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4.2 How do the MDGs link to Pesticide Use? 4.2.1 The Millennium Development Goals The following are the eight Millennium Development Goals: Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Goal 5 Improve maternal health Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development To these goals there are 18 targets, such as Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. The targets in turn are linked with 54 indicators, such as Indicator 5: Proportion of the population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption. For each indicator, there is detailed information on e.g. the method of computation and gender issues. 4.2.2 Links between goals and human health and environmental protection A recent report 6 from the follow-up of the MDGs provides suggestions for linking the goals with environmental issues. Some of these links may be relevant to pesticide use, such as Goal Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Combat major diseases Develop a global partnership for development Link Insecure rights of the poor to environmental resources, as well as inadequate access to environmental information, markets, and decision-making, limit their capacity to protect the environment and improve their livelihoods and well-being. Preventive environmental health measures are as important, and at times more cost-effective, than health treatment. Since rich countries consume far more environmental resources and produce more waste than poor countries, many environmental problems (such as climate change, loss of species diversity, and management of global fisheries) must be solved through a global partnership of developed and 6 UN Millennium Project 2005. Environment and Human Well-being: A Practical Strategy. Summary version of the report of the Task Force on Environmental Sustainability. The Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York, USA. 117
developing countries. 4.2.3 Links between indicators and pesticide use Many of the most obvious links between pesticide use and the MDGs are related to various aspects of human health. The World Health Organisation, WHO, has compiled its contribution to achievement of the goals including a summary Annex 7 . The associated indicators referred to by the WHO have indirect links to hazardous chemicals, as follows: Indicator Link to chemicals Underweight children Malnourishment – agricultural production – agricultural chemicals. Also association low birth weight – chemicals exposure; see also indicator 5. Minimum dietary consumption Pesticides as prerequisite for food availability. Adverse health effects of pesticides. Under five mortality rate Malnourishment – see under 4. above. Also child mortality associated with accidents, mainly with pesticides Prevalence and death/malaria DDT as major instrument to combat malaria, Use of effective measures to but also involving some health risks combat malaria Linkages of indicators with pesticide us are similar to those presented 2.3.1. The links between poverty and high contamination levels have been discussed in a report to the World Bank. 8 The conclusion drawn from this report is that “the potential socio-economic impacts and costs of toxics are large and are borne disproportionately by poor communities. These include: • Threats to indigenous practices, • Increased health care costs, • Decreased productivity, • Environmental degradation and reduction of clean, safe essential resources (for example, food, water and clean air), • Impacts on those at the margins of poverty, and 7 http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?infobase=ebdocen&jump=EB111%2f3&softpage=Browse_Frame_Pg42#JUMPDEST_EB111/3 (accessed 14 March 2005; note that this is a corrected version of the original document EB111/3). 8 World Bank (2002). Toxics and Poverty: The impact of toxic substances on the poor in developing countries. 118
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PESTICIDES AND POVERTY Implementing
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3.4 THEME IV: PROJECT DETAILS......
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MoH Ministry of Health MT Metric To
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Initially, she gave a brief history
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iii. Rotterdam Convention - Mr. A.
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this project are aware of this trai
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On in implementation part the prese
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to that effect, however, EMA requir
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decision to prohibit transboundary
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Mr. Akhabuhaya - Registrar of Pesti
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over a broad range of sectors, havi
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laws, approved codes of conduct, et
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work plan preparation, there is a n
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After the presentation it was asked
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4.0 GROUP WORK AND PRESENTATIONS 4.
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2.2. Training individuals with trai
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4.4 To introduce and promote new st
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7.1. Identify effective ways to pro
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8.1. Production and dissemination o
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GROUP 1 PROVISION OF INPUTS TO THE
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- misuse of pesticides as obstacle
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• Mapping of supply chain for pes
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6.0. CLOSING REMARKS The closing re
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APPENDIX I WORKSHOP PROGRAMME 42
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17.00 End Day 1 Day 2: Thursday 4 t
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APPENDIX II LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 46
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7 Dr. Enock Masanja University of D
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18 Dr. Ruth Minja Tanzania Associat
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Pesticides and Poverty Implementing
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Activity 6 - CASE STUDIES - Documen
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CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE ST
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In recent decades, the risks posed
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exemptions granted should minimize
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c) Report to the Conference of the
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and dissemination of available alte
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Page 76 and 77: Institution xxiv) TANESCO xxv) Seed
Page 78 and 79: 5.0 CHALLENGES AND PLANNED EFFORTS
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Page 82 and 83: 7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS The Stockhol
Page 84 and 85: Reviews notifications from parties
Page 86 and 87: 4.3 Roles of stakeholders: Provisio
Page 88 and 89: provides early warning for developi
Page 90 and 91: TABLE 1: CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE P
Page 92 and 93: Chemical Category Registration Stat
Page 94 and 95: PAPER ON BASEL AND BAMAKO CONVENTIO
Page 96 and 97: 1.0 Introduction 1.1 History of the
Page 98 and 99: ⇒ The prevention and monitoring o
Page 100 and 101: need to be disposed of. Hence trans
Page 102 and 103: (i) Ban amendment (1995) During its
Page 104 and 105: ⇒ To encourage treatment and disp
Page 106 and 107: 9.0 Implementation status of the Ba
Page 108 and 109: (iii) (iv) Disposal of DNOC at Ceme
Page 110 and 111: (i) (ii) (vii) Management of hazard
Page 112 and 113: BRIEF HISTORY INTERNATIONAL CODE OF
Page 114 and 115: CTD B)Defficient Laws and Regulatio
Page 116 and 117: 2025. Examples of broader goals emb
Page 118 and 119: particular focus on food security n
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Page 124 and 125: • Impacts on certain populations,
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Page 128 and 129: 6.3 Non-Income Poverty 6.3.1 Educat
Page 130 and 131: 7.2 Least-Toxic Controls In this ap
Page 132 and 133: 8.2 Rotterdam Convention Article 3:
Page 134 and 135: coordination. Most important some C
Page 136 and 137: Introduction PESTICIDE AND POVERTY:
Page 138 and 139: Registration and Control • Respon
Page 140 and 141: THE ASP AND CIVIL SOCIETY • The A
Page 142 and 143: Coordination of NGOs • Use existi
Page 144 and 145: How International Agreements Can Pr
Page 146 and 147: 4. Implementing the Codes & Convent
Page 148 and 149: CPAM MONITORING TOOLS 1. Community
Page 150 and 151: AGENDA Experience • Visits the vi
Page 152 and 153: DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING
Page 154: PESTICIDES AND POVERTY CASE STUDIES
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