Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG
Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG
Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
PESTICIDES AND POVERTY<br />
Implementing Chemical conventions for Safe and<br />
Just Development<br />
PROCEEDINGS OF THE MULTI STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP<br />
CENTRE FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES<br />
SALAAM, DAR ES SALAAM, (03 – 05/08/2005)<br />
African Violet<br />
In collaboration with<br />
Supported by European Commission<br />
i
TABLE OF CONTENT<br />
TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... ii<br />
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.................................................................. iv<br />
1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1<br />
2.0 OPENING...................................................................................................1<br />
2.1 Welcome Remarks.....................................................................................1<br />
2.2 Opening Speech ........................................................................................2<br />
3.0 PAPER PRESENTATION ..........................................................................3<br />
3.1 THEME I: PROJECT OVERVIEW..............................................................4<br />
3.1.1 Introduction to the Project: Pesticides and Poverty: Implementing<br />
Chemical Conventions for Safe and Just Development: Mult-<strong>Stakeholder</strong><br />
Meeting <strong>Tanzania</strong>.......................................................................................4<br />
3.2 THEME II: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL<br />
CONVENTIONS AND PROCESSES .........................................................7<br />
3.2.1 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):<br />
Overview and Implementation Status in <strong>Tanzania</strong> .....................................7<br />
3.2.2 Rotterdam Convention: Implementation Status in <strong>Tanzania</strong> ....................10<br />
3.2.3 Basel Convention /Bamako Conventions: Implementation Status in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> ..................................................................................................11<br />
3.2.4 International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides:<br />
Implementation Status in <strong>Tanzania</strong> ..........................................................13<br />
3.3 THEME III: LINK OF CONVENTIONS TO NATIONAL PRIORITIES .......15<br />
3.3.1 Mainstreaming of Chemical Conventions in the Implementation of National<br />
Poverty Reduction Strategies...................................................................15<br />
ii
3.4 THEME IV: PROJECT DETAILS..............................................................17<br />
3.4.1 Pesticide and Poverty: <strong>Multi</strong>stakeholder <strong>Map</strong>ping....................................17<br />
3.4.2 The African Stockpiles Project and Civil Society......................................18<br />
3.4.3 How International Agreements Can Prevent Local Pesticide Problems: A<br />
Consolidated Guide to the Chemical Codes & Conventions ....................19<br />
3.4.4 Community Pesticide Monitoring for Community Empowerment..............20<br />
3.4.5 Ecotoxicology: Monitoring the Impact of Pesticides .................................21<br />
3.4.6 Pesticides and Poverty: Case Studies .....................................................22<br />
4.0 GROUP WORK AND PRESENTATIONS ................................................24<br />
6.0. CLOSING REMARKS ..............................................................................40<br />
APPENDICES.....................................................................................................41<br />
iii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS<br />
AAT<br />
AGENDA<br />
AP<br />
ASP<br />
BEPs<br />
BATs<br />
BICO<br />
CBO<br />
COP<br />
CPAM<br />
CPAK<br />
CPCT<br />
CRC -<br />
DDT<br />
DNAs<br />
DoE<br />
EIA<br />
EMA<br />
ENVIROCARE<br />
EU<br />
GCLA<br />
GEF<br />
GHS<br />
HIPC<br />
HZW<br />
IFCS<br />
IGO<br />
ILO<br />
IPM<br />
IVM<br />
LDCs<br />
LEAT<br />
MAFS<br />
MEAs<br />
MDGs<br />
MIT<br />
NSGRP (MKUKUTA)<br />
Agrochemical Association of <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
AGENDA for Environment and Responsible<br />
Development (a Non-Government Organisation)<br />
Action plan<br />
African Stockpile Programme<br />
Best Environmental Practices<br />
Best Available Techniques<br />
Bureau of Industrial Cooperation of University of Dar<br />
es Salaam<br />
Community Based Organisation<br />
Conference of Parties<br />
Community Pesticides Action Management<br />
Community Pesticide Action Kits)<br />
Cleaner Production centre of <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Chemical Review Committee<br />
Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane<br />
Designated National Authorities<br />
Division of Environment<br />
Environmental Impact assessment<br />
Environment Management Act<br />
Environmental, Human Rights Care and Gender<br />
Organisation<br />
European Union<br />
Government Chemist Laboratory Agency<br />
Global Environmental Facility<br />
Global Harmonised System for Classification and<br />
Labelling of Chemicals<br />
High Indebted Poor Countries<br />
Hazardous Wastes<br />
Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety<br />
Inter-Government Organisation<br />
International Labour Organisation<br />
Integrated Pest Management<br />
Integrated Vector Management<br />
Least Developed Countries<br />
Lawyers Environmental Action Team<br />
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security<br />
<strong>Multi</strong>lateral Environmental Agreements<br />
Millennium Development Goals<br />
Ministry of Industry and Trade<br />
National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of<br />
Poverty<br />
iv
MoH<br />
Ministry of Health<br />
MT<br />
Metric Tonne<br />
NEMC<br />
National Environment Management Council<br />
NGO<br />
Non-Government Organisation<br />
NIMR<br />
National Institute for Medical Research<br />
NIP<br />
National Implementation Plan<br />
NMCP<br />
National Malaria Control Programme<br />
ODS<br />
Ozone Depleting Substances<br />
PAN Africa<br />
Pesticides Action Network Africa<br />
PAN AP<br />
Pesticides Action Network Asia & Pacific<br />
PAN UK<br />
Pesticides Action Network United Kingdom<br />
PCBs<br />
Polychlorinated Biphenyls<br />
PCDD<br />
Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins<br />
PCDF<br />
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans<br />
POPs<br />
Persistent Organic Pollutants<br />
PO-RALG President’s Office Rural Authorities and Local<br />
Government<br />
PPA<br />
Plant Protection Act<br />
PRS<br />
Poverty Reduction Strategies<br />
PQRST<br />
Pesticide Quick Response and Surveillance Team<br />
SAICM<br />
Strategic Approach to International Chemical<br />
Management<br />
TBS<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> Bureau of Standards<br />
TPAWU<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> Plantation and Agricultural Workers<br />
Association<br />
IPEN<br />
International POPs Elimination Network<br />
IPEP<br />
International POPs Elimination Project<br />
TADATIS<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> Drug and Toxicology Information Service.<br />
TPRI<br />
Tropical Pesticides Research Institute<br />
TAWLAE<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> Association of Women Leaders in<br />
Agriculture and the Environment<br />
UCLAS<br />
University College of Land and Architectural Studies<br />
UDSM<br />
University of Dar es Salaam<br />
UNCED<br />
United Nations Conference on Environment and<br />
Development<br />
UNEP<br />
United Nations Environment Programme<br />
UNIDO<br />
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation<br />
UNDP<br />
United Nations Development Programme<br />
UNITAR<br />
United Nations Institute for Training and Research<br />
USD<br />
United States Dollar<br />
VPO<br />
Vice President’s Office<br />
WIOMSA<br />
Western Indian Ocean Marine Association<br />
v
1.0 INTRODUCTION<br />
A three days workshop of stakeholders for the Pesticides and Poverty project<br />
was organised by AGENDA for Environment and Responsible Development<br />
(AGENDA) and <strong>Tanzania</strong> Plantation and Agricultural Workers Union (TPAWU).<br />
The workshop was held at the Centre for Continuing Education, University of Dar<br />
es Salaam from 03 – 05 August 2005. The main aim of the workshop was to<br />
build capacity and raise awareness among key stakeholders, and bringing them<br />
together into a dialogue and action so as to assist the effective implementation of<br />
the Chemical Conventions and Processes in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. This will help to integrate<br />
an environmental dimension into national development priorities and promote<br />
sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. This workshop is the initial activity in the<br />
