Vietnam War: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon - Paperless Archives

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SECRET FIG.36 EFFECTS OF OVERSTORY FOREST CANOPY ON PENETRATION OF AERIAL SPRAY DROPLETS AND ON DESICCATION OF UNDERSTORY VEGETATION 100 UNDERSTORY 80 DESICCATION R 60 a 40 - DROPLET PENETRATION 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 OVERSTORY CANOPY DENSITY (PERCENT OF GROUND COVERED) 57 SECRET k
SECRET Applied to woody vegetation, the contact sprays affect both the leaves and small twigs. These plant parts-with high surfae.volume ratios can be killed because a large proportion of the tissue is exposed to contact with the chemical. Larger branches, stems, and buds commonly arc protected with resinous or waxy coverings, or by corky bark. Typical drying of leaves and twigs after application of contact desiccants is shown in Figure 37. Most leaves die within 2-4 weeks, but additional leaves and twigs continue to die and dry f.•r as long as two months. A few succulent stems may die. But most stem tissue remains alive, capable of producing new foliage when weather becomes favorable. Under humid tropical climate, as with guava in Puerto Rico, the regrowth starts on most stenis soon after the original leaves have dried. After a few months the plants show little or no effect from the desiccant spray. In a tropical climate with a long dry season the plants recover during the next wet season after the leaves have been desiccated. Under climates with cool or cold winters, the leaves remain dry and brown until replaced by new foliage during the following spring or suminer. Most of the desiccated leaves drop quickly from the plants under tropical climates and under humid climates with cool or cold winters. Leaves remain attached for months on evergreen vegetation under climates with a long dry season. Contact desiccants are effective in making b'irnable fuel out of the leaves and a small proportion of the twigs. But since understory vegetation is usually small-stemmed, this represents only about 35-40 percent effective desiccation of the potential small fuel (Figure 38). Although contact desiccants are relatively ineffective in increasing the amount of available fuel. they do reduce the dampening effect of green leaves and open shrub crowns to speed drying of litter. This, along with adding dry leaf fuel, is all that is needed in certain situations, and will promote good burning if adequate litter and dead stems already are present. But contact desiccants are not adequate as the only treatment for use in climates where total available fuel weight is less than 0.3 pounds per square foot (see Appendix B). The contacts are recommended as a supplement to systemics in situations where a quick kill of green leaves is essential. One common situation is where new green foliage has regrown short;y before the planned date of burning. Several different cherricals will serve equally well as contact desiccants. Paraquat - II'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium salt Diquat - 6,7-dihydrodipyrido( 1,2-a: 2', i'-c) pyrazidiinium salt Cacodylic acid - hydroxy dimethylarsine oxide Dinitro - 2' s butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol Paraquat and cacodyllc acid were used in most trials and produced consistent results. The best dosage for each chemical was not apparent from out trials: in some cases the lowest applied dosage was as effective as the highest. We recommend any one of the following contact desiccants: paraquat at 4 pounds acid equivalent per acre, cacodylic acid at 12 pounds, diquat at 12 pounds, or dinitro at 12 pounds. The dinitro should be mixed with diesel oil, and the others with water, to make 5 gallons per acre total volume of spray mix. If weather will be sunny and warm (daily mean temperature above approximately 60 0 F.) the contact desiccant should be applied 3-4 weeks ahead of the planned date of burning. If cloudy, cool weather is expected, the contact desiccant can be applied two months in advance of burning. Longer periods of drying are not advisable because additional regrowth of green vegetation may occur before burning. SECRET S8 .2
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VIETNAM WAR Forest Fire as a Milita
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Forest Fire as a Military Weapon A
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OF7 A iD5S Hil'---0 __ = IIIII- _w
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SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
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SECRET INDEX (Continued) Page Weath
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SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
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SECRET detailed and timely intellig
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SECRET I I I i it FI.I FIG. 2 I I B
Page 18 and 19: I SECRET I I I I I S....... '•FIG
Page 20 and 21: SECRET FI.I TYIAIRONFR BEOR FIG.FIG
