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page 18 of 142 RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 regions: OECD Europe, Eastern Europe, Former USSR, China region, India region, East Asia and Japan (Olivier HWDO., 1996). However, the EDGAR inventories of N 2 O, NH 3 and CO, which are also GEIA inventories, have been validated in more detail be comparison with other references presenting emission estimates at various spatial and source levels (Bouwman et al., 1995; 1998; Olivier HWDO., 1999b). &RPSDULVRQZLWK*(,$LQYHQWRULHV12 [ DQG62 Within the framework of the the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) global emission inventories of SO 2 and NO x for 1985 have been compiled (Benkovitz HW DO 1996, Version 1A.1). These inventories consist of a compilation of several regional and one global emission inventory. For SO 2 an inventory compiled by Spiro HW DO (1992) was selected to provide the default emissions data for the GEIA SO 2 inventories. The Dignon 1992 inventory for NO x emissions (Dignon, 1992) was selected to provide the default emissions data for the GEIA NO x inventories. Data for the United States and Canada has been compiled by the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), Version 2 (Wagner HWDO 1986; Saeger HWDO 1989). Emissions for western Europe have been taken from the CORINAIR emission inventories Bouscaren (1990); the EMEP inventories described in Sandnes and Styve (1992) supplied the data for areas in Europe not covered by CORINAIR. Anthropogenic emissions of SO 2 and NO x for Australia were obtained from Carnovale (1992) and the Australian Environment Protection Authority (AEPA, 1992). Anthropogenic emissions of SO 2 and NO x for South Africa were obtained from Lloyd (1993). Kato and Akimoto (1992) developed inventories of anthropogenic emissions of SO 2 and NO x for 25 Asian countries east of Afghanistan and Pakistan. For five Asian countries, being Japan, China, North and South Korea and Taiwan, emission estimates were available from Tonooka (1993). 6LPSOHFRPSDULVRQ*(,$YHUVXV('*$5 Although the reference years for the EDGAR 2.0 and the GEIA 1A.1 inventories differ five years (1990 vs. 1985), provided that major changes during this period are taken into account, simple quantitative comparisons can still be made since emission factors are not expected to have changed drastically during this period. 12 [ 7RWDO0W('*$5YV0W*(,$ W 0 ,$ ( * 2(&' (XURSH \ [ $IULFD ('*$50W )LJ3ORWRIWKH*(,$UHJLRQDOHPLVVLRQWRWDOVIRU12 [ DJDLQVWWKH('*$5UHVXOWV
RIVM report 773301 001 / NRP report 410200 051 page 19 of 142 62 7RWDO0W('*$5YV0W*(,$ )RUPHU 8665 \ [ W 0 ,$ ( * /DWLQ $PHULFD &KLQDUHJLRQ ('*$50W )LJ3ORWRIWKH*(,$UHJLRQDOHPLVVLRQWRWDOVRI62 DJDLQVWWKH('*$5UHVXOWV In order to obtain a first impression of any structural or systematic differences between the EDGAR and GEIA inventories, the total regional emissions of NO x and SO 2 where plotted against each other (Fig. 1.1 and 1.2). Also shown in the figure is the result of a linear regression. From the figures it can be observed that for both substances the EDGAR and GEIA results show structural as well as more random differences. On average EDGAR reports higher emissions (compare global totals) for both NO x and SO 2 . This is less pronounced for the latter substance, as can be concluded from the regression results. For SO 2 , of which emissions are primarily the result of the combustion of fossil fuels, the average difference is about 10%. This approximately corresponds to the growth in the global energy consumption during 1985 to 1990. For NO x the average difference is about 30% which would imply that for this substance other factors play an at least equally important role. There are a number of possible explanations for this, for instance certain source categories are covered by one inventory, however excluded in the other. Also NO x emission factors are in general more uncertain compared to SO 2 . In Section 1.2.1.3 structural inconsistencies will be analysed in more detail. Figures 1.1 and 1.2 also highlight a few important regions for which differences seem higher than average. For Africa for instance the EDGAR results for NO x are significantly higher than GEIA. As will be clarified later this is caused by the high biomass related emissions in EDGAR for this region. The earlier mentioned growth of the energy consumption between 1985 and 1990 has not been uniform across the world. Growth was very high in the China region whereas an economic decline has taken place in the former Soviet Union. These facts at least partly explain the differences found for these regions for SO 2 . *(,$YHUVXV('*$5DPRUHGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLV There are some important differences in starting points that should be taken into account when comparing the EDGAR and GEIA emission inventories. First, the reference years of the inventories differ five years. During 1985 to 1990 both an overall increase in energy consumption and an increase in industrial production has taken place. The second major difference between EDGAR and GEIA is that EDGAR is set up consistently whereas the GEIA work comprises a compilation of different inventories. Known emission sources are in the EDGAR inventories included whenever available information permits. In the GEIA inventories sources like biomass combustion and landuse activities are most often only partly or not included.
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