implementation of the Pesticide and poverty project. The workshop was attended<br />
by 28 participants from government departments and agencies, academia,<br />
research institutions, NGOs and CBOs.<br />
The objectives of the first multistakeholders’ workshop were to:<br />
Disseminate the aims, objectives and activities of the project;<br />
Gather stakeholders’ inputs and to plan activities for three years;<br />
Present information on the current level of national implementation of the<br />
Chemical Conventions;<br />
Review needs of the participants and stakeholders for implementation of<br />
Chemical Conventions;<br />
Identify ways that Chemical Conventions and Processes could benefit<br />
stakeholders’ work and responsibilities;<br />
Identify areas of overlap at the level of national implementation for<br />
resource sharing;<br />
Identify possible joint initiatives between stakeholders; and<br />
Review and further develop the national stakeholders map.<br />
The workshop was structured into plenary session (paper presentation and<br />
discussion) and group work (refer to the workshop programme in appendix I).<br />
2.0 OPENING<br />
2.1 Welcome Remarks<br />
The welcome remarks were delivered by the Projects Manager of the AGENDA,<br />
Ms Saada K. Juma. In her remarks, she thanked the participants for availing time<br />
to attend the workshop and share their views on such important event.<br />
1
Initially, she gave a brief history of AGENDA, which started as a DANIDA project<br />
and reconstituted to become an NGO on completion of the project to focus on the<br />
environment areas at national level, and as it grew it engage itself in International<br />
fora. AGENDA became member of the International POPS Elimination Network<br />
(IPEN) in the course of negations that led to adoption of the Stockholm<br />
Convention. AGENDA has organised a number of workshops on POPs and it is<br />
participating as an Anglophone Africa hub for the Global NGOs project:<br />
“International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP)” that promote active and effective<br />
CSOs/NGOs participation in implementation of the Stockholm Convention. She<br />
also outlined that the development of chemical conventions was brought about<br />
by the increasing global chemical problems, and the key problem is persistent<br />
organic pollutants (POPs). Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS)<br />
conducted in depth study on POPs the result of which was the initiation of<br />
negotiation for a legally binding instrument, the Stockholm Convention, which<br />
was spearheaded by UNEP. International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) was<br />
developed in 1998 by a group of NGOs around the world for lobbying for a strong<br />
Convention.<br />
Ms Saada emphasized further that, it is for the above reasons AGENDA came to<br />
know Pesticide Action Network (which is also a participating organisation in<br />
IPEN) and together they are now working on this project Pesticide and Poverty<br />
with the main objective of assisting developing countries to effectively implement<br />
International Chemical Conventions and Processes in order to integrate an<br />
environmental dimension into their development priorities and to promote<br />
sustainable livelihoods in rural areas.<br />
She pointing out that the expected outputs of the workshop are: increased<br />
stakeholders awareness on the project; current status of convention<br />
implementation at national level; plan of activities and stakeholder roles and<br />
responsibility in the project; complete National <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s <strong>Map</strong>; capacity<br />
building needed for stakeholders and potential case studies identified.<br />
She concluded by expressing her sincere appreciation for the financial and<br />
technical support from PAN UK, PAN Africa, PAN AP, GEF and European Union.<br />
2.2 Opening Speech<br />
The director general of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC),<br />
Dr. Magnus Ngoile on behalf of the Senior Permanent Secretary, Vice Presidents<br />
office, officiated the opening ceremony of the workshop. In his opening speech,<br />
he started by recognised the presence of the media and praised the role played<br />
by AGENDA and TPAWU in issues related to environmental protection. He also<br />
highlighted the magnitude of the obsolete stocks of pesticides from the inventory<br />
carried out in 1997 and current efforts to clean up the stocks i.e. the African<br />
2
Stockpile Programme (ASP). He informed the participants that there were about<br />
51,000 MT of obsolete stock of pesticides in Africa (which required about 150m-<br />
175m USD to clean), and the share for <strong>Tanzania</strong> was 1200 MT. He also outlined<br />
the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA). He said<br />
there was an increased use of pesticides in rural areas coupled with lack of<br />
information leading to unsafe and ineffective use. The use of banned products,<br />
which are hazardous, was also a point of concern. He said this situation was a<br />
cause of impairment of the rural poor, leading to sickness, non-productivity and<br />
endless poverty cycle.<br />
Dr. Ngoile pointed out that the issue of pesticide management is very grave so<br />
the financial support should go together with technical skills, good infrastructure<br />
and political commitment to ensure sustainability of the project, and that there<br />
must be a link between the initiative and the national struggle of poverty<br />
eradication.<br />
He concluded his remarks by commending the initiative and financial support<br />
provided by EU, PAN UK, GEF and other donors to conduct the project in the<br />
country and further recognized the role played by stakeholders but cautioned that<br />
these roles must be clear otherwise there will be chaos and duplication of<br />
activities. He promised personally to follow the implementation of this project and<br />
pointed out that the Government will be gratified to receive recommendations on<br />
how best to implement the chemical conventions.<br />
Mr. Jonathan Akhabuhaya, registrar of TPRI on behalf of participants, delivered a<br />
vote of thanks.<br />
3.0 PAPER PRESENTATION<br />
During the workshop, a total of 12 paper presentations were made in three<br />
themes as described below:<br />
Theme I: Project Overview<br />
i. Introduction to the Project: time frame, aims, objectives, activities,<br />
participant/ beneficiaries, financing etc - Bashiru Abdul - AGENDA<br />
Theme II: Introduction to International Chemical Conventions and<br />
Processes<br />
ii.<br />
Stockholm Convention - Ms. A. Madete and Mr. J. Enock – Vice<br />
President Office - Division of the Environment (DOE),<br />
3
iii. Rotterdam Convention - Mr. A. Rwazo – Tropical Pesticides Research<br />
Institute (TPRI)<br />
iv. Basel Convention /Bamako Convention - Mr. I. Mangalili – DoE<br />
v. FAO Code of Conduct -Mr. Akhabuhaya – Registrar – TPRI<br />
Theme III: Link of Conventions to National Priorities<br />
vi.<br />
Mainstreaming of Chemical Conventions in the Implementation of<br />
National Poverty Reduction Strategies- Ms. Saada J and Prof. J. H.<br />
Katima - AGENDA<br />
Theme IV: Project Details<br />
vii. Presentation of the first results of the stakeholders mapping - Mr.<br />
Bashiru Abdul - AGENDA<br />
viii. Africa Stockpile Project Overview - Mr. Yahya Msangi - TPAWU and<br />
Mr. Silvani Mng’anya - AGENDA<br />
ix. Draft of the Ecosphere Guide - Ms. Gretta Goldenman - ECOSPHERE<br />
x. Community Monitoring Tools - Mr. Bashiru Abdul - AGENDA<br />
xi. Ecotoxicology Training Tools- Mr. Yahya Msangi – TPAWU and Mr. S.<br />
Mng’anya - AGENDA<br />
xii. Case studies objectives that are going to be led within the framework<br />
of this project - Mr. Yahya Msangi – TPAWU and Mr. S. Mng’anya -<br />
AGENDA<br />
The papers presented are contained in Annex III. A summary of the<br />
presentations follows hereunder.<br />
3.1 THEME I: PROJECT OVERVIEW<br />
3.1.1 Introduction to the Project: Pesticides and Poverty: Implementing<br />
Chemical Conventions for Safe and Just Development: Mult-<br />
<strong>Stakeholder</strong> Meeting <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Mr. Bashiru Abdul, Pesticides and Poverty Project coordinator-AGENDA<br />
The presentation gave an overview of the project, which covered time frame,<br />
aims, objectives, activities, participant/ beneficiaries, financing. He mentioned<br />
that the project will run for three years (January 2005 – 2007) and the project is<br />
aimed at capacity building and awareness raising among key stakeholders and to<br />
4
ing them together into dialogue and action so as to assist the effective<br />
implementation of the chemical conventions and processes in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. This will<br />
help to integrate an environmental dimension into national development priorities<br />
and promote sustainable livelihoods in rural areas.<br />
The project specific objectives are to assist and support the <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
government in implementing initiatives for local action (on environment and<br />
