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c) Report to the Conference of the Parties on measures taken to implement the Convention (Article 15); d) The Conference of the Parties shall develop and approve procedures and institutional mechanisms for determining noncompliance with the provisions of this Convention and for treatment of Parties found to be in non-compliance (Article 17). e) It is recognized that many Parties from developing countries and countries with economies in transition will need technical and financial assistance in order to implement all the above provisions. For this reason, the Convention mandates: i) Cooperation to provide technical assistance to strengthen Parties capacity to implement the Convention (Article 12); ii) The provision of new and additional resources from developed countries to developing countries and countries with economies in transition, Parties to the Convention, to help them develop and strengthen their capacity to implement the Convention; and establishment of a financial mechanism to be defined by the COP to provide/facilitate the delivery of these resources (Article 13); iii) The establishment of interim financial arrangements (that holds until COP defines the permanent mechanism), which is the Global Environment Facility – the principal entity which should fulfill this function through operational measures, related specifically to POPs (Article 14). 2.0 STATUS OF POPs PESTICIDES AND DDT MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA 2.1 POPs Pesticides POP Pesticides were used in the country in the past in a wide range of applications against various insect pests in agriculture and public health. These are Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, DDT and Toxaphene. The magnitude of contamination of some obsolete POP Pesticides storage sites posing potential human health and environmental risks needs urgent remedial measures. About 17.4 metric tones of obsolete stocks of Aldrin, Dieldrin, and Toxaphene are stored in various areas of intensive cash crops agricultural activities as well as in the respective industrial processing areas and these areas are Arusha (14.9 metric tonnes), Mbeya (0.5 metric tonnes) and Tabora (2 metric tonnes). Already the existing 9 POP Pesticides specified in the Convention are not in the list of registered pesticides hence not used. However, illegal trade may interfere Government interventions. Hence support is needed to strengthen institutional 63
capacity for monitoring imports of POP Pesticides as well as development of waste disposal facilities. Through the Africa Stockpile Project, expected to commence in August 2005, Tanzania would be able to clean up 1,200 metric tonnes of obsolete stocks of pesticides, including 180 MT of POPs Pesticides and DDT, and set up mechanism to control accumulation of pesticide wastes in future. At present there is no specific provision that regulates POP Pesticides production and use in Tanzania, however, like any other pesticides, the POP Pesticides are controlled by existing relevant legislation. These include the Plant Protection Act (1997) and Plant Protection Regulations (1999). The Act controls all plant protection substances including POP Pesticides throughout their life cycle. The Regulations provides for restricted use of pesticides that are highly toxic including those which are controlled by the Rotterdam Convention. There is no prospect for the importation of POP Pesticides at present and in the near future as POP Pesticides have been cancelled from the current list of registered pesticides in the country and pesticide registration procedures are specifically restrictive and stringent when it comes to POP Pesticides. There exists deficiency in enforcement, which leads to existence of illegal products in the market. This may be attributed to lack of enough resources to enable pesticides inspectors conducts monitoring at all border entry points and pesticides shops. 2.2 DDT DDT has been used in the country over years since 1950’s for both agriculture and public health. In Zanzibar, DDT was entirely used for public health and never used for agriculture. The preference to use DDT in public health, particularly against malaria vectors is due to its effectiveness and long residual effects. The Government of Zanzibar banned the use of DDT for malaria control programmes in 1988, whereas in Tanzania Mainland, a Government order to prevent the formulation and use of DDT for agricultural purposes was made in 1997. The decisions were solely based on effects of DDT to human health and the environment. Eliminating DDT is a major challenge as the country intends to reintroduce DDT to fight against malaria. In Tanzania, with about 18 million cases every year and 100,000 deaths yearly out of which over 70,000 are children under five years of age, malaria remains the number one killer disease in the country. It is estimated that over 90% of Tanzanians are at risk of the disease. Twenty five (25) districts have been identified to be malaria endemic areas. Over 40% of the country population live in these areas. Currently, DDT is not being used but in view of the evident crisis it is intended to be reintroduced during epidemics only. Uses will be restricted for malaria control only and indoor spraying will be performed by certified personnel in accordance with WHO procedures for DDT use. The country needs further support for training on DDT use; research on alternatives 64
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PESTICIDES AND POVERTY Implementing
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3.4 THEME IV: PROJECT DETAILS......
