Chernobyl Nuclear Accident Congressional Hearings Transcript

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.. 335 ES, TUESDAY. JUNE 3. 1986 NEW YORK TIMES Letters Don't Let Chernobyl Cripple U.S. Nuclear Industry To the Editar: With reganl to your May 1» frontpage report that the Oternobyl nuclear reactor had more safety features and was closer to American design than was assumed immediately after the plant accident, we would like to malie it dear that we are not among the "experts" who have changed our minds about the structure of the Chernobyl reactor. We have had accurate informatioD and have been attempting to describe It to the public and the press. The Chernobyl reactor has no cootainment in the sense we and other safety analysts in the U.S. use the word. In ordinary operation, the core and graphite moderator are anTuied behiixl barriers and covered by an inert nitrogen gas; but these barriers can be easily breached as they clearly were on April 26. The difference between confinement under favorable circumstances and containment under unfavorable ones is crudal. In commercial U.S. reactors, there is a large, strong, tested containment to be the problem at Chernobyl. The Chernobyl reactor is of the RMBK 1,000 type, the most easily available drawing of which is for one built at Leningrad. But we recently learned that the accident at unit 4 at Chernobyl took place in a reactor where a pressure-suppression pool had been added under the reactor, as well as strong structure around the steam collectors and headers. This should reduce pressure rise in case one of the water pipes under the reaaor breaks — one of the four most obvious accident scenarios. It seems to have played oo part in the April 26 accident until cleanup, when the pool was emptied of water. The reactor core was not inside a strong containment, although there is a thick biological shield above the reactor. The building is oot filled with inert gas, as are the containments of reactors such as Sborefaam. There are many lessons to be learned from this accident: the importance of containment and the danger of fire, both of which we alrea4y knew ; the slowness of accident devolopment, which allowed time for an unrehearsed, but orderly evmcuatica. and that even downwind in Sweden the effects were smaller than might have been feared. We want to find cot exactly what happened and further insure that it was not a sequence of events that we have forgotten. We want to learn from the Russian* thetr L' — '— » —~^ _i— .. S ^Hit ; !0 cleamq) procedures, which we hope never to be forced to use flrsthand. It would be ironic If unreasonable fear caused us to cripple our nuclear electric capeblUty as a result of this Russian accident, which caused us no harm and would not have occurred in LinnDrapek Eowm L. Zebroski RjCHAiiD Wilson Cambridge, Mass., May 20, 1986 DieU,S. The writers art, respectively, president of Gul/ State Utilities ; a nuclear gdentist with Electric Power Retearch Institute, and a professor of physics at Harvard University. What the Figures Mean To the Editor: Your article on concern over Eastem European cancers as a result of the Cheroobyl accident (May 16) quoted "tenutive and highly inexact" estimates by Dr. Thomas B. Cochran and myself of the long-term health implications of radioactive pollution by the nuclear-plant accident. structure designed to withstand the We stressed that although the estimates of thousands of extra caiKer rise in pressure for days in case of accident. II should hold in the event of Are deaths and tens of thousands of thyroid problems over the next decades and station blackout, which appeared seem large, the risk to any individuals other than those near the plant would be low. The large numbers are the result of adding very small individual risks over a very large population. This was not made explicit, and we are concerned that the article may feed rather than reduce the extraorxiinary fear of radioactivity from Chernobyl so evident in Europe. Even 10,000 cancer deaths among a population of 100 million in Eastern Oa«la> Flcflaa Europe wtwld raise the risk of cancer death of the average person by coly about .06 percent, e.g., from 20 percent to 20.01 percent. The extra cancer deaths from Chernobyl will therefore be lost in the sea of cancer deaths that would have occurred in any case. The increased incideiKe of nonfatal thyroid problems from inhalation and ingestion of radioactive Iodine 131 is likely to be greater, but even if there are 100,000 extra thyroid cases, the average individual will have only one extra chance in 1,000 of developing a Cbemobyl-induced thyroid problem. Of course, the anonymity of most of the victims of Chernobyl does not make the accident any less of « disaster. Like the equally catastrophic chemical accident at Union Carbide's Bhopal plant, the Chernobyl accident tells us that we have to improve tite designs of faciUties containing such huge quai'.tities of volatile toxic materials. This is why the reaction of the U.S. and Western European nuclear industries and their r^ulators, "It couldn't happen here," is so disturtv ing. Frank von Hi ppel Pnrf. of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University Princeton, N.J., May 17. 1966 • Construction Problems To the Editor: An interesting article has come to tight about conditions at the Chernobyl plant, published in the Ukrainianlanguage Literatuma Ukraina March 27, 1986, almost a month before the nuclear accident. The author, Lyubov Kovalevska, probably an engineer at Chernobyl, recited shortcomings, excerpts of which include: "The time allocated for Its construction was reduced from three years to two, and building work began in 19SS witb minimal supplies . . With the tightening of plans that were already tight, it turned out that no one was ready — neither the designers, nor the suppUers, nor the builders themselves . . . The low quality of design and costing documentation . . caused additional labor expenditure and caUed for reworlong, and great material and moral efforts ... In a word, all the shortcomings of the building process, which are unfortunately typical, became acute and apparent ... In 1385 some 45,500 cubic meters of prefabricated reinforced concrete was ordered; 3,200 were missing, and of the C300 cubic meters received, 6,000 were faulty." A fuller quotation and discussion is in the May 14 issue of Soviet Analyst (London). Eluot R. Goodman Providence, R.I., May 23, 1986 The writer is professor of political science at Brown University. '