livelihood priorities) that enhances national regulations, synergism and share<br />
experiences nationally and internationally. Strengthen national regulatory<br />
environments and create new opportunities for collaboration between NGOs and<br />
government and other stakeholders to address the detrimental effects of<br />
hazardous pesticides. Raise awareness of the relevance of local application of<br />
international initiatives within the NGO community and civil society and<br />
demonstrate where sustainable alternatives are available and appropriate to<br />
reduce dependence on hazardous pesticides<br />
He highlighted that the project partners are Pesticide Action Network UK (PAN<br />
UK) which is the overall project coordinator, Pesticide Action Network Africa<br />
(PAN Africa) will provide information on outreach and NGO activities and also<br />
play the role of project coordinator in Africa and Pesticide Action Network Asia<br />
and the Pacific (PAN AP) will facilitate training in <strong>Tanzania</strong> on the implementation<br />
of community monitoring, provide community monitoring manual and tool kits and<br />
will provide training of trainers. Other partners of the project are Environmental<br />
Impact Ecologists from the Natural Resources Institute of the University of<br />
Greenwich, EcoSphere Law firm- based in Brussels and NGO partners in<br />
Ethiopia, Benin and Cameroon will participate in specific project activities.<br />
Mr Abdul further mentioned that the project target groups include NGOs, policy<br />
makers, pesticides regulators and customers, research institutions and<br />
academia, industries and media. He pointed out that the project activities are<br />
building multi-stakeholder involvement; community monitoring of health hazards;<br />
Eco-toxicological Monitoring - Documenting and communicating environmental<br />
impacts; African Stockpiles Programme – Opportunities and actions;<br />
Development of the Consolidated guide and checklist for implementation of<br />
conventions; Conducting Case Studies: to document gaps between regulation<br />
and the field – risk and mitigation; Integrated Pest Management - organise field<br />
visits for policy makers to demonstrate the benefits and appropriateness of<br />
sustainable strategies; and Communicating results- communication strategy.<br />
After the presentation, participants commended organisations for initiating this<br />
project. It was noted that the project had been designed such that it involves a<br />
range of different stakeholders. One participant noted further that one of the<br />
project activities is on ecotoxicological monitoring is similar to ecotoxicological<br />
training which is scheduled to take place in Zanzibar between 21 st Nov and 2 nd<br />
December 2005 organised by WIOMSA. He queried whether the organisers of<br />
5
this project are aware of this training, whether they will be taking part so as to<br />
maximise the benefits of these two initiatives. The reaction from the organisers<br />
were that they were not aware of the said training, however efforts will be made<br />
to contact the organisers of the training in Zanzibar to solicit for collaboration.<br />
One participant asked what are the objectives of the Ecotoxicological training and<br />
the reaction was that: the objectives are to train stakeholders on the use of<br />
ecotoxicologal monitoring tools to understand and increase awareness of the<br />
communities on the impacts of the pesticides. It was further commented that<br />
Ecotox is a study that enables people to analyse, assess the lifecycle of the<br />
pesticides. A manual is being developed by Greenwich University of Britain, the<br />
participants will be required to assess and comment on the suitability of the<br />
manual for <strong>Tanzania</strong> use. Further, it was queried that there is equally rampant<br />
misuse of pesticides in urban areas but why the project is not focussing on this<br />
segment of communities. The reaction was that the project will focus on generic<br />
problems and solutions, which will be relevant to all environmental settings. It<br />
was further commended that most of the projects usually focus only on capacity<br />
building, therefore we now have to think about capacity utilisation too.<br />
It was further contributed that it is a sad situation for exemption of using DDT on<br />
assumption that DDT is a silver bullet to fix malaria problems and neglecting the<br />
fact that there are other safe chemicals for malaria control. There are sad<br />
situation in South Africa where DDT spraying was done in poor areas only.<br />
Furthermore, WHO stringent application procedures cannot be met in African<br />
situation meaning that indoor DDT spraying would be more dangerous to human<br />
lives than Malaria itself. It was further noted that there are many alternatives for<br />
malaria control. In addition to that, it was highlighted that DDT targets adult<br />
mosquitoes, sustainable malaria control strategy should focus on killing even<br />
non-adult mosquitoes such as lavaes. It was then contributed that using DDT, we<br />
risk eligibility of exporting our agricultural products to developed countries due to<br />
potential high DDT residue content on agricultural products. Therefore it was<br />
commended that <strong>Tanzania</strong> applied for exemption and it has not used it at all. The<br />
exemption provide the right to use DDT especially during emergency situations<br />
e.g. during malaria epidemics and when other available and cheap alternatives<br />
fails. The application was necessitated by the fact that alternatives were more<br />
expensive than the DDT. Finally, it was commended that alternatives should be<br />
safe, effective, socially acceptable, available and easily applicable.<br />
It was further queried that, is the project focusing on a specific area of <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
and the reaction was that the project covers the whole country and it can be seen<br />
in this workshop that participants comes from different regions. It was then asked<br />
whether the project have a budget ceiling and which professionals will be<br />
involved and the reaction was that the whole project including other countries has<br />
the total budget of 1.3 m Euros for three years and collaborate with different<br />
professionals from international organisations such as Ecosphere, PAN UK, PAN<br />
Africa, PAN AP etc. therefore the project is well equipped in terms of funds and<br />
6
expertise. It was then commended that during carrying out case studies<br />
proposition we should not focus on this one project only but we can link it to other<br />
projects and activities of other projects that are ongoing and therefore let us open<br />
our minds to open other links that will provide funds. Let us bear in mind that the<br />
project has timeline and we should make sure that we deliver and meet the<br />
obligations of the funders. We should also think on the sustainability of the<br />
project after its completion.<br />
3.2 THEME II: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL<br />
CONVENTIONS AND PROCESSES<br />
3.2.1 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs):<br />
Overview and Implementation Status in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Ms. A. E. Madete and Mr. J. Enock -Division of Environment – Vice<br />
President’s Office<br />
The presentation highlighted that the Stockholm Convention negotiation process<br />
started in 1992, during the United Nations Conference on Environment and<br />
Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro where it was agreed to address the<br />
problem of POPs and their associated problems. On May 23, 2001 a global,<br />
legally binding instrument called the “Stockholm Convention on Persistent<br />
Organic Pollutants (POPs)” was adopted in Stockholm Sweden. As of June 2005,<br />
the Stockholm Convention had 151 signatories and 102 Parties. The Convention<br />
entered into force on May 17, 2004.<br />
The objectives of the convention are to protect human health and the<br />
environment from the adverse effects of POPs, to reduce or eliminate releases<br />
from international production and use which is to prohibit or take legal and<br />
administrative measures necessary to eliminate the production and use of POPs<br />
listed in Annex A, restrict the production and use of DDT for disease vector<br />
control in accordance with WHO guidelines, to reduce or eliminate releases from<br />
unintentional production of chemicals listed in Annex C (PCBs, Dioxins and<br />
Furans and Hexachlorobenzene), to develop and endeavour to implement a plan<br />
for the implementation for POPs management.<br />
The presenters elaborated on articles 3,4,5,6,7,8, which are specifically focusing<br />
on the use of pesticides, which includes stockpiles chemicals, implementations<br />
plans, review and update, procedure for adding POPs in the list etc.<br />
7
On in implementation part the presenters reported that currently the POP<br />
Pesticides are controlled by the Plant Protection Act (1997) and Plant Protection<br />
