Vietnam War: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon - Paperless Archives

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SECRET INDEX (Continued) Page Weather Characteristics ........................ ... ............................ 44 Precipitation ....................... ............................. 44 Relative Humidity. ....... . ........................... 46 Sunshine ... .............................. 41) Wind ...... ... ... ................................. 4 WDsiccation Techniques ........................................... 52 Slashing .......................... ............................... 53 Crushing or Chaining . .... ... ... ... ........................... 53 Stem Treatment ........ .............. . ... ............... 54 Aerial Applications ................ ................................ 54 Reduction of Canopy Interception ... . ... .... ...................... 54 Types of Desiccants .............. ........................... 56 Use of Systemic Desiccants ...................... ......................... 61 Timing of Desiccation Treatments ................ ....................... 63 Example of a Desiccation Plan: Saigon. R.V.N .......... ................... .. 65 Ignition Techniques ........................ ............................. 65 Incendiary Devices ..................... ............................ 71 Discussion ........................... ................................. 73 Appendices A. U Minh Forest Fires: 10 March - 29 April. 1968 .... .............. A-I B. Pertinent Incendiary Data by Climatic Types ......... .................. B-I C. Publications: Project EMOTE ..-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- . C-I D. Distribution List .- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- ...-.-.-. D-I l.SECRET
i SECRET SUMMARY In 19)•, the Joint Chiefs of Staff requested that the Secretary of Defense initiate research to determine the feasibilitý of measuring the Ilaminjbilitý characteristics of forests and jungle growth, modifying flammability so that vegetation would readily support combustion. and developing measures to destroy large areas of forest or jbnglc growth by fire. This research has been conducted by the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture, under sponsorship of the Advanced Research Projects Agency through ARPA Order 818. Primary research attention has been given to the flammability characteristics of jungle growth in tropical and monsoonal climates where forest fires seldom occur naturally. Major consideration has been given to developing operational guidelines that utilize input data readily available to military commanders under field conditions. The following conclusions are directly pertinent to the JCS request: Forest flammability depends on the amount of dead vegetation on or near the ground surface, the moisture content of this ground level materia%. and the weather at the time of burning. Forest flammability can be greatly increased by killing all shrub vegetation, selecting optimum weather conditions for burning, and igniting fires in a preselected pattern. Removal of ove: cad tree canopy requires the initiation of high intensity crown fires. In many climates, crown fires are unlikely to be achieved by any environmental modification technique. However, significant military damage can be produced by forest fires of lesser intensity. SECRET iii
Page 1: VIETNAM WAR Forest Fire as a Milita
Page 4 and 5: Forest Fire as a Military Weapon A
Page 6 and 7: OF7 A iD5S Hil'---0 __ = IIIII- _w
Page 8 and 9: SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
Page 12 and 13: SECRET FOREST FIRE AS A MILITARY WE
Page 14 and 15: SECRET detailed and timely intellig
Page 16 and 17: SECRET I I I i it FI.I FIG. 2 I I B
Page 18 and 19: I SECRET I I I I I S....... '•FIG
Page 20 and 21: SECRET FI.I TYIAIRONFR BEOR FIG.FIG
Page 22 and 23: SECRET REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL
Page 24 and 25: I I SECRET heating adjacent unburne
Page 26 and 27: I SECRET FUEL TYPE 8o e1 82 83 84 I
Page 28 and 29: I SECRET I ii 11 I S~FIG. 17 | GRAS
Page 30 and 31: I I SECRET I I FIG. 18 SHRUB TYPE I
Page 32 and 33: Relative Humidity SECRET Table 2 "S
Page 34 and 35: I U I I I I I SECRET I FIG. 21 CONI
Page 36 and 37: S~SECRET A I. B O I I I IB. IN O LE
Page 38 and 39: I I SECRET I- I I I I I I I FIG. EV
Page 40 and 41: SECRET In developing recommended pr
Page 42 and 43: U SECRET The yearly sums of (+) val
Page 44 and 45: I Fireclimate Classification SECRET
Page 46 and 47: SECRET TABLE 5 KEY TO IDENTIFICATIO
Page 48 and 49: SECRET SHumid, long bum season (HUL
Page 50 and 51: I SECRET Table 6 Surfac,,/Volume Ra
Page 52 and 53: I SECRET FIG. 29 AVAILABLE FUEL WEI
Page 54 and 55: SECRET 100 80 FIG. 31 FLAME HEIGHTS
Page 56 and 57: I SECRET I Table 7 Precipitation Ef
Page 58 and 59: I SECRET FIG. 32 EQUILIBRIUM MOI$TU
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•Sunshine: SECRET Solar radiation
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I I SECRET I Ii I II I g I FIG. 34
