Diseases, pathogens and parasites of Undaria pinnatifida
Diseases, pathogens and parasites of Undaria pinnatifida
Diseases, pathogens and parasites of Undaria pinnatifida
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filiformis, P. lanceolata, Pterocladiella capillacea <strong>and</strong> Schizymenia dubyi (Cantacuzene 1930;<br />
Apt 1988b; Apt & Gibor 1989; Rheinheimer 1992; Ashen & G<strong>of</strong>f 1996, 1998, 2000).<br />
A number <strong>of</strong> bacterial diseases <strong>of</strong> Porphyra have been reported, particularly in relation to<br />
farmed Porphyra, including “green spot rotting-like deterioration” (Ryokuhan-byo) <strong>of</strong><br />
Porphyra yezoensis (Nakao et al. 1972), "filament bacterial felt" disease (agent not specified)<br />
(Song et al. 1993), <strong>and</strong> "white wasting disease"/ white spot"/ "Gijishirogusare-sho" (Tsukidate<br />
1971, 1977). Tsukidate (1983) examined the symbiotic relationship between Porphyra species<br />
<strong>and</strong> attached bacteria that occurred in conjunction with white rot, the disease which has<br />
caused the most serious damage to the Porphyra cultivation industry in Japan. Anaaki-disease<br />
causes severe damage to the red alga Porphyra yezoensis; Hayashi et al. (1984) identified the<br />
agent as Vibrio fischeri <strong>and</strong> reported on how it attaches to host thalli (Porphyra sp.), digests<br />
host cells <strong>and</strong> makes holes in the thalli. Sunairi et al. (1995) reported Flavobacterium sp. to<br />
be the causative agent <strong>of</strong> Anaaki-disease, as a result <strong>of</strong> several repeated single-colony<br />
isolations <strong>and</strong> infection experiments. In order to ascertain the role <strong>of</strong> bacteria in the process <strong>of</strong><br />
rotting or decaying <strong>of</strong> cultured laver, Fujita et al. (1972) examined 24 strains <strong>of</strong> bacteria<br />
isolated from diseased fronds <strong>of</strong> Porphyra yezoensis, including species <strong>of</strong> Pseudomonas,<br />
Vibrio, Beneckea.<br />
Weinberger et al. (1994) quantified the bacterial epiphytes <strong>of</strong> Gracilaria conferta <strong>and</strong> found<br />
that saprophytic bacteria reached 350 times <strong>and</strong> agar degraders 25,000 times higher numbers<br />
per gram <strong>of</strong> wet weight on tissues infected with the “white tips disease”, as compared to<br />
healthy tissues. Jaffray & Coyne (1996) developed an in situ assay to detect bacterial<br />
<strong>pathogens</strong> <strong>of</strong> the red alga Gracilaria gracilis responsible for causing lesions, thallus<br />
bleaching, <strong>and</strong> Jaffray et al. (1997) examined bacterial epiphytes on Gracilaria gracilis. The<br />
cause for the “white canopy disease” or “colourless disease” described from Gracilaria<br />
tenuistipitata cultivated in Vietnam is not known (Phap & Thuan 2002) although it is<br />
probably similar to “ice-ice disease” in farmed Eucheuma/Kappaphycus species.<br />
Uyenco et al. (1977) isolated strains <strong>of</strong> Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, <strong>and</strong> Actinobacterium<br />
associated with "ice-ice disease" in diseased Eucheuma striatum. The symptoms <strong>of</strong> this<br />
disease include the presence <strong>of</strong> a white powdery growth on the thallus which causes loss <strong>of</strong><br />
pigments, <strong>and</strong> the gradual consumption <strong>and</strong> subsequent fragmentation <strong>of</strong> the host. Largo et al.<br />
(1995a), found that pathogenic bacteria identified as Vibrio sp. <strong>and</strong> Cytophaga sp. promoted<br />
ice-ice disease in stressed host branches in the carrageenan-producing red algae Kappaphycus<br />
alvarezii <strong>and</strong> Eucheuma denticulatum. Largo et al. (1999) examined the time-dependent<br />
attachment mechanism <strong>of</strong> bacterial <strong>pathogens</strong> during ice-ice infection in Kappaphycus<br />
alvarezii.<br />
Ghirardelli (1998) reported on small sheathed Cyanophyta that occur in the cell walls <strong>of</strong> live<br />
<strong>and</strong> dead crustose rhodophytes, collected in the lower intertidal zone in the Gulf <strong>of</strong> Trieste<br />
(Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy). Pectonema terebrans is a cyanobacterium that grows in the<br />
calcified cell walls <strong>of</strong> coralline algae in Italy, such as Hydrolithon sp., Lithophyllum sp.,<br />
Sporolithon sp. <strong>and</strong> Titanoderma sp., <strong>and</strong> it leaves characteristic holes behind <strong>and</strong> thus can be<br />
identified even in ancient host material (Ghirardelli 1998). The endophytic cyanobacterium<br />
Pleurocapsa sp. is associated with galls <strong>and</strong> the “deformative disease” in Chilean Mazzaella<br />
laminarioides (Correa et al. 1993, 1997, 2000; Sanchez et al. 1996; Buschmann et al. 1997;<br />
Faugeron et al. 2000). Pleurocapsa triggers the development <strong>of</strong> tumours that can result in<br />
major changes in frond morphology <strong>and</strong> texture <strong>and</strong> negatively affect the number <strong>of</strong> spores,<br />
settlement rates, germination success <strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>fspring survival (Correa et al. 2000).<br />
An unspecified bacterium is the cause <strong>of</strong> “Coralline Lethal Orange Disease” (CLOD) in the<br />
crustose coralline alga Hydrolithon onkodes from central west Pacific. CLOD is characterised<br />
MAF Biosecurity New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>Diseases</strong>, <strong>pathogens</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>parasites</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Undaria</strong> <strong>pinnatifida</strong> • 21