Regulations (1999). The Plant Protection Act (1997) controls all plant protection<br />
substances including POP Pesticides throughout their life cycle. The Plant<br />
Protection Regulations (1999) provides for restricted use of pesticides that are<br />
highly toxic including those which are controlled by the Rotterdam Convention.<br />
Implementation of the Stockholm Convention in <strong>Tanzania</strong> Development of the<br />
National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention (2005-2020).<br />
The NIP is in the final stages of fine-tuning prior to endorsement by stakeholders.<br />
Strengthening Regulatory Regime (Enactment of Principal Environmental<br />
Legislation) Section 77 of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) (2004)<br />
deals with the issues of POPs in detail.<br />
The NIP elaborates on roles of different stakeholders. The key stakeholders<br />
include Government: Ministries, agencies (policy development and<br />
implementation, planning and coordination). Public Sector and Media (training<br />
and research) public awareness, and technical backstopping). Private sector<br />
(Public-private partnership) NGOs and CBOs (Promoting wider public<br />
participation and awareness and advocacy). Local Government Authorities<br />
(promoting local level (bottom-up) participation). Farmers and Consumers<br />
(participate in the production of food and agricultural produce). Development<br />
partners (Provide financial and technical assistance and may assist in planning<br />
and implementation of relevant programmes).<br />
On the institutional arrangement, The Vice President’s Office is responsible for<br />
environment management in the country. The Environmental Management Act<br />
(2004) empowers the Director of Environment to prepare and oversee<br />
implementation of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm<br />
Convention. National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is responsible<br />
for enforcement, compliance. The Environmental Management Act (EMA) (2004)<br />
establishes environmental sections in each sector Ministry whose function<br />
include to ensure all environmental matters falling under sector Ministry are<br />
implemented and submit annual reports on implementation of the NIP. Local<br />
Government Authorities: The Environmental Management Act (2004) requires<br />
local authorities to mainstream respective parts of the NIP into their policies,<br />
legislation, plans and programmes and submit annual reporting to VPO on the<br />
implementation progress.<br />
Challenges in Implementation of the Stockholm Convention include limited scope<br />
of the legislation governing POPs and waste management, there is Weak<br />
enforcement of the existing legislation, environmental pollution by POPs<br />
chemicals through spillage, improper storage and disposal, and illegal use, there<br />
is also very low awareness by the general public on environmental and human<br />
health effects when exposed to POPs, inadequate technical and financial<br />
8
capacity. The presenters propose a list of remedies, which may be found in their<br />
paper.<br />
Planned Efforts in Implementation of the Stockholm Convention are Completion<br />
and adoption of the NIP for the Stockholm Convention and its implementation;<br />
Disposal of the existing stock of POPs Pesticides through the Africa Stockpile<br />
Programme (ASP) and Operationalisation of the Environmental Management Act<br />
(2004) that will facilitate promulgation of various regulations, guidelines and rules<br />
including those covering POPs Pesticides, DDT and contaminated sites.<br />
Stockholm Convention is linked to Poverty Reduction through the povertyenvironmental<br />
management is linked in fundamental ways to human well-being in<br />
terms of three key dimensions of human poverty, Health and Vulnerability.<br />
The presenter suggested that interventions to strengthen linkage of the<br />
Stockholm Convention to Poverty Reduction can be achieved through Policy<br />
Interventions and Capacity Building. The integration will make it possible to<br />
achieve synergies between diverse interventions across many sectors and<br />
ensure resources are being allocated and effectively targeted.<br />
They concluded that the Stockholm Convention aims to protect human health<br />
and the environment from POPs by establishment of a systematic and sustained<br />
programme of action to eliminate POPs and their sources, with potential to<br />
contribute in some manner to poverty reduction and sustainable development. It<br />
is the intention of the Government to undertake review of its policies and<br />
legislative framework relevant to the implementation of the Stockholm<br />
Convention to strengthen capacity of institutions that deal with POPs. The<br />
Government realizes the importance of generating and disseminating public<br />
information and creating public awareness at all levels to tackle the issues of<br />
POPs. The Government within its limited capacity shall make deliberate efforts to<br />
implement its obligations under the Stockholm Convention and hence eliminate<br />
POPs as scheduled. To achieve the NIP objectives, <strong>Tanzania</strong> will seek<br />
cooperation of the international community in dealing with problems of POPs.<br />
After the presentation participants asked whether the inventory data presented<br />
credible enough to be used in the ASP project and the reaction was that literary<br />
speaking inventory data are valid only during its conduction due to the fact that<br />
after the inventory, stocks could be stolen or tempered with. Furthermore, the<br />
inventory was conducted on severely affected areas only due to limited financial<br />
resources at that time. If other areas of concern are discovered during the ASP<br />
programme, a short research might be conducted for the area. In addition to that,<br />
during the ASP programme, a small survey would be conducted to validate the<br />
available data on obsolete stocks. It was further asked whether there is a<br />
mechanism that requires each government sector related to Chemical<br />
Conventions to submit annual report to the Director of Environment Vice<br />
President’s Office as required and the reaction was that there are no regulations<br />
9
to that effect, however, EMA requires annual reporting in the context of EIA and<br />
Audits requirements. It was then commended that to hasten the process of<br />
producing all the regulations of the EMA there is a need to hire consultants to<br />
prepare draft regulations, which should be sent to stakeholders for comments.<br />
Implementation of the EMA needs all package of regulation.<br />
3.2.2 Rotterdam Convention: Implementation Status in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Mr. Alcheraus Rwazo- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute<br />
The presentation highlighted that the convention was Adopted on 10th<br />
September 1998 and entered into force on 24th February 2004. Now the<br />
convention is legally binding for its parties. It covers pesticides and industrial<br />
chemicals banned or severely restricted by Parties for health or environmental<br />
reasons. 29 hazardous pesticides and 9 industrial chemicals are currently<br />
covered by PIC. The convention has 30 articles and 6 annexes. The Objectives<br />
of the convention are to promote shared responsibility, to protect human health<br />
and the environment, to facilitate information exchange and to provide for a<br />
decision making process. Key Players are Parties and Designated National<br />
Authorities (DNAs), Conference of Parties (COP), Chemical Review Committee<br />
(CRC) and Secretariat. The convention works through Prior Informed Consent<br />
(PIC), Information Exchange and Inclusion of a chemical.<br />
Under PIC, A chemical covered by the convention can be only exported with PIC<br />
of the importing party. Countries requested to indicate whether they accept<br />
import, refuse or allow under conditions. Import decisions must be trade neutral.<br />
Chemicals under PIC are subject to information exchange and need priority<br />
attention for national decisions about import. There are obligations related to<br />
export control. For a chemical to be included in PIC requires Notification to the<br />
Secretariat of final regulatory action to ban or severely restrict a chemical. A<br />
process is initiated after the Secretariat has received notification from two parties.<br />
Notifications for a nominated chemical are submitted to the CRC. DGDs are<br />
prepared by the CRC, Recommendation to the COP by CRC and Transparency<br />
and openness is essential<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> signed the Convention in 1998, and ratified it in 2002. Vice President’s<br />
Office, Department of Environment is the National Focal Point. Two DNAs are<br />
TPRI (for pesticides) and GCLA (for Industrial and Consumer Chemicals). Some<br />
provisions of the Convention are incorporated in national laws such as the<br />
Environmental Management Act (2004), Plant Protection Act (1997), Industrial<br />
and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control) Act (2003).<br />
10