, , 336 IMP® OFnaAL COMM PLEASE Jilt 'I,'1(- ETLE SENATF COWMITTEC ON FWRCY ANDNA'URAl RFSOURCfS 1100 Circle 75 Parkway [ m "^^L 2 3 1986 Suite 1500 I , Atlanta. Georgia 30339 L ' . Telephone 404 953-3600 ' July 18, 1986 LnjL 11 I / " '—' ^—' IT '—I U U Ij L .VASHING'ON. D C ?05'0 The Honorable James A. McClure Chairman United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Washington, DC 20510 Dear Senator McClure: Attached are my written responses to the questions you asked in follow-up to my testimony before the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on June 19, 1986, We appreciated the opportunity to testify before your Committee and look forward to providing an update on INPO activities in the future. If you have any questions regarding these responses or INPO programs and activities in general, please call me at (404) 980-3200 or Bill Conway, group vice president. Industry and Government Relations, at (404) 980-3207. Respectfully, :k T. Pate President ZTP:las Attachment
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CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR ACCIDENT DOCUMENT
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About BACM Research - PaperlessArch
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days, so they left nearly everythin
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The 1986 Report of the U.S. Departm
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S. Hrg. 99-869 THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDE
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COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RES
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BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY THE CHERNOBYL
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statement of Senator J. Bennett Joh
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We will contiue to work to make nuc
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. - the foreign reactor market that
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STATEMENT OF HON. HOWARD M. METZENB
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11 with the wrong report. He came u
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13 The residents of the state of Oh
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15 Yes, I am not satisfied with eve
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17 We accomplished our work by coll
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19 Senator Metzenbaum. Mr. Chairman
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21 The work of the Task Force was t
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23 On May 3 the State Department se
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25 The first elevated levels of rad
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27 8 Foreign data received suggeste
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29 By way of comparison, you might
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31 - 2 - around the world. In the i
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33 4 - In addition to these meeting
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35 - 6 radiological release mechani
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37 DESCRIPTION OF THE CHERNOBYL SIT
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40 SIX OPERATING PUMPS (8 PUMPS TOT
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42 .'ill a* O > S 2s5Sg sxs.f 2-53
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46 10 I. 3 c o u .>$ «o
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48 12 H
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50 14 SUPPRESSION POOL ARRANGEMENT
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52 16 SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
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54 18 EXTRAPOLATION FACTORS (BACK T
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56 20 FUTURE PLANS PREPARE REPORT I
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58 The Department's Nuclear Safety
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60 STATEMENT OF MARY L. WALKEK ASSI
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62 to minimize and manage risks so
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64 Third, the United States nuclear
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66 The priority the Department plac
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68 of the reactor core melted. Unli
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70 Introduction As a member of the
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72 questions concerning fuel behavi
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74 While each of these areas are pa
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76 promises to be able to demonstra
