Vietnam War: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon - Paperless Archives

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I I SECRET I Ii I II I g I FIG. 34 AIR DROPPABLE, TELEMETERING WEATHER STATION. SECRET
SECRET Ideally. a weather station should be established within the target area. A relatively inexpensive statin has been designed to be airdropped into forested areas and hang up on the top of the forest canopy. The station makes hourly measurements of relative humidity, the presence or absence of sunshine, and the presence or absence of free moisture. These data are stored on magnetic tape and transmitted on command to an aircraft receiving unit. The station ' operating life of two weeks. 2 an unattended LONG DESICCATION TECHNIQUES ,,oderati The desiccation process-converting live. green vegetation into dead, dry fuel-benefits burning in several ways: .o of I. Adds to the available litter fuels in which fires ignite and spread. Adding fuel weight is the priov• benefit in in hot. humid climates where plant material does not accumulate naturally at the soil surface."The addition is less important in regions where a substantial litter layer has accumulated naturally ' 2. Kills and drys twigs and stems up to one.half inch in diameter, or larger. Burning of these 4 fuelvadds to the fire intensity and to effective removal of the total vegetative cover. 3. Kills and drys succulent green leaves in the understoro. Reducing the dampening effect of live deciduous shrub leaves is always needed to promote rapid fire buildup. 4. Exposes the ground surface fuels to sun and wind. Opening of overstory and understory canopies speeds drying of fuels, allows preheating of the fuel bed before burning, and aidsair movements which increast fire spread. Desiccation of living shrubs and trees involves killing the woody tissue and then drying it to the point where it serves as fuel. After the tissue is killed it gradually loses water until its moisture content approaches equilibrium with the atmosphere. Once dead, leaves-which have a high ratio of surface to volume-lose moisture rapidly, within hours or days. Twigs and branches die and dry over a period of weeks or months. The desiccation process is especially slow ifNfl• ers remain attached to a living root system, the entire process requiring six to twelve months. 4 • Desiccation treatments are aimed at drying the woody material already present in the fuel bed. The mos4, effective treatments also add additional fuels to the ground surface. Dead, leaves are shed from uppeocanopy layers. Killing of upper canopy leaves that remain attached to the branches also increases the possibility of fire spreading upward and moving as a crown fire. Certain treatment drop branches or entire plants to supply essential woody fuels. A wide variety of methods have been used to prepare vegetation as fuel, ahead of planned burning. 'lkirmethods involve two basic approaches: (1) Kill the vegetation and mechanically compact it into the fuel bed, or (2) Kill the vegetation and leave it in place. 211 Specifications and blueprints are available from U.S. Forest Service Division of Fire and Atmospheric Sciences Research. Washington, D.C. 20250. For incendiary purposes"desiccation" means losing moisture from the plant tissues. In much of the literature on defoliation, the term "desiccation" refers only to the leaves affected by the defoliation treatment. This means that affected leaveshave diedandturned brown-but the twigs and stems may or may not retain a high moisture content. The reader must remember that "desiccation," as used in context with defoliation, doesn't necessarily mean drying. SECRET S2
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VIETNAM WAR Forest Fire as a Milita
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Forest Fire as a Military Weapon A
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OF7 A iD5S Hil'---0 __ = IIIII- _w
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SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
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SECRET INDEX (Continued) Page Weath
Page 12 and 13: SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
Page 14 and 15: SECRET detailed and timely intellig
Page 16 and 17: SECRET I I I i it FI.I FIG. 2 I I B
Page 18 and 19: I SECRET I I I I I S....... '•FIG
Page 20 and 21: SECRET FI.I TYIAIRONFR BEOR FIG.FIG
Page 22 and 23: SECRET REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL
Page 24 and 25: I I SECRET heating adjacent unburne
Page 26 and 27: I SECRET FUEL TYPE 8o e1 82 83 84 I
Page 28 and 29: I SECRET I ii 11 I S~FIG. 17 | GRAS
Page 30 and 31: I I SECRET I I FIG. 18 SHRUB TYPE I