It was highlighted that the challenges are Irregular meetings for the constituted<br />
committees, non-involvement of all stakeholders in decision making, low<br />
knowledge and awareness to important stakeholders, inadequate coordination<br />
among ministries, DNAs and other stakeholders, lack of feedback mechanism<br />
from international meetings, inadequate dissemination of information to<br />
stakeholders, inadequate human and financial resources, lack of networking and<br />
collaboration at the regional level and lack of experience in preparing and<br />
submitting import responses. In order to overcoming these challenges there is a<br />
need to publicising the convention in a simplified language, sensitization and<br />
awareness raising at all levels, create a forum for dissemination of information,<br />
identify a proper and sustainable funding mechanism, build capacity of<br />
stakeholders and enhance regional cooperation by sharing available resources.<br />
The presenter elaborated on the link between the Convention, Poverty Reduction<br />
strategy. For example an early warning system will save resources, promote<br />
sustainable agriculture and industrial production. Increase production will combat<br />
hunger, disease and poverty. He concluded that Government has a responsibility<br />
of implementing the provisions of the Convention by involving other key and<br />
proper players (well trained, informed and committed).<br />
3.2.3 Basel Convention /Bamako Conventions: Implementation Status in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Mr. Issaria Mangalili – Vice President Office –Division of Environment<br />
Basel Convention is a Global Environmental Treaty and has 165 States and EU-<br />
Signatories. It was adopted (22 March 1989) and came into force (5 May 1992).<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> is a Party to the Convention since 1993. Several technical guidelines<br />
on management of various streams of Hazardous Waste (HZW) have been<br />
developed to assist Parties on management of HZW. Objective of the Basel<br />
Convention are to reduce trans-boundary movement of HZW, prohibit HZW<br />
shipments to countries without capacity, treat HZW at source, minimize HZW<br />
generation and assist Developing / Countries with Economies in Transition. Key<br />
issues of the Basel Convention are notification, prior consent, and duty for reimport<br />
and legal responsibility of states. General obligations are to take<br />
appropriate legal, administrative and other measures to implement the<br />
Convention, ensure management of wastes in an environmentally sound manner,<br />
meet the requirements of the notification procedure before any transboundary<br />
movement and transmit information regarding quantities of hazardous wastes<br />
produced and measures taken to implement provisions of the Convention.<br />
The presenter informed participants on the amendments of the Basel<br />
Convention, which were done in September 1995, where Parties adopted a<br />
11
decision to prohibit transboundary movements of HZW destined for disposal from<br />
developed countries referred to as Annex VII countries (OECD countries,<br />
European Community and Liechtenstain) to developing countries. In 1998,<br />
Parties adopted a decision to amend Annex I of the Convention by breaking it<br />
into Annex VIII (list of HZW and Annex IX (list B of non-HZW).<br />
Bamako Convention is a regional agreement for Africa, which aims at addressing<br />
inadequacies of the Basel Convention especially prohibition of transboundary<br />
movement of HZW and other waste to developing countries. Bamako Convention<br />
was adopted in January 1991 in Bamako, Mali. It came into force in 1998.<br />
Objectives of the Bamako Convention are to ban the importation of HZW and<br />
other wastes into Africa, minimize generation of HZW in terms of both quantity<br />
and hazard potential, treatment and disposal of HZW as close as possible to their<br />
source of generation in an environmental sound manner and ensure movement<br />
of HZW and their disposal are carried out in an environmentally safe Manner<br />
(ESM).<br />
The presenter highlighted possible synergies that can be promoted through<br />
collaboration between key stakeholders, national focal points, Designated<br />
National Authorities, setting up of national multi stakeholders committees on<br />
chemicals and chemical wastes, review institutional arrangements, infrastructure<br />
and human resources, involve all stakeholders to increase awareness, develop<br />
the best mechanisms for domestication through review/ promulgation /<br />
harmonization / amendment of legislation. Institutions and sectors involved in<br />
implementation of Basel and Bamako Conventions are VPO (DoE), NEMC,<br />
UDSM (BICO- linkage institute), UCLAS, MoH, CPCT, MIT, MAFS, GCLA, PO-<br />
RALG (Urban and Local authorities) and NGOs.<br />
In an effort to implement the Basel Convention several policies have been<br />
developed; these policies include the National Environmental policy (1997), the<br />
Sustainable Industrial Development Policy (1997), Mineral Policy (1997) Water<br />
Policy (2003) and Energy Policy (2002), Health Policy (1990) (currently under<br />
review) and Human Settlement Policy (2000). All new legislation incorporate<br />
provisions for the implementation of the Convention. Such legislation include the<br />
Environmental Management Act of 2004; The Industrial and Consumer<br />
chemicals (management & control) Act 2003; The Occupational Health and<br />
Safety Act, 2002; The Plant Protection Act 1997 and regulations of 1999.<br />
Initiatives to promote adoption of cleaner production have benefited 69 industries<br />
in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. Assessments to determine feasibility of using cement kilns for<br />
disposing HZW have been undertaken. National inventory of obsolete pesticides<br />
and veterinary waste was carried in 1997 and 1998.<br />
Mr Mangalili highlighted the following challenges: majority of government and<br />
political leaders, customs officers, industrialists, chemical store-keepers,<br />
agricultural extension workers and community at large are unaware of<br />
12
environmental and human health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals<br />
and wastes they are exposed to; lack of financial mechanism; management and<br />
disposal of obsolete electronic equipment; inadequate capacity to monitor<br />
transboundary movement of HZW and other. Accumulation of obsolete pesticides<br />
and veterinary drugs; lack of proper treatment and disposal facilities for<br />
hazardous wastes e.g. incinerators and containment in sanitary landfills;<br />
reclamation of valuable material is done in open dumping sites; lack of technical<br />
know how on proper waste management and weak enforcement of the existing<br />
legislation. He proposed the following measures: to develop guidelines for<br />
management of HZW and other wastes; develop specific regulations for HZW<br />
and other wastes; promote law enforcement; create awareness on matter related<br />
to HZW.<br />
After the presentation participants asked that how rat-routes (i.e. illegal traffic)<br />
are controlled by the Basel Convention and the reaction was Basel Convention<br />
deals with legal movement only. The problem is with the chemicals and<br />
equipments that are brought in the country during the last phase of their life circle<br />
and hence become waste soon after. An inventory is underway for the nonworking<br />
electronic wastes in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. The custom officials at the borders are<br />
responsible to ensure that importation of articles is not on the last phase of their<br />
life cycle. It was further commended that issues of the porous borders is still a<br />
problem and therefore we need to educate and raise awareness to the local<br />
government leaders and people to watch out for that. The reasons for the<br />
obsolete pesticides were over importation, oversize donation during various<br />
epidemics, poor storage and poor storage practices. 70% of the stock belongs to<br />
the government and the remaining part belongs to private sector mainly the<br />
Cooperative Societies. Based on Basel Convention perspective, when you buy a<br />
product near its end of life and expire on your hands you become the waste<br />
producer. It was further queried that why pointing fingers to only customs officials<br />
only and the reaction was that they are government eyes on border points.<br />
It was asked that one objective of the Basel convention is to regulate and control<br />
importation of hazardous wastes. Has the Convention covered the grass-root<br />
level on its implementation and the reaction was that the principle of reducing<br />
waste from the source also applies with the Bamako Convention but the problem<br />
is the Convention has not been operational. It was contributed further that in<br />
principle, the government should enact local laws to comply with the articles of all<br />
Conventions it has signed, e.g. EMA incorporates most of Conventions with<br />
environmental orientation.<br />