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78 The Chairman. Thank you. Dr. Bun
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80 The most important actions we ca
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82 Nonetheless, I will try to recou
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84 I doubt If I can today convert e
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86 All of our eggs are In the baske
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88 8 safety margins and more fall -
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90 10 The existing emergency planni
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92 12 Further, If we want to ensure
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94 14 never survive the kind of pro
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96 firmed, but at least suspected t
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The Chairman. If we were to 98 have
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100 2 THE FACT OF THE MATTER IS, MR
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102 THE SOVIET UNION ALSO AGREED TH
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104 6 MR. CHAIRMAN, IT WILL DO US L
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106 12 tific developments. includin
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108 14 The participating States a^^
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no speculation in the press that it
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112 than the Soviet Union. They hav
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114 We find that as a glimmer that
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116 Mr. Denton. I don't have that a
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118 My next question is what is the
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120 Mr. Meyers. These are the Easte
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122 Los Anpeles Times, 5/22/86 Radi
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124 us trig au m ifistead of a u to
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126 have it go through a peer revie
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128 Mr. Meyers. Mr. Chairman, may I
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130 -2- The health assessment subgr
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— 132 and ask my questions. If he
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134 Mr. Denton. I do not think they
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136 Senator Melcher. To clarify you
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^ 138 human error then, leading to
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140 are 25 BWR units with Mark I co
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142 engineering safeguards for ther
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144 STATEMENT SUBMITTED FOR THE REC
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146 2 - Process Heat for the chemic
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. 148 - ^ THE HEAT IS TRANSPORTED B
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150 Senator Domenici. Mr. Taylor, w
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152 Of that, over the many, many ye
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154 statement to Senate Committee o
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. 156 have become vital and continu
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158 NRC and our industry to produce
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s" 160 on the facts and to ensure t
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. 162 the fuel elements and light w
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164 generations of RBMK designs to
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166 • Third, the design appears t
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168 and ramifications of flow and h
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— 170 Senator Domenici. Thank you
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172 Soon we will have seen a fivefo
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174 Testimony to the Energy and Nat
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176 o The June 1986 folder entitled
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178 Corporate Evaluations Evaluatio
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180 EVENT ANALYSIS AND INFORMATION
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182 accessible from remote terminal
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184 o INPO has also developed good
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186 Members of the full Board are l
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. 188 NATIONAL ACADEMY FOR NUCLEAR
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" 190 o In May and June of 1985, th
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192 identified during INPO evaluati
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194 increased awareness at all leve
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196 o Collective radiation exposure
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198 Establishment of these long-ter
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200 Senator Domenici. Thank you, ve
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202 STATEMENT SUBMITTED FOR THE REC
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. 204 -2- capacity, and has long be
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206 • 4- Temperature Stability Th
