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page 44 of 142 RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 *OREDOVSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIJUHHQKRXVHJDVHV Global emissions of the direct greenhouse gases, CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O and CFCs, are concentrated in the USA, Europe, the former USSR, China and, to a lesser extent, India (see Fig. 2.4). The largest KRW VSRWV are CO 2 emissions, per region contributing 13, 9, 9, and 7% to global CO 2 -eq.emissions, respectively. Within Europe the intensity is highest in the north-western part. Globally, carbon dioxide contributes 2/3, methane 1/5, CFCs 1/10 and nitrous oxide 1/20. In the USA, the European Union and Japan, CFCs contribute 1/5 locally; in India methane and nitrous oxide contribute more than 50% to the national total. &2HTHPLVVLRQVLQ T H 2 7 J & &)&VHWF 12 &+ &2 (8 8QLWHG 6WDWHV -DSDQ 2WKHU 2(&' )RUPHU 6RYHW 8QLRQ (DVWHUQ (XURSH &KLQD ,QGLD 2WKHU )LJ'LVWULEXWLRQRIJUHHQKRXVHJDVHPLVVLRQVLQRYHUVRXUFHVDQGUHJLRQV7J&2 HTXLY*:3 Source: EDGAR V2.0. 'LVWULEXWLRQRIJUHHQKRXVHJDVHVE\UHJLRQDQGVRXUFH Two-thirds of the global CO 2 emissions originate in OECD countries and the former USSR. Globally, emissions of CH 4 contribute about 20% to total direct greenhouse gases. In India, however, this percentage is more than twice as high, mainly due to the large share of rice cultivation and cattle, whereas the contribution of methane in OECD countries is about 10%. In developing countries the share of N 2 O emissions is twice as high as in industrialised countries (20% in OECD and 10% in the former USSR and Eastern Europe). Depending on the mix of alternatives for CFCs used (notably HCFCs and HFCs), halocarbons will continue to contribute significantly to total CO 2 -eq. emissions from industrialised countries. Of direct greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use, which contribute to half of the total CO 2 - eq. emissions, about half of this stems from the USA, the European Union and the former USSR. Amongst the ‘fossil fuel’ sources, electric power plants are the largest and industrial plants second largest, while about 10% comes from methane losses during production and transmission of fossil fuels. Emissions from agriculture and land use, mainly in developing countries, contribute together about 20% to the global total. ,QGLFDWRUVIRUPHWKDQHDQGQLWURXVR[LGH Globally, agricultural activities represent one of the largest sources of methane and nitrous oxide. Animals, in particular, beef cattle, and rice production, account for a large share of these emissions. Methane emissions per capita from the USA and the former USSR are twice as high as the global
RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 page 45 of 142 average, due to mainly coal and gas production, and distribution and landfills. In the European Union these are almost equal to the global average. In Latin America CH 4 emissions per capita are 20% higher compared to the global average, whereas in India, China and most other Asian countries these are about 2/3 of the global average. Thus, CH 4 emissions per capita due to agriculture are relatively low, but in the EU they are almost equal to the world average. However, it should be stressed that due to the high uncertainty in emission factors, only high-level comparisons between countries are meaningful. 'LIIHUHQFH ,QGLD &KLQD :RUOG 3RSXODWLRQ 3URGXFWLRQ $UHDHPLVVLRQV 3URGXFWLYLW\ * 1990 was a peak year for China. Productivity = production/ha harvested. Source: FAO, 1997; World Bank, 1997; EDGAR V2.0. )LJ $JULFXOWXUDO LQGLFDWRUV &+ HPLVVLRQV IURP ULFH FXOWLYDWLRQ FRPSDUHG WR WRWDO ULFH SURGXFWLRQ 'LIIHUHQFH 3RSXODWLRQ 3URGXFWLRQ /LYHVWRFNHPLVVLRQV 3URGNJOLYHVWRFN 3URGNJVODXJKWHUHGFRZ 86$ )RUPHU6RYHW 8QLRQ %UD]LO $UJHQWLQD :RUOG Source: FAO, 1997; World Bank, 1997; EDGAR V2.0. )LJ$JULFXOWXUDOLQGLFDWRUVHPLVVLRQVRI&+ DQG1 2 RQO\GLUHFWHPLVVLRQVIURPFDWWOHEUHHGLQJQRQ GDLU\FRPSDUHGZLWKPHDWSURGXFWLRQ
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