3.2.4 International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of<br />
Pesticides: Implementation Status in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
13
Mr. Akhabuhaya – Registrar of Pesticides, Tropical Pesticides Research<br />
Institute<br />
The presentation gave a brief history of the International Code of Conduct on the<br />
distribution and use of pesticides.<br />
The objectives of the code are to establish voluntary standards and shared<br />
responsibilities to all stakeholders with respect to the distribution and use of<br />
pesticides (especially where there is inadequate or no legislation) so as to ensure<br />
effective and safe use of pesticides. Major stakeholders are Governments<br />
(importers and exporters), international organization, pesticides industries<br />
including manufacturers, traders, exporters, distributor etc. other stakeholders<br />
are Farmers, Food industry, Consumers, Environmentalists, Crop consultants,<br />
NGOs etc.<br />
The presenter noted the following challenges hampering full implementation of<br />
the Code: Lack of funds, personnel, poor infrastructure etc; poor planning of<br />
activities; and ignorance of roles and activities; Deficient laws and regulations<br />
(PPA and regulations are being reviewed); Uninformed and unwilling<br />
stakeholders and not all stakeholders know their role; and some who know are<br />
reluctant. In order to meet these challenges there is a need to update laws and<br />
regulations (incorporate the Code articles; introduce penalties etc.); create<br />
sustainable capacity building activities; adequate staff and laboratories; have<br />
enough technical training; conduct common workshops and meetings; effective<br />
information exchange mechanism (publications, websites etc); adequate<br />
sensitisation on the CODE to all stakeholders and the general public; pressure<br />
from stakeholders such as NGOs; individuals; and through mass media etc.<br />
The presenter elaborated on how observance of the code would contribute to<br />
poverty alleviation. Minimizing pesticides use (through IPM, minimal imports,<br />
judicious uses etc) will save foreign exchange and minimize health &<br />
environmental risks; minimise obsolete and other unwanted stocks; increase<br />
exports through minimal residues, and high quality products; increase<br />
productivity through use of quality and recommended products use; and save<br />
farmer and country’s money through elimination of “fake pesticides”, elimination<br />
of illegal distributors, importers etc.<br />
After the presentation, participants asked that FAO Code of conduct is a<br />
voluntary mechanism as presented. Being voluntary code without a legal or<br />
enforcing mechanism, how its implementation could be ensured, and the reaction<br />
was that it is really voluntary but also it has been a good source of other chemical<br />
conventions such as PIC (Basel), Rotterdam, etc. Implementation of these<br />
Conventions will indirectly mean complying with the Code of conduct. It was<br />
further commended that FAO code is broad in nature, it is difficulty to make<br />
mandatory due to a lot of activities put in place and there are so many topics to<br />
14
e legally binding which is not possible. Visibly it seems voluntary but in real life it<br />
is not voluntary. It has assisted developing countries, which did not have<br />
institutional framework for controlling the use of pesticides and other chemicals. It<br />
was voluntary but did a great job and brought responsibility to other players such<br />
as industries and marketing companies. A sense of voluntarism is a good thing in<br />
a sense that there will be commitment from parties.<br />
3.3 THEME III: LINK OF CONVENTIONS TO NATIONAL<br />
PRIORITIES<br />
3.3.1 Mainstreaming of Chemical Conventions in the Implementation of<br />
National Poverty Reduction Strategies<br />
Prof. J. H.Y. Katima and Ms. Saada Juma- AGENDA<br />
The presentation started by highlighting poverty levels in <strong>Tanzania</strong> and that it is<br />
highest among household, which depend on agriculture. Initiatives to address the<br />
poverty problem undertaken include: structural adjustment programmes; Poverty<br />
Reduction Strategies (PRS), which was linked to debt relief under the enhanced<br />
High Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative; National Strategy for Growth and<br />
Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) (MKUKUTA), which was designed using<br />
“outcomes-approach”. These are guided by the National Vision 2025. Currently<br />
there is also Mini-Tiger initiative, which is aimed at emulating the successes of<br />
the Asian Tigers. Internationally there is the Millennium Development Goals<br />
(WSSD 2002), which reinforces the aspirations of the NSGRP. From that point it<br />
could be seen that there is strong linkage between the NSGRP, MDGs and the<br />
Vision 2025.<br />
The presenters elaborated on broader goals of development which are protection<br />
of human health; economic benefits of a cleaner environment for attracting<br />
investment within the country; fostering sustainable agriculture for the internal<br />
market and complying with agricultural and other export requirements for external<br />
markets; and contribution that the sound management of chemicals can make to<br />
reinforce the legislative and policy framework of a country. The NSGRP, MDGs<br />
and the Vision 2025 may provide indication on how chemical safety in general<br />
and pesticide use in particular might be linked to the general development<br />
picture.<br />
Challenges for linking pesticide use and NSGRP, vision 2025 and MDGS are<br />
The NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs are very general and overriding. National<br />
chemical safety or pesticide use and control planners tend to look at their<br />
activities in isolation and not identifying synergies with other areas of chemical<br />
safety or pesticide use and control. Also, national sector planners or politicians<br />
tend to look at one sector at a time and miss that chemical safety issues occur<br />
15
over a broad range of sectors, having a combined impact far beyond the impact<br />
for any one sector. Challenges may be reduced by integral implementation of the<br />
NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDG Goals by mainstreaming their implementation in<br />
national action plan for economic development. It is repeated in world fora, that<br />
donors are not providing financial assistance for chemical safety because this is<br />
not seen as a priority to recipient countries. This is attributed to the fact that<br />
chemicals safety is not integrated in requests for development assistance.<br />
The presenter recommended that there is a need for capacity building with the<br />
following key elements: Ownership involving stakeholders from the beginning;<br />
Integration and taking full account of ongoing actions; Cross-sectoral<br />
harmonization between donors and recipients; Increased use of modern<br />
technology and communication; and Development of new forms of cooperation<br />
such as decentralized cooperation among local authorities. It was further<br />
recommended that activities addressing chemical safety should be<br />
mainstreamed more readily with ongoing development assistance programmes<br />
and projects.<br />
After presentation of all papers of theme two, there was a general panel<br />
discussion which involved the following;<br />
One participant asked that we have one project linking three acts of PPA, EMA<br />
and Chemicals & Consumer products, therefore three players coordinating one<br />
project, how will the implementation be then. The reaction was that in<br />
government system there is no conflict, there is partition for facilitation. The aim<br />
of this project is to find linkages in effective implementation of chemical<br />
conventions and these Acts. It was commended that this project will help build<br />
capacity to the implementers of the Conventions and the Acts for proper<br />
implementation of the Acts and Conventions. The project’s first activity was<br />
stakeholders’ mapping to see how we can work with different stakeholders with<br />
different responsibilities and to assess synergies that can be used in proper<br />
implementation of Chemical Conventions. Under POPs Convention, there is a<br />
requirement to prepare the NIP. <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s should look at what they can offer<br />
for an efficient implementation of the NIP, consequently the Convention within<br />
the specified timelines.<br />
There was a general challenge that linkage between poverty and environment<br />
shows that poor people are mostly affected but also are the source of pollution<br />
due to the fact that they can afford cheap technologies, chemicals, objects which<br />
are near to their expiry dates, and crude methods.<br />
It was asked that lack of enough incinerators lead to open burning of materials<br />
and chemicals. What are the government initiatives to address the problem<br />
generation of dioxins and furans from open burning and the incinerators we have<br />
