Vietnam War: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon - Paperless Archives

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I I SECRET I I FIG. 18 SHRUB TYPE II IA S~I FIG. 19 FIG. 20 I TYPICAL ARID ZONE SHRUB TYPICAL TEMPERATE ZONE SHRUB I SECRET 19
SECRET Flammability of shrub types depends on the amount of litter plus dead stems, twigs and leaves, as well as on flam. inability of the green leaves and twigs. In a mature stand of shrubs, the amount of dead material is largely a function of the climate. Shrub types are most flammable in climates where periodic droughts or extreme cold kills many branches, or entire plants, and where a layer of litter has developed under the shrubs. In this situation evergreen shrub types will burn naturally after 3-5 consecutive weeks of low rainfall averaging less than 1/4 inch per week. In most situations, however. burning of shrub types is not successful unless the amount of dead material has been increased by killing and desiccating the plants, through treatments such as mechanical crushing of the shrubs or spraying them with herbicides. Simple systems relating fire behavior characteristics to fuel weight and weather cannot be prepared for shrub types as a whole. The types vary too widely in their physical characteristics, and in their yearly moisture trends as related to soil moisture and physical processes. The manner in which air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed affect the approximate relative rate of fire intensity is shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 for a single situation. This is an evergreen shrub type-with sufficient litter and other dead material to be flammable without desiccation treatnment-2 months into the dry season. The numbers are relative index values; that is, a fire will burn twice as intensely at an index of 40 as it will at an index of 20. Table I Shrub Burning Index Wind 0 - 10 miles per hour Relative Humidity Temperature (OF) (%) 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 10 9 I1 12 14 15 17 18 20 20 3 5 7 9 10 12. 14 15 30 2 3 5 6 7 9 11 12 40 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 50 0 1 2 2 3 5 7 8 60 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 6 70 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 80 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 SERT2 M!
Page 1: VIETNAM WAR Forest Fire as a Milita
Page 4 and 5: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon A
Page 6 and 7: OF7 A iD5S Hil'---0 __ = IIIII- _w
Page 8 and 9: SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
Page 10 and 11: SECRET INDEX (Continued) Page Weath
Page 12 and 13: SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
Page 14 and 15: SECRET detailed and timely intellig
Page 16 and 17: SECRET I I I i it FI.I FIG. 2 I I B
Page 18 and 19: I SECRET I I I I I S....... '•FIG
Page 20 and 21: SECRET FI.I TYIAIRONFR BEOR FIG.FIG
Page 22 and 23: SECRET REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL
Page 24 and 25: I I SECRET heating adjacent unburne
Page 26 and 27: I SECRET FUEL TYPE 8o e1 82 83 84 I
Page 28 and 29: I SECRET I ii 11 I S~FIG. 17 | GRAS
Page 32 and 33: Relative Humidity SECRET Table 2 "S
Page 34 and 35: I U I I I I I SECRET I FIG. 21 CONI
Page 36 and 37: S~SECRET A I. B O I I I IB. IN O LE
Page 38 and 39: I I SECRET I- I I I I I I I FIG. EV
Page 40 and 41: SECRET In developing recommended pr
Page 42 and 43: U SECRET The yearly sums of (+) val
Page 44 and 45: I Fireclimate Classification SECRET
Page 46 and 47: SECRET TABLE 5 KEY TO IDENTIFICATIO