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MoH Ministry of Health MT Metric To
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Initially, she gave a brief history
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iii. Rotterdam Convention - Mr. A.
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this project are aware of this trai
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On in implementation part the prese
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to that effect, however, EMA requir
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Page 19 and 20: Mr. Akhabuhaya - Registrar of Pesti
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Page 23 and 24: laws, approved codes of conduct, et
Page 25 and 26: work plan preparation, there is a n
Page 27 and 28: After the presentation it was asked
Page 29 and 30: 4.0 GROUP WORK AND PRESENTATIONS 4.
Page 31 and 32: 2.2. Training individuals with trai
Page 33 and 34: 4.4 To introduce and promote new st
Page 35 and 36: 7.1. Identify effective ways to pro
Page 37 and 38: 8.1. Production and dissemination o
Page 39 and 40: GROUP 1 PROVISION OF INPUTS TO THE
Page 41 and 42: - misuse of pesticides as obstacle
Page 43 and 44: • Mapping of supply chain for pes
Page 45 and 46: 6.0. CLOSING REMARKS The closing re
Page 47 and 48: APPENDIX I WORKSHOP PROGRAMME 42
Page 49 and 50: 17.00 End Day 1 Day 2: Thursday 4 t
Page 51 and 52: APPENDIX II LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 46
Page 53 and 54: 7 Dr. Enock Masanja University of D
Page 55: 18 Dr. Ruth Minja Tanzania Associat
Page 58 and 59: Pesticides and Poverty Implementing
Page 60 and 61: Activity 6 - CASE STUDIES - Documen
Page 62 and 63: CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE ST
Page 64 and 65: In recent decades, the risks posed
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Page 74 and 75: Table 1: List of stakeholders and t
Page 76 and 77: Institution xxiv) TANESCO xxv) Seed
Page 78 and 79: 5.0 CHALLENGES AND PLANNED EFFORTS
Page 80 and 81: 5.2 Planned Efforts Some of the pla
Page 82 and 83: 7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS The Stockhol
Page 84 and 85: Reviews notifications from parties
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Page 88 and 89: provides early warning for developi
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 1: CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE P
Page 92 and 93: Chemical Category Registration Stat
Page 94 and 95: PAPER ON BASEL AND BAMAKO CONVENTIO
Page 96 and 97: 1.0 Introduction 1.1 History of the
Page 98 and 99: ⇒ The prevention and monitoring o
Page 100 and 101: need to be disposed of. Hence trans
Page 102 and 103: (i) Ban amendment (1995) During its
Page 104 and 105: ⇒ To encourage treatment and disp
Page 106 and 107: 9.0 Implementation status of the Ba
Page 108 and 109: (iii) (iv) Disposal of DNOC at Ceme
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Page 112 and 113: BRIEF HISTORY INTERNATIONAL CODE OF
Page 114 and 115: CTD B)Defficient Laws and Regulatio
Page 116 and 117: 2025. Examples of broader goals emb
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particular focus on food security n
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spraying with pesticides, including
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4.2 How do the MDGs link to Pestici
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• Impacts on certain populations,
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and sociological issues (“mainstr
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6.3 Non-Income Poverty 6.3.1 Educat
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7.2 Least-Toxic Controls In this ap
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8.2 Rotterdam Convention Article 3:
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coordination. Most important some C
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Introduction PESTICIDE AND POVERTY:
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Registration and Control • Respon
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THE ASP AND CIVIL SOCIETY • The A
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Coordination of NGOs • Use existi
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How International Agreements Can Pr
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4. Implementing the Codes & Convent
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CPAM MONITORING TOOLS 1. Community
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AGENDA Experience • Visits the vi
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DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING
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PESTICIDES AND POVERTY CASE STUDIES
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