Diseases, pathogens and parasites of Undaria pinnatifida
Diseases, pathogens and parasites of Undaria pinnatifida
Diseases, pathogens and parasites of Undaria pinnatifida
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Other algae<br />
Laminariocolax aecidioides is an endophytic brown alga infecting farmed U. <strong>pinnatifida</strong> in<br />
Japan (Akiyama 1977b; Yoshida & Akiyama 1978; Veiga et al. 1997). Infections result in<br />
host thalli becoming thicker <strong>and</strong> stiffer, lowering their market value (Yoshida & Akiyama<br />
1978).<br />
3.2.3. Known <strong>pathogens</strong> in the introduced range other than New Zeal<strong>and</strong> (Australia, UK,<br />
France, Spain, USA (west coast), Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan)<br />
The endophyte Laminariocolax aecidioides (as Gononema aecidioides) has been found in<br />
farmed <strong>Undaria</strong> <strong>pinnatifida</strong> thalli from Spain (Veiga et al. 1997) <strong>and</strong> has also been found in<br />
<strong>Undaria</strong> in Argentina (Gauna et al. pers. comm.).<br />
3.2.4. Occurrence <strong>of</strong> known <strong>pathogens</strong> in New Zeal<strong>and</strong><br />
Even though members <strong>of</strong> the genus Laminariocolax occur in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> kelps, none have<br />
so far been observed in <strong>Undaria</strong> <strong>pinnatifida</strong>. Instead, in New Zeal<strong>and</strong> U. <strong>pinnatifida</strong> hosts<br />
another endophyte, Microspongium tenuissimum, which is also found in Ecklonia radiata <strong>and</strong><br />
various red algae. The infection <strong>of</strong> U. <strong>pinnatifida</strong> with M. tenuissimum was not associated<br />
with obvious macroscopic disease symptoms (Heesch 2005).<br />
3.3. LAMINARIALES<br />
3.3.1. Known <strong>pathogens</strong> worldwide<br />
Viruses<br />
There are no viral diseases reported from members <strong>of</strong> the Laminariales outside New Zeal<strong>and</strong><br />
(see 3.2.2).<br />
Bacteria<br />
Most bacteria affecting kelps belong to the phylum Proteobacteria. Pathogenic species <strong>of</strong><br />
Alteromonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas <strong>and</strong> Vibrio have been recorded from<br />
Saccharina japonica in China (e.g. Tang et al. 2001; Liu et al. 2002; Wang et al. 2006) <strong>and</strong><br />
Japan (e.g. Ezura et al. 1990; Yamada et al. 1990; Sawabe et al. 1998; Sawabe et al. 2000a, b;<br />
Narita et al. 2001; Vairappan et al. 2001) resulting in holes <strong>and</strong> lesions on thalli <strong>and</strong><br />
eventually “rot disease”. Some proteobacteria indirectly affect gametophytes <strong>and</strong> young<br />
sporophytes in culture when red spot disease <strong>of</strong> the culture bed (i.e. the culture ropes) causes<br />
the young Saccharina japonica to detach from infected ropes (e.g. Ezura et al. 1988; Yumoto<br />
et al. 1989a, b). Alteromonas sp. <strong>and</strong> Vibrio sp. are also associated with lesions <strong>and</strong> thallus<br />
bleaching <strong>of</strong> Saccharina ochotensis <strong>and</strong> S. religiosa in Japan (Vairappan et al. 2001). A<br />
species <strong>of</strong> Acinetobacter causes “white rot” in Nereocystis luetkeana resulting in rot <strong>of</strong> stipes<br />
<strong>and</strong> pneumatocysts, which collapse <strong>and</strong> become covered in white slime within 7-10 days<br />
(Andrews 1977).<br />
In China, both the gametophytes <strong>and</strong> sporophytes <strong>of</strong> Saccharina japonica are prone to<br />
“malformation disease” caused by the firmicute Macrococcus sp. (Anon. 1989).<br />
Unspecified bacteria have been reported as <strong>pathogens</strong> in Macrocystis pyrifera, Pelagophycus<br />
porra <strong>and</strong> Egregia laevigata in America (Br<strong>and</strong>t 1923), Saccharina japonica in China (Wu et<br />
al. 1983; Ding 1992; Yang et al. 2001; Huang et al. 2002a, b). The “black rot” <strong>of</strong> Macrocystis<br />
pyrifera in California is assumed to be caused by a unidentified parasitic microorganism<br />
invading already damaged host thalli (Rheinheimer 1992).<br />
MAF Biosecurity New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>Diseases</strong>, <strong>pathogens</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>parasites</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Undaria</strong> <strong>pinnatifida</strong> • 13