Page 48 and 49: SECRET SHumid, long bum season (HUL
Page 50 and 51: I SECRET Table 6 Surfac,,/Volume Ra
Page 52 and 53: I SECRET FIG. 29 AVAILABLE FUEL WEI
Page 54 and 55: SECRET 100 80 FIG. 31 FLAME HEIGHTS
Page 56 and 57: I SECRET I Table 7 Precipitation Ef
Page 58 and 59: I SECRET FIG. 32 EQUILIBRIUM MOI$TU
Page 60 and 61: •Sunshine: SECRET Solar radiation
Page 62 and 63: I I SECRET I Ii I II I g I FIG. 34
Page 64 and 65: Technique"s for Kdlin, D•rming an
Page 66 and 67: SECRET I t '4Pi I I FIG. 35 * AERIA
Page 68 and 69: SECRET FIG.36 EFFECTS OF OVERSTORY
Page 70 and 71: SECRET FIG. 37 TYPICAL EFFECT OF CO
Page 72 and 73: I .SECRET Use of Systemic Desiccant
Page 74 and 75: SECRET 6. Effectiveness of foliar s
Page 76 and 77: SECRET Example of a Desiccation Pla
Page 78 and 79: SECRET If a lighted match is droppe
Page 80 and 81:
SECRET 0 0 ----- 0" E I- -- z -- o
Page 82 and 83:
SECRET The advantages of multiple i
Page 84 and 85:
SECRET DISCUSSION The deliberate in
Page 86 and 87:
1 SECRET U MINH FOREST FIRES PROLOG
Page 88 and 89:
SECRET Spread Analysis: Spread to K
Page 90 and 91:
SECRET HEADQUARTERS US ARMY ADVISOR
Page 92 and 93:
I SECRET MACV-IVC-2 24 May 1968 SUB
Page 94 and 95:
SECRET NAVAL GUNFIRE MISSIONS DATE
Page 96 and 97:
SECRET Rach Gia - Kien Giang Hourly
Page 98 and 99:
SECRET APPENDIX B Pertinent Incendi
Page 100 and 101:
SECRET Major vegetation type: Tropi
Page 102 and 103:
SECRET CLIMATE FF-HUSB FROSTFREE WI
Page 104 and 105:
SECRET FIG. B2 CLIMATE FF-HUSB HANO
Page 106 and 107:
SECRET Soil appiicat ion: Apply 20
Page 108 and 109:
SECRET CLIMATE FF-NHLB FROSTFREE WI
Page 110 and 111:
SECRET CLIMATE FF-DRYL FROSTFREE WI
Page 112 and 113:
SECRET CLIMATE MI-HUYL MILD WINTER;
Page 114 and 115:
SECRET FIG. B6 CLIMATE MI-HUYL NEW
Page 116 and 117:
SECRET Soil application: Apply 15 p
Page 118 and 119:
SECRET CLIMATE MI-HULB MILD WINTER;
Page 120 and 121:
SECRET FCa. W8 CLIMATE MI-HULB RHOD
Page 122 and 123:
SECRET FIG. B9 CLIMATE MI-NHSB AUST
Page 124 and 125:
SECRET Dates for examl ocationAU.s
Page 126 and 127:
SECRET CLIMATE MI-DRYL MILD WINTER;
Page 128 and 129:
* climates& j SECRET CLIMATE CL-HUY
Page 130 and 131:
SECRET FIG. 512 CLIMATE CL-HUYL COL
Page 132 and 133:
SECRET Dates for example location (
Page 134 and 135:
SECRET t (IIMATI (L HILD ('(X)I WIN
Page 136 and 137:
SECRET (1lMAU- (L NH.% 41()1. *INTI
Page 138 and 139:
I SECRET (IIM-AIF ( Hl•Nt1 ( Wl W
Page 140 and 141:
SECRET FIG. 816 CLIMATE CL-NHLB GRA
Page 142 and 143:
SECRET FIG. 817 CLIMATE CL-DRYL LAS
Page 144 and 145:
Foliar sTray: Apply per acre: SECRE
Page 146 and 147:
Warm continental climates SECRET CL
Page 148 and 149:
SECRET FIG. B19 CLIMATE SC-HUSB MT.
Page 150 and 151:
SECRET Dates for cxampre location (
Page 152 and 153:
SECRET CLIMATE SC-NHYL SHORT COLD W
Page 154 and 155:
SECRET FIG. B21 CLIMATE SC-NHYL PAR
Page 156 and 157:
SECRET FIG. 522 CLIMATE SC-NHSB SAN
Page 158 and 159:
SECRET FIG. 823 CLIMATE SC-NHLB REN
Page 160 and 161:
SECRET Foliar Žpxa: Apply per acre
Page 162 and 163:
SECRET CLIMATE LC-HUSB LONG COLD WI
Page 164 and 165:
SECRET Foliar spray: Apply during t
Page 166 and 167:
"SECRET CLIMATE LC-NHLB LONG COLD W
Page 168 and 169:
SECRET CLIMATE VC-HUYL VERY COLD WI
Page 170 and 171:
I SECRET FIG. 827 CLIMATE VC-HUYL D
Page 172 and 173:
SECRET "CLIMATE VC-NHSB VERY COLD W
Page 174 and 175:
SECRET I Publiction-,: Protect EMOT
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Vietnam War: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon - Paperless Archives

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