Vietnam War: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon - Paperless Archives

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I .SECRET Use of Systemic Desiccants j Systemic herbicides can be applied on the foliage as a spray, or on the soil in liquid o dry form. When applied as a foliar spray the chemical is absorbed through the leaves (and the stems to some extent) and is moved downward in the plant through the phloem. When applied to the soil, the chemical is absorbed through themots and moves upward in the waterconducting tissue. J Systemic herbicides act at a much slower rate than do contacts. The process of dying and drying is somewhat different between foliar sprays and soil applications. In either case, however, leaves and.twi become desiccated before the stems have dried, and several months are required for complete desiccation of all fine fuels (Figure 39). Only three chemicals have shown good promise for widespread use in aerial applications on forest vegetatiom. 2.4-D -- (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 14,5-T - (2,4.5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) Picloram - (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) The effects from each systemic herbicide differ between the various climates and vegetation types. Background information is available from worldwide use of these herbicides for plant control, but aot as desiccants of woody vegetation Very briefly, ourconclusions from hundreds of plot tests are: "1. Applicatioa of the systemic herbicide picloram to the soil in pellet form isthe most effective single aerial application for desiccation of ground-story vegetation under dense forest campy. With few exception:; picloram in pellet form killed a wider range of resistant species than did foliar spMr 2. Foliar spraying of systemic herbicideswill effectively desiccatevegetation irthe spray material is not intercepted by overstory canopy. Two aerial sprays will be needed over dense fomst canopy-one spray to defoliate the canopy and start the desiccation process, followed 4-6 weeks later by a sa to desiccate understory plants. 3. Either a 1: 1 mixture of 2,4-D:2,4,5-T, or picloram alone, or combinatios of the two, are effective systemics for foliar application on forest growth under climates with frostfree or mild winters. A mixture of piclorant with 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T is preferred for the following reasons: Piclorm is known to be effective on a wider range of typical species than is 2,4,-D or 2,4,5-T. Picloram commonly caned quicker kill of 17Z-inch stems in our test plots; and regrowth from large stems often was reduced or einnated where picloram was applied. Picloram has the disadvantage of being more expensive and much moe persistent in the soil or ground water. Each of the herbicides in the mixture should be formulated as a low volatle eser. 4. Picloram was not as effective as 2,4-D and/or 2,4,5-T as a foliar desiccan cin• ates withcoolorcold winters and hot, dry summers. Thus, we recommend adding picloram for stem edzuicn only in humid climates with frostfree or mild winters. 5. Foliar sprays should be applied in the largest volume per acre that is prac -to obtain best coverage of leaves with spray droplets. Our tests indicate that 5 gallons total spray volume per acre is the minimum volume that is desired. The herbicide esters should be diluted in diesel oil to make Oal volume of 5 gallons per acre. I * SECRET 61
SECRET FIG 39 TYPICAL EFFECT OF A SYSTEMIC DESICCANT 140 100 120 - 80 100 J L LUU 80 60 ,U - LU IleI LU u 60 LU 40 U- 0U. m 40 z 20 20' l 0 0 0 10 20 30 TIME SINCE TREATMENT (WEEKS) SECRET 62
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VIETNAM WAR Forest Fire as a Milita
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Forest Fire as a Military Weapon A
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OF7 A iD5S Hil'---0 __ = IIIII- _w
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SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
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SECRET INDEX (Continued) Page Weath
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SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
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SECRET detailed and timely intellig
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SECRET I I I i it FI.I FIG. 2 I I B
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I SECRET I I I I I S....... '•FIG
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SECRET FI.I TYIAIRONFR BEOR FIG.FIG
Page 22 and 23: SECRET REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL
Page 24 and 25: I I SECRET heating adjacent unburne
Page 26 and 27: I SECRET FUEL TYPE 8o e1 82 83 84 I