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Technique"s for Kdlin, D•rming an
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SECRET I t '4Pi I I FIG. 35 * AERIA
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SECRET FIG.36 EFFECTS OF OVERSTORY
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SECRET FIG. 37 TYPICAL EFFECT OF CO
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I .SECRET Use of Systemic Desiccant
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SECRET 6. Effectiveness of foliar s
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SECRET Example of a Desiccation Pla
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SECRET If a lighted match is droppe
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SECRET 0 0 ----- 0" E I- -- z -- o
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SECRET The advantages of multiple i
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SECRET DISCUSSION The deliberate in
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1 SECRET U MINH FOREST FIRES PROLOG
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SECRET Spread Analysis: Spread to K
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SECRET HEADQUARTERS US ARMY ADVISOR
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I SECRET MACV-IVC-2 24 May 1968 SUB
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SECRET NAVAL GUNFIRE MISSIONS DATE
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SECRET Rach Gia - Kien Giang Hourly
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SECRET APPENDIX B Pertinent Incendi
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SECRET Major vegetation type: Tropi
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SECRET CLIMATE FF-HUSB FROSTFREE WI
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SECRET FIG. B2 CLIMATE FF-HUSB HANO
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SECRET Soil appiicat ion: Apply 20
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SECRET CLIMATE FF-NHLB FROSTFREE WI
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SECRET CLIMATE FF-DRYL FROSTFREE WI
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-HUYL MILD WINTER;
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SECRET FIG. B6 CLIMATE MI-HUYL NEW
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SECRET Soil application: Apply 15 p
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-HULB MILD WINTER;
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SECRET FCa. W8 CLIMATE MI-HULB RHOD
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SECRET FIG. B9 CLIMATE MI-NHSB AUST
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SECRET Dates for examl ocationAU.s
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SECRET CLIMATE MI-DRYL MILD WINTER;
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* climates& j SECRET CLIMATE CL-HUY
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SECRET FIG. 512 CLIMATE CL-HUYL COL
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SECRET Dates for example location (
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SECRET t (IIMATI (L HILD ('(X)I WIN
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SECRET (1lMAU- (L NH.% 41()1. *INTI
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I SECRET (IIM-AIF ( Hl•Nt1 ( Wl W
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SECRET FIG. 816 CLIMATE CL-NHLB GRA
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SECRET FIG. 817 CLIMATE CL-DRYL LAS
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Foliar sTray: Apply per acre: SECRE
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Warm continental climates SECRET CL
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SECRET FIG. B19 CLIMATE SC-HUSB MT.
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SECRET Dates for cxampre location (
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SECRET CLIMATE SC-NHYL SHORT COLD W
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SECRET FIG. B21 CLIMATE SC-NHYL PAR
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SECRET FIG. 522 CLIMATE SC-NHSB SAN
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SECRET FIG. 823 CLIMATE SC-NHLB REN
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SECRET Foliar Žpxa: Apply per acre
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SECRET CLIMATE LC-HUSB LONG COLD WI
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SECRET Foliar spray: Apply during t
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"SECRET CLIMATE LC-NHLB LONG COLD W
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SECRET CLIMATE VC-HUYL VERY COLD WI
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I SECRET FIG. 827 CLIMATE VC-HUYL D
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SECRET "CLIMATE VC-NHSB VERY COLD W
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SECRET I Publiction-,: Protect EMOT
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