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.~ Contellts Key Judgments Introduction Soviet Power Reactor Types and Their Separative Work Requirements I VVER Pressurized Water Reactors 2 ----- RBMK Boiling Water Reactors 4 Breeder Reactors 6 Other Reactors 7 Growth of the Nuclear Power Program 7 Total Separative Work Requirements of the So\'iet/CEMA Nuclear Power Program 8 -----_.--------.--------------- Acc.uracy of SovietjCEMA Separative Work Calculations 9 -----.-------------------------------- The Toll-Enrichment Program 10 Impact of Combined Requirements for Nuclear Power and Tc!! E::~::::h:n::::t 10 Page iii Appendixes A. B. Existing and Planned Nuclear Power Reactors ir. the USSR ar.d Other CEMA Countries Summary of Separative Work Units by Year and by Reactor Type (Optimum Scheduling) 17 Tables I. Fuel Replacement Schedule of a Typical RBMK-I 000 --------------- 2. Toll Enrichment Contracts (MTSWU) 10 .---'--- .---------------------- 3. Known Soviet-Origin Power Reactors ------------------- .-_.._-_._---- 14 v
The SOl'ietjCEMA Nuclear Power Programs and Their.Requirements for Enriched Uranium Introduction The strong growth of nuclear power in the Soviet Union and other CEMA I countries in the 1970s will continue in the 1980s and early 1990s. All nuclear power stations in the Soviet Union and most of the existing and planned stations in the other CEMA countries are built around Soviet-designed reactors that use uranium fuel slightly enriched in the isotope uranium-235 (U-235). The Soviet Union provides the fuel for all these reactors, placing an increasingly large burden on it!. enriched uranium production capacity. The Soviet uranium isotope separation plants Ihat produce enriched uranium for milit3ry purposes (nuclear weapons and the naval nuclear propulsion pro· gram) must also supply the enriched uranium for Soviet/CEMA n~clear power and the toll enrichment program, a comm'ercial endeavor in which the So~iet' Union sells enrichment services (riot the uranium itselO to Western nuclear power programs. Our estimate!>' of the production capacity available to supply enriched uranium for nuclear weapons necessariiy are based on subtracting nonweapon demand (particularly requirements for nuclear pOws:r programs) from estiolates of l0t31 cili:chmcnt capac:ty. Because of the complex variety of uranium enrichments necessary for various weapon and nonWC3.pon applications, both enrichment capacity and enrichment demand are usually expressed in terms of separative work units (SWU) rather than Quantities of maierial. The SWU is an internationally recogniz.ed measure', which Quantifies the scparaliv\.: work involved in producing a given amount of enriched uranium for any given assay (en~ichillent level) of the uranium feed, product, and waste (tails). This rcport ii, _.< describes the requirements of each Soviet reactor type in terms of metric tons of material at various , CEMA-Council for Mutual Economic A"iqancc: Council members which have or arc scheduled to h.,< Soviet ;>ower reactoCl arc 1'
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CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR ACCIDENT DOCUMENT
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CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR ACCIDENT DOCUMENT
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days, so they left nearly everythin
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The 1986 Report of the U.S. Departm
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.. Soviet Nu
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"FOP SECRET NIE 11-2-71 SOVIET NUCL
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T-OPSECRa Page IV. ADVANCED NUCLEAR
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2 rop SECRET services to others and
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4 TOP SECREf-'- for 1977 is about 1
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6 TOP SECRET DISCUSSION I J I '" i
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8 TOP SECRET L ~L J TOP SECRET
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10 TOP SECRET 16.C D. Other Weapon
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12 fOP SECRET II. PRODUCTION OF NUC
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14 'fOP SECRET ium. Ten percent of
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: i. 16 TOP SECRET L J TOP SECRET
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18 fOP SECRa cumulated over the pas
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20 lOP SECRET TABLE V SOVIET NUCLEA
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Page 42 and 43: 28 TOP SECRET Power Utilization Ind
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Page 46 and 47: 32 'fOP SECRET ANNEX A (Continued)
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Page 61 and 62: 213 29 Oktemberyan 1 Oktemberyan 2
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Page 65 and 66: .c'- Sc @' -. USSR: Nuclear Acciden
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Page 69 and 70: '. USSR: Nuclear Accidcnl Near I
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Page 83 and 84: eing created by fallout from high-y
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Page 90 and 91: stations. There is no single docume
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Page 94 and 95: Figure 3 Separative Work Requiremen
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Page 101 and 102: Appendix A Existing and Planned Nuc
Page 103 and 104: Table 3 (conlinuc
Page 105 and 106: Appendix B Summary of Separative Wo
Page 107 and 108: Summary of Separative Work Units, b
Page 109 and 110: Seclcl .J The Soviet Nuclear Power
Page 111 and 112: UireC:Corace of Intelligence Secret
Page 113 and 114: Longstanding problems in manufactur
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Page 117 and 118: Scop~ Nolc For 5e\'cral decades the
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Page 123 and 124: A Chronology 01 the Recorery FJforl
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Page 127 and 128: ,-umlrUClIon of So\icl Commercial N
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1/1 public testimonials, :1 /lumber
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NlCARAGUA: Government Crackdown Con
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" Wandna Notice Intelligence Source
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The Chernobyl' Accident: Social and
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The Chernobyl' Accident: Social and
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'. ..,j The new consciousness about
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Contents Scope Note Summary ... _ .
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lAxity and Poor Design of tire Clre
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Secn~1 The official figure on the n
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Figure I Evacuated and Repopulated
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MeliCi 1 Fi~.n 2. a} Mill/ary r~urv
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Tire CMI Ddense Role in Clrernobyl'
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Sir ,; 1"._" lilt: MQY tylSO ISSUt:
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"tice'€t Political FaUout From Ch
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SeCi€'---- officials who had more
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,SQQ!Fct ...) • Citizens as far a
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Protecting Water Supplies The marsh
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BCCiCi . c _ ;J workers went on str
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,it tet Chernobyl' has even been in
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Incidents in Soviet Nuclear Power P
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Relocation Moscow announced Ihe eva
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.-Seeret - Criticism of official su
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• Finally, the Gorbachev regime w
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~L in dealing with the incident, ra
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~~~IAL ter at the AES to manage the
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Ukrainians would prefer to seek tec
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Appendix A Players in the Aftermath
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