RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
RIVM report xxxxxx xxx
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<strong>RIVM</strong> <strong>report</strong> 773301 001 / NRP <strong>report</strong> 410200 051 page 47 of 142<br />
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International policy for the protection of the ozone layer was established through the 0RQWUHDO<br />
3URWRFRO of 1987 and the subsequent $PHQGPHQWVRI/RQGRQ, 1990, and &RSHQKDJHQ, 1992. Sixtyfive<br />
countries have now ratified the &RSHQKDJHQ$PHQGPHQW including the largest industrialised ones.<br />
According to this &RSHQKDJHQ $PHQGPHQW countries have to phase out the production and<br />
consumption of CFCs by 1996. Other countries, in particular developing countries with a relatively<br />
small CFC use per capita, have to phase out production and use by 2005. International funds are<br />
available for financing projects in developing countries for preventing further expansion of the use of<br />
CFCs. In 1994 the countries of the European Union agreed to phase out the use of CFCs and carbon<br />
tetrachloride by 1995 (EEA, 1999).<br />
As a result of these measures world-wide production and consumption of ozone-depleting<br />
substances have been reduced substantially during the last years. In 1995, consumption dropped to<br />
almost zero in industrialised countries (including the former USSR), in compliance with the<br />
agreements. From a policy point of view, the issue has been sufficiently dealt with. Several factors, as<br />
outlined below, contributed to the success of the 0RQWUHDO3URWRFRO and $PHQGPHQWV:<br />
ú technical alternatives are available for substituting CFCs at acceptable costs: HCFCs, HFCs, other<br />
processes without halocarbons;<br />
ú damage to the ozone layer has now become particularly evident, partly because of the relatively<br />
direct relationship between cause and effect: i.e. one major group of harmful substances and one<br />
major impact;<br />
ú<br />
the 0RQWUHDO 3URWRFRO contains well-defined flexible implementation schemes and evaluation<br />
procedures.<br />
The most important factors now determining the success of international policy are found in the<br />
sustaining sphere, e.g. compliance with international agreements, resistance to smuggling and illegal<br />
production of CFCs, and implementation of recycling or destruction of CFCs emitted from existing<br />
applications. In 1995, the respective stocks of CFC-11 and 12 at global level contained in appliances<br />
such as refrigerators was 8 and 3 times the amount actually emitted in 1995. This was 8 times the<br />
amount actually emitted for halon-1211and 25 times for halon-1301. Thus, also after the phase-out of<br />
production and consumption, emissions to the atmosphere of substances contained in existing<br />
applications will continue for a number of years. The use of methyl bromide in developing countries<br />
is also an important factor; in industrialised countries this has already been controlled. The EU has a<br />
25% reduction target for methyl bromide in 1998 compared to the 1991 level (EEA, 1999).<br />
HCFCs and HFCs are used as substitutes for CFCs. In the 0RQWUHDO3URWRFRO and $PHQGPHQWV the<br />
consumption of HCFCs is still allowed for a number of years. As a result, the production of HCFCs<br />
has recently substantially increased. Also the ODPs of HCFCs are only about 5% of that of CFCs.<br />
Therefore the impact of HCFCs on the ozone layer is currently very small. However, since there are<br />
now hardly any measures taken in developing countries to reduce the consumption of these<br />
substances, in the future HCFCs could contribute to ozone depletion in non-negligible amounts in the<br />
future. While HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, they are potent greenhouse gases.<br />
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Total global <strong>report</strong>ed production of CFC-11 and CFC-12 has decreased in 1995 by 46% and 38%,<br />
respectively, compared to 1994. In 1995, total <strong>report</strong>ed production was 15% of the 1986 level.<br />
However, the consumption of HCFCs increased in 1995 relative to 1994, in particular for HCFC-141b<br />
at 39%. The consumption of CFC-22, currently the most widely used HCFC, increased by 2%. The<br />
consumption of HFC-134a increased in 1995 by 46% (AFEAS, 1997). The estimated production of<br />
so-called non-<strong>report</strong>ing countries has been relatively constant since 1986. As illustrated in Fig. 2.8,<br />
the consumption of CFCs in industrialised countries dropped to almost zero in 1994. In most of the<br />
developing countries, which will have no restrictions on their consumption for ten more years, the