which are not very effective according to the studies already conducted, and the<br />
reaction was that before permit for construction of incinerators, there must be<br />
some consideration to be made which include its size and it should be located in<br />
16
an isolated area. The GCLA do coordinate with different stakeholders who have<br />
knowledge of incinerators for which type of incinerator fits for specific type of<br />
chemicals to be incinerated. It was further contributed that for construction of<br />
incinerators, there is adequate considerations to be made because, we can not<br />
live without them due to the reason that we can not reach a stage that we are<br />
well developed and well equipped for destruction of hazardous chemicals. It<br />
takes time for us to reach that stage and we still have the wastes to dispose.<br />
However, initiatives are underway worldwide to develop non-combustion<br />
destruction methods.<br />
3.4 THEME IV: PROJECT DETAILS<br />
3.4.1 Pesticide and Poverty: <strong>Multi</strong>stakeholder <strong>Map</strong>ping<br />
Mr. Bashiru Abdul, Pesticides and Poverty project coordinator- AGENDA<br />
The presentation highlighted that stakeholder mapping was a first crucial activity<br />
for the Pesticide and poverty project and the involvement of each and every<br />
stakeholder is clearly connected with roles they play in respect to the<br />
implementation of the Chemical Conventions in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s were<br />
identified from their involvement in other national activities such as Stockholm<br />
Convention-National Implementation Plans (NIPs), the ASP, National Chemical<br />
Profiles of IFCS, and others. <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s included Conventions’ Focal Points,<br />
regulators and other relevant government authorities, representatives of NGOs<br />
and civil society organisations working in rural areas or public health,<br />
representatives of key industries.<br />
The main aim of the mapping exercise is to identify all actors involved in<br />
pesticide use and management, including obsolete pesticides. Specific objectives<br />
of the mapping are to details ongoing relevant initiatives in <strong>Tanzania</strong>: what is<br />
working positively and what is preventing change; to identify different activities<br />
implemented by stakeholders, to devise means how the project could assist the<br />
stakeholder’s interests; to identify gaps and who could be taking responsibility; to<br />
enhance collaboration and ensure maximum value for core stakeholders; and to<br />
provide possible synergies between different national activities.<br />
The initial mapping exercise has identified major concerns regarding pesticides<br />
use. These include lack of an appropriate pesticide control legislation and lack of<br />
a modern pesticides approval/registration procedure; high rates of illiteracy and<br />
inability to read complex label instructions; use of foreign languages on labels;<br />
lack of monitoring of pollutants; easy access to acutely toxic substances; lack of<br />
capacity (manpower and financial resources) to advise on and enforce national<br />
17
laws, approved codes of conduct, etc; lack of information provision and<br />
awareness raising aiming at the small enterprise level on rational storage,<br />
handling, use of pesticides and disposal of waste pesticides and empty<br />
containers and virtual impossibility of wearing protective clothing in hot & humid<br />
climates. Also absence of medical facilities and lack of antidotes; poor<br />
information provisions leading to a lack of knowledge about risks involved; use of<br />
cheap, often more dangerous substances and faulty equipment, Inadequate<br />
management and storage of obsolete stocks and used packaging materials and<br />
lack of facilities for proper waste management.<br />
Mr. Abdul gave a long list of stakeholders and their roles (Refer to the paper on<br />
Appendix III).<br />
3.4.2 The African Stockpiles Project and Civil Society<br />
Mr. Yahya Msangi – TPAWU and Silvani Mng’anya - AGENDA<br />
The presentation gave a brief account of the African Stockpile Project (ASP).<br />
The project aims at clearing obsolete stocks (estimated to be 50,000 tonnes) and<br />
put in place preventive measures. Guiding principles of ASP are attainment of<br />
basic sustainable development criteria, to be country driven process, conjunction<br />
with existing activities, prevention of future accumulation, compliancy with<br />
international standards, destruction technologies and multi - stakeholder<br />
approach. The project will be implemented over 12 – 15 years and to be<br />
implemented through strategic partnership involving multiple stakeholders. Phase<br />
one involves Botswana, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Morocco, Mali,<br />
Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia and<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
The presenters informed workshop participants that the participating country<br />
should demonstrate ownership and commitment to the objectives of the<br />
programme, collaboration with other stakeholders, preparation: assessment or<br />
inventory of the scale and scope of the problem, prevention – regulation,<br />
extension advice, policies, import controls, participation in international initiatives<br />
– POPs, PIC, Basel, International Dangerous Goods Maritime Code, Bamako.<br />
The implementation process of ASP will involve three major stages, namely<br />
Inventorying, Removal / Disposal, Preventive Measures.<br />
After the presentation, one participant asked whether the stockpile inventory<br />
were conducted involving different stakeholders supervised by NEMC. Isn’t true<br />
that the planned inventory under ASP will be reinventing the wheel, and the<br />
reaction was that the planned inventory is to validate the data and to correct the<br />
18
inadequacies found in the previous inventory, which covered wastes under the<br />
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security’s stocks. This inventory will take on<br />
board wastes under the army, prisons and large farms. Furthermore, some of the<br />
identified stocks from the previous inventory had vanished, case example is<br />
stocks that were found at Mtibwa Sugar Company. The ASP will deal with stocks<br />
and spillages only but not contaminated soils. It was then contributed that the<br />
zonal managers of Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security will deal with<br />
government stocks and NGOs will deal with small and large farms stocks, this<br />
separation will have major positive impacts.<br />
3.4.3 How International Agreements Can Prevent Local Pesticide<br />
Problems: A Consolidated Guide to the Chemical Codes &<br />
Conventions<br />
Ms. Gretta Goldenman-ECOSPHERE<br />
The presentation highlighted the history of Ecosphere and how it is connected to<br />
PAN. The objectives for the Consolidated Guide are to increase understanding of<br />
the Chemical Codes & Conventions and their processes, to provide a practical<br />
guide for countries still building chemicals management capacity, to ease the<br />
burden of implementation by simplifying obligations and highlighting synergies<br />
and to create new opportunities for collaboration between NGOs & government<br />
for joint strengthening of the regulatory regime for controlling hazardous<br />
pesticides.<br />
She informed the participants that the draft consolidated guide will be sent to<br />
PAN UK & PAN Africa partners for local consultation and feedback in September<br />
2005, the guide will then be tested during October to December 2005. The<br />
revision of draft guide will be done on the basis of comments received. Peer<br />
review will be done by international agencies and regulators in January 2006.<br />
Revision of draft Guide will be done on the basis of peer review comments in<br />
March 2006. Local implementation of the Guide will be conducted by PAN Africa<br />
partners in April, May, and June 2006. She gave an outline of the guideline,<br />
which is shown, in her paper on Appendix III.<br />
After the presentation, one participant asked that the Guide that is developed by<br />
Ecosphere will have impact with the present institutional infrastructure. Will the<br />
guide include examples of <strong>Tanzania</strong>, and the reaction was that the guide will<br />
include examples from <strong>Tanzania</strong>. It was then commended that pesticide can<br />
assist in poverty alleviation only if it is a right chemical, applied in the right dose<br />
in right manner and it is safe. The effects of DDT can be included in the case<br />
studies while in the ASP inventory DDT will be included to evaluate its impacts if<br />
found high DDT will be taken into account if not DDT subject will be dropped. On<br />
19
work plan preparation, there is a need for creation of activities that will require<br />
collaboration between different stakeholders including government institutions.<br />
Furthermore, this workshop intended to bring to bring together multi-stakeholder,<br />
including government, and to initiate collaboration efforts. Labelling of pesticides<br />