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208 In addition. It also appears th
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210 Senator Domenici. Thank you. Dr
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212 The billions of dollars per yea
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214 As a nuclear physicist who has
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216 industry and strong reaction fr
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218 -5- Nevertheless, despite our o
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220 Citizen groups are going to int
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] 222 -9- Footnotes and References
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224 THE BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIE
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226 clear power plants since 1975
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228 Jan Beyea, a physicist, is a se
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230 ... a filtered vent system coul
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232 It is possible that it will tak
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234 Senator Domenici. I appreciate
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APPENDIX Responses to Additional Co
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. . 239 A2 . As noted above, we wou
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241 QUESTION 1. Some people have sa
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243 QUESnON_l. (Continued) 3 - For
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245 QUESTION C.tt . What do we know
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247
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: 249 -S-Vi9S>-ftv\.S>6)N^>^ -^'S^V
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251 QUESTION 2. (Continued) - 2 - P
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253 fiU E S no N_2 . (Continued) -
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255 QUESTION 3 . Just to set the re
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257 QUESTION 5. If you were to choo
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259 2UEST|0N_5. (Continued; 3 - Fir
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261 SMilII2!!_Z- ^° "^ "°" ^^^^ ^
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263 SMilllO^l-^- You attended the I
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I A 265 QU E ST 1 N_ 1 , year ago,
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267 QUESTION 10. (Continued) 3 - in
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269 QUESTION 10. (Continued) - 5 Wi
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271 QUESTION 10. (Continued) - 7 su
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I 273 QUESTION 10. (Continued) - 9
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: i 275 QUESTION 11. (Continued) -
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277 QUESTION 12. (Continued) - 2 -
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279 QUESTION 1 2. (Continued) - 4 -
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281 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATOR
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283 g U E S T 1 N 13. What are the
Page 300 and 301: I 285 POST-HEARING QUESTIONS AND AN
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Page 304 and 305: 289 QUESTIONS FROM CHAIRMAN JAMES A
Page 312 and 313: 297 -2- Answer 7 (continued): posse
Page 314 and 315: 299 -2- Answer 8 (continued): The S
Page 316 and 317: 301 -2- Answer 9 (continued): The f
Page 318 and 319: 303 Answer 10 j. -- xu (continued):
Page 320 and 321: 305 nUESTION FROM CHAIRMAN JAMES A.
Page 322 and 323: 307 QUESTION FROM CHAIRMAN JAMES A.
Page 324 and 325: 309 Answer 14 (continued); 2. Early
Page 326 and 327: 311 Answer 15 (continued): verifica
Page 328 and 329: 313 -2- Answer 16 (continued): Desi
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Page 332 and 333: 317 POST-HEARING QUESTIONS AND ANSW
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Page 336 and 337: 321 Question 3: Has the DOE designe
Page 338 and 339: , 323 JAMU A. WeCLUW. OAHO. CHAMHAN
Page 340 and 341: PROF. DR. RUDOLF SCHULTEN Direklor
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Page 346 and 347: : 331 J. A. McClure -2- July 08, 19
Page 348 and 349: 333 J, A. McClure -4- July 08, 1986
Page 352 and 353: 337 INPO RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS BY
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Page 372 and 373: It is clear that the remaining RBMK
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Page 376 and 377: With growing urgency, the Ukrainian
Page 378 and 379: We did check soil samples and radia
Page 380 and 381: 11 the cancer registry data in gene
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Page 390 and 391: 21 down on the kind of horizontal p
Page 392 and 393: 23 those who got, shall we say, bla
Page 394 and 395: 25 Well, in the May 1992 issue of t
Page 396 and 397: 27 people just haven't complained a
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31 tumor registries together. There
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33 like on the 1st of January 1995
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35 Ukraine, and two in Lithuania. T
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37 the training of the operators, e
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39 issue. The directions that the w
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41 Further, there is no easy way of
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43 I thank you for your attention.
