Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG
Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG
Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG
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DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING<br />
PROGRAMME Cont’d<br />
• The ecology of the area - identification of<br />
affected species - ecological importance<br />
(keystone, significant, less significant), population<br />
status (i.e. endemic, rare, or protected), cultural<br />
importance (Flagship, valued, not significant to any<br />
cultural group), Economic importance (Imperative,<br />
High, Moderate, Low)<br />
• The ecotoxicology of the pesticide in the<br />
same or similar type of environments –<br />
background ecotoxicology studies<br />
• The magnitude of exposure - dose/rate, duration,<br />
timing<br />
7<br />
8<br />
Factors for consideration in assessing the need to monitor potential<br />
tial<br />
impacts on wildlife<br />
Population Status Ecological<br />
Cultural Economic Potential<br />
importance Importance Importance Impact<br />
Critically endangered<br />
facing an extremely high<br />
risk of extinction in the<br />
wild in the immediate<br />
future<br />
Endangered facing high<br />
risk of extinction in the<br />
wild in the near future<br />
Vulnerable likely to move<br />
into endangered category<br />
in the medium term future<br />
Near – threatened close<br />
to qualifying as<br />
vulnerable<br />
Rare not at present<br />
vulnerable, but with small<br />
world populations,<br />
therefore at risk<br />
Unthreatened, at no risk of<br />
extension in the medium term<br />
Keystone species<br />
important to the<br />
ecology of many<br />
other species OR<br />
crucial to key eco<br />
processes<br />
Significant, important<br />
to a number of other<br />
species OR to eco<br />
functions<br />
Unimportant, less<br />
significant to species<br />
composition of<br />
habitat & to<br />
ecological functions<br />
Unknown<br />
Flagship -<br />
species which<br />
are well known<br />
& of high<br />
cultural values<br />
Valuedimportant<br />
to<br />
some aspects<br />
of human<br />
culture<br />
Unimportant –<br />
of no<br />
significance to<br />
any major<br />
group<br />
Imperative<br />
High<br />
Moderate<br />
Low<br />
Extinction<br />
Population decline<br />
Adult deaths,<br />
Immature Deaths,<br />
Breeding Failure<br />
Health impairment,<br />
Growth retarded<br />
Physiological<br />
charge,<br />
Behavioural<br />
change<br />
Risk of acute toxicity: 0 = No risk, + = Low risk, ++ = Moderate risk, +++ = High risk, ? = Unknown risks<br />
Pesticide<br />
Group<br />
Organochlori<br />
ne<br />
Organophos<br />
phate<br />
Carbamate<br />
Pyrethroid<br />
IGR –Insect<br />
growth<br />
regulator<br />
Phenyl<br />
pyrazoles<br />
Biologicals<br />
Herbicide<br />
Fungicide<br />
Aquatic<br />
Invertebra<br />
tes<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
0 - +<br />
Amphibians/<br />
Chelonians<br />
+ +<br />
0 - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
0<br />
++ +<br />
0<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
Fish<br />
+ +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+<br />
+ + - + +<br />
+<br />
0<br />
0 - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
Soil<br />
Processe<br />
s<br />
+ +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
Terrestrial<br />
invertebrates<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
Lizards<br />
+ +<br />
0 - + + +<br />
?<br />
+ + - + +<br />
+<br />
0?<br />
+ + +<br />
0<br />
0 - + +<br />
?<br />
Birds<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
0 - + + +<br />
0 - +<br />
0<br />
0 - + + +<br />
0<br />
0 - +<br />
0 - + +<br />
Mammals<br />
+ +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+<br />
0<br />
+ +<br />
0<br />
0 - +<br />
0 - +<br />
Abundant widespread &<br />
common<br />
9<br />
10<br />
Risk by application method<br />
Application<br />
method<br />
Aerial –<br />
exhaust<br />
Aquati<br />
c<br />
invert<br />
ebrate<br />
+ + +<br />
Amphibian<br />
s /<br />
Chelonians<br />
+ + +<br />
Fish<br />
+ + +<br />
Soil<br />
process<br />
es<br />
+ +<br />
Terrestrial<br />
invertebrate<br />
s<br />
+ + +<br />
Reptile<br />
s<br />
+ + +<br />
Birds<br />
+ + +<br />
Mammal<br />
s<br />
+ + +<br />
DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Cont’d<br />
Aerial – ULV<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS<br />
Ground<br />
conventional<br />
Ground – ULV<br />
Fogging<br />
Dusting<br />
Baiting<br />
Granules<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+<br />
0 - +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+<br />
0 - +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
Formulate the hypothesis based on knowledge<br />
obtained via desk review – it should state the<br />
possible (perceived) impact of the pesticide(s). This<br />
hypothesis should then be turned ‘upside down’ to<br />
produce the ‘null hypothesis’ . Before planning the<br />
fieldwork double check your analysis of the<br />
problem, this may save you from collecting useless<br />
data.<br />
Dips/pour-ons<br />
+<br />
0<br />
0<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
0<br />
0 - + +<br />
0 - +<br />
11<br />
12<br />
147