Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant CIA Files - Paperless Archives

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20 lOP SECRET TABLE V SOVIET NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS' Location and Units Tomsk C I. ................ . 2 ................ . 3 ................ . 4 ................ . Beloyarsk 1. ............... . 2 ................ . 3 ................ . Novovoronezh 1. ............... . 2 ................ . 3 ................ . 4 ................ . 5 ................ . Shevchenko Moderator/Coolant l Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Sodium Fast Breeder Reactor Water/Water Water/Water Water/Water Water/Water Water/Water 1................. Sodium Fast Breeder Reactor Bilibino 4 Units.... .. .. .. .. Packaged Power Reactor < Kola 1. ............... . 2 ................ . Yerevan 1. .............. ; . 2 ................ . Leningrad 1. ............... . 2 ................ . Kursk 1 ................ . 2 ................ . Water/Water Water/Water Water/Water Water/Water Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Graphite/Water Power Level MWe/MWt b 625/8,700 350/1,900 350/1,900 100/286 200/530 600/1,430 240/760 365/1,400 440/1,370 440/1,370 1 ,000/2,550 150/1,000 d 12/60 each 440/1,370 440/1,370 440/1,370 440/1,370 1 ,000/3, 200 1,000/3,200 1,000/3,200 1,000/3,200 Estimated Year in Operation (At Full Power) At 100 MWe in 1958; modified in 1963 1961; modified in 1964 1966 1968 1964 1967 By 1975 1965 1969 1971 By 1973 1975 1972 1972 1974 1975 1975 1977 1973 1974 1976 1977 • The Soviets recently announced that two new power stations will be constructed, one in the Ukraine at Chernobyl', and the other at Smolensk. We do not know what type of reactor is to be built, nor do we know what the power level will be for these stations, and therefore have not included them in this table. b M We: capacity of the electric power generating equipment in megawatts of electric power. M WI: capacity of the reactor in megawatts of thermal power. c These are dual purpose reactors which also produce weapons grade plutonium. d This reactor could generate about 350 MWe, but most of the thermal power is for a desalination plant.
fOP SECRET 21 B. Marine and Naval Nuclear Propulsion 58. The Soviets first designed nuclear submarines and icebreakers in the early 1950s . . After a decade of development, three classes of nuclear submarines and one icebreaker were operational. These first-generation submarines all utilized the same power plant. In the late 1960s, new classes of submarines appeared, five of which are nuclear powered, and the Soviets have announced that they will build two new nuclear icebreakers. Submarines 59. The first nuclear submarines were the H-class, a ballistic missile submarine; the E-class, armed with cruise missiles; and the N-class, an attack submarine. We believe that the nuclear power plant used in these boats is capable of generating about 30,000 shaft horsepower from a reactor whose power is on the order of ISO megawatts. The reactor core originally had an average lifetime of about 3 years. Current overhauling schedules indicate that the average lifetime is now 4 to 5 years. 60. In about 1965, the Soviets began constructing a second generation of nuclear submarines, represented by the Y, C, and V classes. 6 These submarines have exhibited excellent operational characteristics during the few years that they have been in service. The Soviets have employed them on extensive longrange patrols and thus appear to have a high degree of confidence in their reliability. 61. We estimate that a reactor generating about 150 megawatts is required to attain the speeds (30 to 32 knots) of the C- and V-class attack submarines. We estimate that the propulsion system of the V-class ballistic missile • More recently, we·have detected two additional classes, the P and the A, which are nuclear powered, but we know little about their propulsion systems. submarine, and the boat's maximum observed speed of 30 knots, require a total reactor power of about 270 megawatts. Icebreakers 62. The first Soviet icebreaker, the Lenin, was commission'ed in 1958. It experienced early operational problems and was out of service f.or lengthy periods, one lasting 4 years. A Soviet official has stated that the 3 original reactors of the Lenin were removed and replaced by a system containing 2 reactors. It is likely that the new reactors generate about ISO megawatts of power each and have an increased lifetime of about 10,000 full power hours. The Lenin resumed operation during the Arctic navigation season which began in the spring of 1970. 63. There is no evidence that work has begun on the two Arktika-class nuclear icebreakers which the Soviets plan to construct. The Soviets have stated that the reactors of these ships will have an effective lifetime 2.5 times that of the original Lenin reactors, and that they will be similar to those of the "reconstructed Lenin". IV. ADVANCED NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 64. The Soviet program of advanced nuclear research and development (R&D) includes an active effort to exploit nuclear energy for use in space. It also includes the world's most extensive effort to demonstrate the feasibility of producing and controlling energy through nuclear fusion. A. Aerospace Applications of Nuclear Energy 65. The Soviets have relied on solar cells and batteries almost exclusively for electric power on their spacecraft. They have used TOP SECRET l
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stations. There is no single docume
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Svnd Figure 2 Separative Work Requi
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Figure 3 Separative Work Requiremen
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~lt(i(L increase by the end of 1990
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~ec(O' .\' OVl:r the long run, nucl
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Appendix A Existing and Planned Nuc
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Table 3 (conlinuc
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Appendix B Summary of Separative Wo
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Summary of Separative Work Units, b
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Seclcl .J The Soviet Nuclear Power
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UireC:Corace of Intelligence Secret
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Longstanding problems in manufactur
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BLANKPA.GE · .. ....
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Scop~ Nolc For 5e\'cral decades the
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steam that disrupicd la·rge ponio:
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A Chronology 01 the Recorery FJforl
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.~ ;:,o\"lcl I\"uclcar I'O\\W Planl
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,-umlrUClIon of So\icl Commercial N
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The Chernobyl' Accident: Social and
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The Chernobyl' Accident: Social and
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'. ..,j The new consciousness about
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Contents Scope Note Summary ... _ .
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lAxity and Poor Design of tire Clre
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Secn~1 The official figure on the n
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Figure I Evacuated and Repopulated
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Tire CMI Ddense Role in Clrernobyl'
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Protecting Water Supplies The marsh
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,it tet Chernobyl' has even been in
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Incidents in Soviet Nuclear Power P
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Relocation Moscow announced Ihe eva
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Ukrainians would prefer to seek tec
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Appendix A Players in the Aftermath
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