Page 32 and 33: Relative Humidity SECRET Table 2 "S
Page 34 and 35: I U I I I I I SECRET I FIG. 21 CONI
Page 36 and 37: S~SECRET A I. B O I I I IB. IN O LE
Page 38 and 39: I I SECRET I- I I I I I I I FIG. EV
Page 40 and 41: SECRET In developing recommended pr
Page 42 and 43: U SECRET The yearly sums of (+) val
Page 44 and 45: I Fireclimate Classification SECRET
Page 46 and 47: SECRET TABLE 5 KEY TO IDENTIFICATIO
Page 48 and 49: SECRET SHumid, long bum season (HUL
Page 50 and 51: I SECRET Table 6 Surfac,,/Volume Ra
Page 52 and 53: I SECRET FIG. 29 AVAILABLE FUEL WEI
Page 54 and 55: SECRET 100 80 FIG. 31 FLAME HEIGHTS
Page 56 and 57: I SECRET I Table 7 Precipitation Ef
Page 58 and 59: I SECRET FIG. 32 EQUILIBRIUM MOI$TU
Page 60 and 61: •Sunshine: SECRET Solar radiation
Page 64 and 65: Technique"s for Kdlin, D•rming an
Page 66 and 67: SECRET I t '4Pi I I FIG. 35 * AERIA
Page 68 and 69: SECRET FIG.36 EFFECTS OF OVERSTORY
Page 70 and 71: SECRET FIG. 37 TYPICAL EFFECT OF CO
Page 72 and 73: I .SECRET Use of Systemic Desiccant
Page 74 and 75: SECRET 6. Effectiveness of foliar s
Page 76 and 77: SECRET Example of a Desiccation Pla
Page 78 and 79: SECRET If a lighted match is droppe
Page 80 and 81: SECRET 0 0 ----- 0" E I- -- z -- o
Page 82 and 83: SECRET The advantages of multiple i
Page 84 and 85: SECRET DISCUSSION The deliberate in
Page 86 and 87: 1 SECRET U MINH FOREST FIRES PROLOG
Page 88 and 89: SECRET Spread Analysis: Spread to K
Page 90 and 91: SECRET HEADQUARTERS US ARMY ADVISOR
Page 92 and 93: I SECRET MACV-IVC-2 24 May 1968 SUB
Page 94 and 95: SECRET NAVAL GUNFIRE MISSIONS DATE
Page 96 and 97: SECRET Rach Gia - Kien Giang Hourly
Page 98 and 99: SECRET APPENDIX B Pertinent Incendi
Page 100 and 101: SECRET Major vegetation type: Tropi
Page 102 and 103: SECRET CLIMATE FF-HUSB FROSTFREE WI
Page 104 and 105: SECRET FIG. B2 CLIMATE FF-HUSB HANO
Page 106 and 107: SECRET Soil appiicat ion: Apply 20
Page 108 and 109: SECRET CLIMATE FF-NHLB FROSTFREE WI
Page 110 and 111: SECRET CLIMATE FF-DRYL FROSTFREE WI
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-HUYL MILD WINTER;
Page 114 and 115:
SECRET FIG. B6 CLIMATE MI-HUYL NEW
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SECRET Soil application: Apply 15 p
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-HULB MILD WINTER;
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SECRET FCa. W8 CLIMATE MI-HULB RHOD
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SECRET FIG. B9 CLIMATE MI-NHSB AUST
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SECRET Dates for examl ocationAU.s
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-DRYL MILD WINTER;
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* climates& j SECRET CLIMATE CL-HUY
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SECRET FIG. 512 CLIMATE CL-HUYL COL
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SECRET Dates for example location (
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SECRET t (IIMATI (L HILD ('(X)I WIN
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SECRET (1lMAU- (L NH.% 41()1. *INTI
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I SECRET (IIM-AIF ( Hl•Nt1 ( Wl W
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SECRET FIG. 816 CLIMATE CL-NHLB GRA
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SECRET FIG. 817 CLIMATE CL-DRYL LAS
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Foliar sTray: Apply per acre: SECRE
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Warm continental climates SECRET CL
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SECRET FIG. B19 CLIMATE SC-HUSB MT.
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SECRET Dates for cxampre location (
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SECRET CLIMATE SC-NHYL SHORT COLD W
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SECRET FIG. B21 CLIMATE SC-NHYL PAR
Page 156 and 157:
SECRET FIG. 522 CLIMATE SC-NHSB SAN
Page 158 and 159:
SECRET FIG. 823 CLIMATE SC-NHLB REN
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SECRET Foliar Žpxa: Apply per acre
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SECRET CLIMATE LC-HUSB LONG COLD WI
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SECRET Foliar spray: Apply during t
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"SECRET CLIMATE LC-NHLB LONG COLD W
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SECRET CLIMATE VC-HUYL VERY COLD WI
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I SECRET FIG. 827 CLIMATE VC-HUYL D
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SECRET "CLIMATE VC-NHSB VERY COLD W
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SECRET I Publiction-,: Protect EMOT
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