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45 • WERs that have not been turn
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47 thank you for convening this hea
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I am am 49 INTRODUCTION My name is
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1 . 51 The Ukrainian Ministry of He
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53 information on the actual doses
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55 First, it is well known that wit
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57 1) The U.S. Government should in
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59 Level of malignant tumors of Lym
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61 Level of Malignant Diseases amon
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63 The Level of non-malignant hemat
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65 The Children of Chornobyl Relief
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2 67 TB8TIMOHT Of rr«d K, MattlMT,
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pnxlucing ihere 69 Pan H 4. Public
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• , t ( (iiiiiii i M 71 P«n H ev
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73 TESTIMONY OF WLADIMIR WERTELECKY
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. 75 education. The same comprehens
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77 Should epidemics and other medic
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. 79 Massive psychological effects
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81 American-Ukrainian Medical Scien
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83 circumstances in Ukraine, there
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85 flep:acaBHa AyMa yKpaiHM Kojieri
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I I 87 C.KHOliA (DMKl'AHUI Mxl'AIlK
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89 MiHiCTepCTBO OXOpOKH 3flopoB'a P
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. 91 m XAPKIBCbKA OBflACHA AEP>«AB
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93 U.S. Senate Committee on Environ
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95 What Happened The Chernobyl acci
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97 -? 15 U) (0 < Figure 1. Estimate
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99 form lava.' This material ran th
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101 V) S O aċo V) (A « aQ. 3 W f
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103 Unit 4 of ChernoSvt A'PP after
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105 3 O) (0 £ Q. O o
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107 •M E Mr -n. 136 \sss .4U>-^
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109 Natural processas of decay have
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Ill Clean up actions should be take
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113 those involved in 1986 and part
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115 Prepared Statement of Murray Fe
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117 with those who are classified a
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119 economies. Economic chaos and h
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121 Table 1.—Operating Reactors i
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123 FORMULA FOR FUNDING American as
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125 their transition to a new forms
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127 Table 1.—Cost Estimate—Cont
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129 Nuclear Materlai;s Management U
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131 Weeks Seven and Eight—Prelimi
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133 Four sets dictation and transcr
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. Develop 135 Ukrainian entrepreneu
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137 be achieved during the first ph
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139 tion measures. As required, the
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141 and services. The laboratory wi
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143 The reactor vessel, primary shi
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145 • fixation, • restrictions
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147 environmental compartment to an
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149 In order to plan for and accomp
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151 4.1.2.2 Ground Water Contaminat
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— 153 should provide direction on
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— 155 relative sensitivity of the
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. . and . . they 157 ( Prepared Sta
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. . and 159 generator. The result i
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161 5 mln hectares of agricultural
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' 163 Not only Ukraine, but the who
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165 taking forceful steps to help c
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167 late seventies." ^° Although t
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169 actors; this information gap ma
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171 To encourage this implementatio
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173 production is solid fuels, eith
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175 the energy efficiency of the ec
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177 ' Because closing costs will in
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. May BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY ..Hopki
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BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 9999 U^/ 0275
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. 'HE LEGACY OF CHORNOBYL 1986 TO 1
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COMMISSION ON SECURITY AND COOPERAT
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THE LEGACY OF CHORNOBYI^1986 TO 199
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— The Helsinki Commission is very
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and its Belarus but any single coun
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Over 10 years after the events, I c
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Mr. Smith. Thank you very much, Mr.
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— 11 If you look at standardized
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13 births. We find it difficult to
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15 leagues have made a long-term co
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17 7's commitment? Of the assistanc
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19 burg is not too far. Greographic
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21 Mr. Smith. Dr. Feshbach, can you
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23 One of the problems with the Int
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25 Mr. KuzMA. There's quite a large
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— 27 bombardment of low-level rad
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29 are proposals that Kyiv be procl
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31 good people there, everywhere, a
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33 Only one percent of the territor
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35 an extent possible the consequen
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37 up of the Consequences of the Ac
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39 Ukrainian people realized that t
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41 presses the brake pedal to slow
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43 The "Sarcophagus" facility was t
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45 8 Rivers and lakes in the vicini
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47 10 According to maximum estimati
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49 12 Immediately after the acciden
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51 14 experienced radiation doses t
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53 16 ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES Over th
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55 18 LEGISLATION ON CHORNOBYL The
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57 20 children affected by the Cher
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59 22 - ensuring proper infrastruct
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61 24 private religious, non-profit
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63 26 environmental effects of radi
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65 STATEMENT BY ALEXANDER B. KUZMA
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67 uncontaminated. Two weeks ago, a
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69 towards other health concerns ex
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71 the enoimity of the task that li
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73 Testimony of Dt. Natalia Lakiza-
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75 About 5 mln people continue to l
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77 Changes in the childbearing func
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79 - a possible many-fold increase
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This is a U.S. Government publicati
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