Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG

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6.3 Non-Income Poverty 6.3.1 Education and illiteracy While there has been a notable increase in primary school enrolments the pace of transition to secondary schools is low especially for girls. Illiteracy remains high. About 28.6 percent of Tanzanians cannot read and write in any language. There is more illiteracy among women (36 percent) than men (20.4 percent). This state of affairs has significant impact on sound management of chemicals. An illiterate pesticide user is a potential victim of the pesticide. 6.3.2 Health services Key obstacles include health care charges, long distances to health facilities, inadequate and unaffordable transport systems, poor quality of care, weak exemption and waiver system to the sick who unable to access health care by a fee, shortage of skilled providers and poor governance and accountability mechanisms. Poor health adversely affect efforts to eradicate poverty, since the productive time is lost seeking health services, but also has monetary implication. The other dimension is that even if the market may have a less toxic pesticide e.g. X-Pel made from pyrethrums, the poor individual will go for a cheap alternative which may have more health impacts and hence a poverty spiral. 6.3.3 Survival and nutrition HIV prevalence rates show a worrying trend, particularly for women of young age. HIV and AIDS pandemic have a wider implication for other indicators such as life expectancy. It is also important to note that high rate of infant and child mortality is due to continuing high prevalence of malaria. As for nutrition, Tanzania has four nutritional disorders (i) protein energy malnutrition (PEM) (ii) nutritional anemia (iii) iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and (iv) vitamin A deficiency (VAD). The challenges include increasing food intake by raising feeding frequency and consumption of high energy dense foods, increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are rich in vitamin A and iron, combating diseases notably malaria and measles, diarrhoea, HIV, intestinal parasites. These may also have implication on chemical and pesticide use which require proper sound chemical management. 6.3.4 HIV and AIDS HIV/AIDS aggravate the health status and future prospects of Tanzanians. It undermines the foundations of development and attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and national targets. However, unsound use of chemicals, drugs in particular aggravates the problem. 123
6.3.5 Water and environmental health There is a close link between water supply and waterborne diseases such as cholera, water-based diseases such as bilharzias, malaria and water-washed diseases such as scabies and trachoma in areas with poor sanitation facilities. However, the challenge is how to expand water and sanitation services in rural and urban areas at the same time ensure safe use of chemicals. 6.3.6 Vulnerability The vulnerable groups which include children, persons with disabilities, youths (unemployed, youths with unreliable income and female youths), elderly persons, people living with long illness and HIV and AIDS, women (widows, other women who are not able to support themselves) and drug addicts and alcoholics. There seem to be no properly articulated system to assist the vulnerable groups. The challenge is in developing a comprehensive strategy to address vulnerability and develop appropriate social protection programmes and support community-based initiatives towards addressing the factors that put their livelihoods at risk. 7.0 ENVISAGED ROLE OF ALTERNATIVE TO PESTICIDES While pesticides have been used and still being used in the agriculture, it is also important to look at the availability, affordability, health impacts of alternatives to safeguard the health of users and the environment. 7.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a coordinated use of physical, biological and cultural controls and least-toxic pest control products and techniques to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means with the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment. Integrated Pest Management involves the monitoring of pest populations, establishment of injury levels, modification of habitats (to eliminate sources of food, water, harborage and entry), utilization of least-toxic controls, keeping of records and evaluation of performance on an ongoing basis. Experiences have shown that IPM may actually reduce the amount of pesticides usage or may promote usage of less toxic pesticide without reducing productivity. IPM has potential to contribute to the goals of NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs. 124
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PESTICIDES AND POVERTY Implementing
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3.4 THEME IV: PROJECT DETAILS......
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MoH Ministry of Health MT Metric To
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Initially, she gave a brief history
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iii. Rotterdam Convention - Mr. A.
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this project are aware of this trai
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On in implementation part the prese
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to that effect, however, EMA requir
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decision to prohibit transboundary
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Mr. Akhabuhaya - Registrar of Pesti
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over a broad range of sectors, havi
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laws, approved codes of conduct, et
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work plan preparation, there is a n
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After the presentation it was asked
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4.0 GROUP WORK AND PRESENTATIONS 4.
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2.2. Training individuals with trai
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4.4 To introduce and promote new st
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7.1. Identify effective ways to pro
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8.1. Production and dissemination o
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GROUP 1 PROVISION OF INPUTS TO THE
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- misuse of pesticides as obstacle
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• Mapping of supply chain for pes
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6.0. CLOSING REMARKS The closing re
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APPENDIX I WORKSHOP PROGRAMME 42
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17.00 End Day 1 Day 2: Thursday 4 t
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APPENDIX II LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 46
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7 Dr. Enock Masanja University of D
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18 Dr. Ruth Minja Tanzania Associat
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Pesticides and Poverty Implementing
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Activity 6 - CASE STUDIES - Documen
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CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE ST
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In recent decades, the risks posed
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exemptions granted should minimize
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c) Report to the Conference of the
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and dissemination of available alte
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The issue of management of POPs fal
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Table 1: List of stakeholders and t
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Institution xxiv) TANESCO xxv) Seed
Page 78 and 79: 5.0 CHALLENGES AND PLANNED EFFORTS
Page 80 and 81: 5.2 Planned Efforts Some of the pla
Page 82 and 83: 7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS The Stockhol
Page 84 and 85: Reviews notifications from parties
Page 86 and 87: 4.3 Roles of stakeholders: Provisio
Page 88 and 89: provides early warning for developi
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 1: CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE P
Page 92 and 93: Chemical Category Registration Stat
Page 94 and 95: PAPER ON BASEL AND BAMAKO CONVENTIO
Page 96 and 97: 1.0 Introduction 1.1 History of the
Page 98 and 99: ⇒ The prevention and monitoring o
Page 100 and 101: need to be disposed of. Hence trans
Page 102 and 103: (i) Ban amendment (1995) During its
Page 104 and 105: ⇒ To encourage treatment and disp
Page 106 and 107: 9.0 Implementation status of the Ba
Page 108 and 109: (iii) (iv) Disposal of DNOC at Ceme
Page 110 and 111: (i) (ii) (vii) Management of hazard
Page 112 and 113: BRIEF HISTORY INTERNATIONAL CODE OF
Page 114 and 115: CTD B)Defficient Laws and Regulatio
Page 116 and 117: 2025. Examples of broader goals emb
Page 118 and 119: particular focus on food security n
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Page 122 and 123: 4.2 How do the MDGs link to Pestici
Page 124 and 125: • Impacts on certain populations,
Page 126 and 127: and sociological issues (“mainstr
Page 130 and 131: 7.2 Least-Toxic Controls In this ap
Page 132 and 133: 8.2 Rotterdam Convention Article 3:
Page 134 and 135: coordination. Most important some C
Page 136 and 137: Introduction PESTICIDE AND POVERTY:
Page 138 and 139: Registration and Control • Respon
Page 140 and 141: THE ASP AND CIVIL SOCIETY • The A
Page 142 and 143: Coordination of NGOs • Use existi
Page 144 and 145: How International Agreements Can Pr
Page 146 and 147: 4. Implementing the Codes & Convent
Page 148 and 149: CPAM MONITORING TOOLS 1. Community
Page 150 and 151: AGENDA Experience • Visits the vi
Page 152 and 153: DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING
Page 154: PESTICIDES AND POVERTY CASE STUDIES
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