Page 28 and 29: I SECRET I ii 11 I S~FIG. 17 | GRAS
Page 30 and 31: I I SECRET I I FIG. 18 SHRUB TYPE I
Page 32 and 33: Relative Humidity SECRET Table 2 "S
Page 34 and 35: I U I I I I I SECRET I FIG. 21 CONI
Page 36 and 37: S~SECRET A I. B O I I I IB. IN O LE
Page 38 and 39: I I SECRET I- I I I I I I I FIG. EV
Page 40 and 41: SECRET In developing recommended pr
Page 42 and 43: U SECRET The yearly sums of (+) val
Page 44 and 45: I Fireclimate Classification SECRET
Page 46 and 47: SECRET TABLE 5 KEY TO IDENTIFICATIO
Page 48 and 49: SECRET SHumid, long bum season (HUL
Page 50 and 51: I SECRET Table 6 Surfac,,/Volume Ra
Page 52 and 53: I SECRET FIG. 29 AVAILABLE FUEL WEI
Page 54 and 55: SECRET 100 80 FIG. 31 FLAME HEIGHTS
Page 56 and 57: I SECRET I Table 7 Precipitation Ef
Page 58 and 59: I SECRET FIG. 32 EQUILIBRIUM MOI$TU
Page 60 and 61: •Sunshine: SECRET Solar radiation
Page 62 and 63: I I SECRET I Ii I II I g I FIG. 34
Page 64 and 65: Technique"s for Kdlin, D•rming an
Page 66 and 67: SECRET I t '4Pi I I FIG. 35 * AERIA
Page 68 and 69: SECRET FIG.36 EFFECTS OF OVERSTORY
Page 70 and 71: SECRET FIG. 37 TYPICAL EFFECT OF CO
Page 74 and 75: SECRET 6. Effectiveness of foliar s
Page 76 and 77: SECRET Example of a Desiccation Pla
Page 78 and 79: SECRET If a lighted match is droppe
Page 80 and 81: SECRET 0 0 ----- 0" E I- -- z -- o
Page 82 and 83: SECRET The advantages of multiple i
Page 84 and 85: SECRET DISCUSSION The deliberate in
Page 86 and 87: 1 SECRET U MINH FOREST FIRES PROLOG
Page 88 and 89: SECRET Spread Analysis: Spread to K
Page 90 and 91: SECRET HEADQUARTERS US ARMY ADVISOR
Page 92 and 93: I SECRET MACV-IVC-2 24 May 1968 SUB
Page 94 and 95: SECRET NAVAL GUNFIRE MISSIONS DATE
Page 96 and 97: SECRET Rach Gia - Kien Giang Hourly
Page 98 and 99: SECRET APPENDIX B Pertinent Incendi
Page 100 and 101: SECRET Major vegetation type: Tropi
Page 102 and 103: SECRET CLIMATE FF-HUSB FROSTFREE WI
Page 104 and 105: SECRET FIG. B2 CLIMATE FF-HUSB HANO
Page 106 and 107: SECRET Soil appiicat ion: Apply 20
Page 108 and 109: SECRET CLIMATE FF-NHLB FROSTFREE WI
Page 110 and 111: SECRET CLIMATE FF-DRYL FROSTFREE WI
Page 112 and 113: SECRET CLIMATE MI-HUYL MILD WINTER;
Page 114 and 115: SECRET FIG. B6 CLIMATE MI-HUYL NEW
Page 116 and 117: SECRET Soil application: Apply 15 p
Page 118 and 119: SECRET CLIMATE MI-HULB MILD WINTER;
Page 120 and 121: SECRET FCa. W8 CLIMATE MI-HULB RHOD
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SECRET FIG. B9 CLIMATE MI-NHSB AUST
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SECRET Dates for examl ocationAU.s
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-DRYL MILD WINTER;
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* climates& j SECRET CLIMATE CL-HUY
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SECRET FIG. 512 CLIMATE CL-HUYL COL
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SECRET Dates for example location (
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SECRET t (IIMATI (L HILD ('(X)I WIN
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SECRET (1lMAU- (L NH.% 41()1. *INTI
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I SECRET (IIM-AIF ( Hl•Nt1 ( Wl W
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SECRET FIG. 816 CLIMATE CL-NHLB GRA
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SECRET FIG. 817 CLIMATE CL-DRYL LAS
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Foliar sTray: Apply per acre: SECRE
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Warm continental climates SECRET CL
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SECRET FIG. B19 CLIMATE SC-HUSB MT.
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SECRET Dates for cxampre location (
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SECRET CLIMATE SC-NHYL SHORT COLD W
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SECRET FIG. B21 CLIMATE SC-NHYL PAR
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SECRET FIG. 522 CLIMATE SC-NHSB SAN
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SECRET FIG. 823 CLIMATE SC-NHLB REN
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SECRET Foliar Žpxa: Apply per acre
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SECRET CLIMATE LC-HUSB LONG COLD WI
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SECRET Foliar spray: Apply during t
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"SECRET CLIMATE LC-NHLB LONG COLD W
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SECRET CLIMATE VC-HUYL VERY COLD WI
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I SECRET FIG. 827 CLIMATE VC-HUYL D
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SECRET "CLIMATE VC-NHSB VERY COLD W
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SECRET I Publiction-,: Protect EMOT
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