Page 22 and 23: SECRET REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL
Page 24 and 25: I I SECRET heating adjacent unburne
Page 26 and 27: I SECRET FUEL TYPE 8o e1 82 83 84 I
Page 28 and 29: I SECRET I ii 11 I S~FIG. 17 | GRAS
Page 30 and 31: I I SECRET I I FIG. 18 SHRUB TYPE I
Page 32 and 33: Relative Humidity SECRET Table 2 "S
Page 34 and 35: I U I I I I I SECRET I FIG. 21 CONI
Page 36 and 37: S~SECRET A I. B O I I I IB. IN O LE
Page 38 and 39: I I SECRET I- I I I I I I I FIG. EV
Page 40 and 41: SECRET In developing recommended pr
Page 42 and 43: U SECRET The yearly sums of (+) val
Page 44 and 45: I Fireclimate Classification SECRET
Page 46 and 47: SECRET TABLE 5 KEY TO IDENTIFICATIO
Page 48 and 49: SECRET SHumid, long bum season (HUL
Page 50 and 51: I SECRET Table 6 Surfac,,/Volume Ra
Page 52 and 53: I SECRET FIG. 29 AVAILABLE FUEL WEI
Page 54 and 55: SECRET 100 80 FIG. 31 FLAME HEIGHTS
Page 56 and 57: I SECRET I Table 7 Precipitation Ef
Page 58 and 59: I SECRET FIG. 32 EQUILIBRIUM MOI$TU
Page 60 and 61: •Sunshine: SECRET Solar radiation
Page 62 and 63: I I SECRET I Ii I II I g I FIG. 34
Page 64 and 65: Technique"s for Kdlin, D•rming an
Page 66 and 67: SECRET I t '4Pi I I FIG. 35 * AERIA
Page 70 and 71: SECRET FIG. 37 TYPICAL EFFECT OF CO
Page 72 and 73: I .SECRET Use of Systemic Desiccant
Page 74 and 75: SECRET 6. Effectiveness of foliar s
Page 76 and 77: SECRET Example of a Desiccation Pla
Page 78 and 79: SECRET If a lighted match is droppe
Page 80 and 81: SECRET 0 0 ----- 0" E I- -- z -- o
Page 82 and 83: SECRET The advantages of multiple i
Page 84 and 85: SECRET DISCUSSION The deliberate in
Page 86 and 87: 1 SECRET U MINH FOREST FIRES PROLOG
Page 88 and 89: SECRET Spread Analysis: Spread to K
Page 90 and 91: SECRET HEADQUARTERS US ARMY ADVISOR
Page 92 and 93: I SECRET MACV-IVC-2 24 May 1968 SUB
Page 94 and 95: SECRET NAVAL GUNFIRE MISSIONS DATE
Page 96 and 97: SECRET Rach Gia - Kien Giang Hourly
Page 98 and 99: SECRET APPENDIX B Pertinent Incendi
Page 100 and 101: SECRET Major vegetation type: Tropi
Page 102 and 103: SECRET CLIMATE FF-HUSB FROSTFREE WI
Page 104 and 105: SECRET FIG. B2 CLIMATE FF-HUSB HANO
Page 106 and 107: SECRET Soil appiicat ion: Apply 20
Page 108 and 109: SECRET CLIMATE FF-NHLB FROSTFREE WI
Page 110 and 111: SECRET CLIMATE FF-DRYL FROSTFREE WI
Page 112 and 113: SECRET CLIMATE MI-HUYL MILD WINTER;
Page 114 and 115: SECRET FIG. B6 CLIMATE MI-HUYL NEW
Page 116 and 117: SECRET Soil application: Apply 15 p
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-HULB MILD WINTER;
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SECRET FCa. W8 CLIMATE MI-HULB RHOD
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SECRET FIG. B9 CLIMATE MI-NHSB AUST
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SECRET Dates for examl ocationAU.s
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-DRYL MILD WINTER;
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* climates& j SECRET CLIMATE CL-HUY
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SECRET FIG. 512 CLIMATE CL-HUYL COL
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SECRET Dates for example location (
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SECRET t (IIMATI (L HILD ('(X)I WIN
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SECRET (1lMAU- (L NH.% 41()1. *INTI
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I SECRET (IIM-AIF ( Hl•Nt1 ( Wl W
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SECRET FIG. 816 CLIMATE CL-NHLB GRA
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SECRET FIG. 817 CLIMATE CL-DRYL LAS
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Foliar sTray: Apply per acre: SECRE
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Warm continental climates SECRET CL
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SECRET FIG. B19 CLIMATE SC-HUSB MT.
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SECRET Dates for cxampre location (
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SECRET CLIMATE SC-NHYL SHORT COLD W
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SECRET FIG. B21 CLIMATE SC-NHYL PAR
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SECRET FIG. 522 CLIMATE SC-NHSB SAN
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SECRET FIG. 823 CLIMATE SC-NHLB REN
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SECRET Foliar Žpxa: Apply per acre
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SECRET CLIMATE LC-HUSB LONG COLD WI
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SECRET Foliar spray: Apply during t
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"SECRET CLIMATE LC-NHLB LONG COLD W
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SECRET CLIMATE VC-HUYL VERY COLD WI
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I SECRET FIG. 827 CLIMATE VC-HUYL D
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SECRET "CLIMATE VC-NHSB VERY COLD W
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SECRET I Publiction-,: Protect EMOT
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