OECD Europe where we assumed a
decreasing trend from 40% in 1980, 20% in 1990 to 5% in 1995 based on data for the UK in Lee and
Adkins (1994). Also the fractions of agricultural waste associated with the net crop production have
been modified (Smill, 1999). The resulting trend in amounts burned on site is presented in Fig 4.2.
The 40% for less developed countries includes the amounts used as biofuel; for OECD and EIT the
fractions are assumed to refer to field burning only. The resulting fractions of agricultural waste
assumed to be burned on the field is presented in Table 4.3, where these are presented per
EDGAR3/IMAGE2 region for the period 1970-1995. Due to varying % of amounts used as biofuel in
LDC regions, the effective fraction of field burning also varies in these regions. For OECD regions
the fractions are assumed to refer to field burning only, and are assumed to remain constant, except
for OECD Europe as discussed above.
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EDGAR 3 IM 2 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
01: Canada 1 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
02: USA 2 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
03: OECD Europe 9 40% 40% 40% 30% 28% 26% 24% 22% 20% 15% 10% 8% 7% 5%
04: Japan 17 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
05: Oceania 16 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30%
06: Eastern Europe 10 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
07: Former USSR 11 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%
08: Latin America 3 17% 17% 19% 21% 19% 20% 19% 19% 21% 21% 21% 20% 21% 21%
08: Latin America 4 22% 21% 18% 16% 16% 15% 16% 16% 15% 16% 16% 18% 17% 17%
09: Africa 5 25% 20% 22% 21% 23% 17% 24% 24% 19% 20% 14% 14% 22% 13%
09: Africa 6 23% 24% 24% 23% 22% 22% 22% 23% 22% 23% 23% 23% 23% 23%
09: Africa 7 24% 24% 20% 21% 20% 21% 20% 21% 22% 21% 20% 27% 26% 27%
09: Africa 8 21% 21% 24% 22% 22% 21% 22% 24% 22% 21% 23% 26% 24% 22%
10: Middle East 12 31% 31% 32% 31% 31% 31% 32% 31% 31% 31% 30% 30% 31% 31%
11: South Asia 13 0% 0% 2% 3% 3% 1% 3% 4% 3% 2% 3% 4% 5% 4%
12: East Asia 14 5% 7% 5% 3% 3% 2% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
13: Southeast Asia 15 23% 22% 23% 22% 23% 23% 23% 22% 22% 21% 21% 20% 21% 21%
Note: IM 2 = IMAGE 2 region (see Appendix A.4.4).