and handling empty containers may be taken as a case study in its own right. In<br />
the action plan there is a need to put more emphasis on media collaboration<br />
even though there is a planned media-training workshop. Community monitoring<br />
approach is trying to avoid laymen statement by using developed tools by PAN<br />
Africa, PAN AP and PAN UK<br />
3.4.4 Community Pesticide Monitoring for Community Empowerment<br />
Mr. Bashiru Abdul, Pesticides and Poverty project coordinator<br />
The presentation gave a definition of community monitoring as a systematic<br />
method of participatory action documentation on the impact of pesticides on<br />
health and the environment at the community level by the community.<br />
Community monitoring is done when there have been complaints of health<br />
problems in the community, huge amounts of pesticides are used and there is a<br />
high frequency of spray operations, serious pesticide poisoning incidents,<br />
pesticides used that have been banned in other countries e.g. DDT use,<br />
pesticides used that are suspected to cause chronic effects and presence of<br />
stockpiles and information gap.<br />
The objectives of community monitoring are to empower communities to tackle<br />
the hazards of pesticides, ensuring safe food and foods free from pesticides,<br />
building a consensus to eliminate the health and environmental hazards of<br />
pesticides. Ethics of community pesticide action monitoring are Prior informed<br />
consent of communities, participatory, benefit to community, responsible and<br />
accountable to communities, ownership of monitoring information is with the<br />
communities and capacity to meet consequences.<br />
Monitoring should be people-centred or community-centred. He presented a<br />
Community Pesticides Action Management (CPAM) monitoring tools (developed<br />
by PAN AP) which include Community Pesticide Action Kits (CPAK), Surveybased<br />
interviews using a standard questionnaire, documentation of observations,<br />
survey of socio-economic situation and gender positioning, promote selfsurveillance<br />
amongst the community, testing of pesticide poisoning and medical<br />
investigation, pesticide poisoning documentation and constant involvement,<br />
feedback and consultation with the community. Pesticide Quick Response and<br />
Surveillance Team (PQRST) involve trained anti-pesticide advocates who are<br />
able to respond to reports of adverse events related to pesticides within a<br />
reasonable period of time. The purpose of PQRST is to - provide a support<br />
20
mechanism to communities, which are likely to be victims of pesticide poisoning.<br />
The functions of PQRST are to determine the veracity of the report, gather<br />
relevant data, properly document the incident/ adverse event, make an initial<br />
evaluation the association of the observed adverse event and pesticide<br />
exposure, undertake initial response measures and make appropriate<br />
recommendations for further action. Community PQRST are to be established in<br />
community areas participating in CPAM and the team members should have<br />
undergone CPAM training Specific tasks shall be defined by the team members<br />
in consultation with the CPAM participating organisation.<br />
3.4.5 Ecotoxicology: Monitoring the Impact of Pesticides<br />
Mr. Yahya Msangi- TPAWU and Mr. S. Mng’anya -AGENDA<br />
The presentation gave the definition of ecotoxicology which is a combination of<br />
three disciplines namely chemistry, toxicology and ecology. The science is not<br />
yet sufficiently developed to allow accurate predictions but methodological<br />
frameworks and databases are available and these can assist in risk<br />
assessment. Risk assessment is a tool that provides useful assistance in<br />
decision-making.<br />
Risk assessments do predictive exercise about a change or an intervention (such<br />
as pesticide use) that is based on scientific data, judgments and assumptions. It<br />
identifies significant hazard and estimates the likelihood of harm to individuals or<br />
the environment. It also enables decision to be made about ways to reduce or<br />
eliminate risk (risk management). Furthermore it determines objectively the least<br />
damaging and reasonable option and therefore balance of risk against benefit<br />
must be ascertained.<br />
Conducting ecology monitoring is important because the amount of pesticides<br />
that actually reaches the target is frequently small, and much of it ends up in the<br />
environment. Furthermore, the behaviour of pesticides and their environmental<br />
impact has mainly been studied in temperate climates, therefore there is a need<br />
for studies in tropical climates and therefore skills for ecotoxicological monitoring<br />
need to be developed.<br />
The aims of the ecological monitoring programme are assessing pesticide<br />
impacts, selecting ecological processes or wildlife groups to monitor, selecting<br />
appropriate sampling or monitoring methods, processing and analysing the data<br />
collected and interpreting the information.<br />
21
After the presentation it was asked that what are the tools for assessing the<br />
ecotoxicological risks and the reaction was that risk assessment itself is a tool.<br />
There will be training on how to apply the tools to come out with the result.<br />
3.4.6 Pesticides and Poverty: Case Studies<br />
Mr. Yahya Msangi- TPAWU and Mr. S. Mng’anya-AGENDA<br />
The presentation gave explanation on case studies that will be undertaken as<br />
part of the project activities. The objectives of the case studies are to<br />
demonstrate the need for action under international chemical conventions<br />
(Stockholm, Rotterdam, Basel, Bamako, ILO) and national programmes (NIP and<br />
ASP); to identify pesticide problems including poisoning and environmental<br />
impact; to determine type and extent of interventions required; how to influence<br />
policy changes; plan for awareness raising; and advocacy and lobbying.<br />
The criteria for selecting case studies are that they should be relevant to<br />
chemical conventions and national programmes i.e. ASP, NIP; problem solving<br />
specifically by identifying the pesticides of concern, health and environmental<br />
impacts; make use of PIC reporting form in case of poisoning; allow for<br />
completion within short period of time with available (limited) resources; and must<br />
focus on the overall concept of this project i.e. pesticides and poverty, health and<br />
safety etc. The case studies should address issues of poisoning incidences;<br />
Integrated Pest/ Vector Management (IPM/IVM); Organic farming & Indigenous<br />
knowledge; Obsolete stocks of pesticides; Labelling and empty containers<br />
management; Spray equipment and PPE; Vulnerable groups – women, children;<br />
and Industry advertisement.<br />
Implementation of the case studies will be done by contracting local NGOs,<br />
which have interest on pesticides, and the terms of reference will be developed<br />
by the secretariat. Furthermore, the case studies will be conducted in sectoral<br />
form such as communities, farmers, workers, and households.<br />
During panel discussion after the presentations of papers of this theme, the<br />
following were asked from presentations, it seems this project will be carried out<br />
with NGOs and CBOs, what are the roles of other stakeholders and the reaction<br />
was that there are specific activities to be carried by NGOs and CBOs but there<br />
are some other activities for other stakeholders. It was then commended that this<br />
project is aimed to strengthen NGOs before launch of the ASP therefore it is<br />
funded from PAN UK separately from the ASP project itself. Government usually<br />
involves NGOs and CSOs in all donor-funded projects.<br />
22
During the panel discussion after paper presentations, there was a challenge to<br />
all participants to discuss which was that what are the strategies in place to<br />
promote agro-products produced from pesticides alternatives. Participants<br />
contributed that more research is needed to demonstrate efficacy of pesticides<br />
alternatives and their cost. For example the cost of IPM, Organic farming etc. has<br />
to be lower than use of pesticides otherwise alternatives will not work. The<br />
groundwork has to be carried out because most of these alternatives can be<br />
more expensive and there might be a need for government to subsidise them in<br />
order to promote the technology and the market. Market development strategy is<br />
very important. At the end of this project we need to have facts and figures for<br />
demonstration purposes.<br />
It was then asked that who is going to oversee the implementation of project<br />
activities in <strong>Tanzania</strong> and the reaction was that overall coordination of the project<br />
is the responsibility of PAN UK, PAN AFRICA is coordinating the Africa region<br />
and AGENDA and TPAWU are coordinating the project in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. It was then<br />
suggested that <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s review meetings is enough to oversee the<br />
implementation of the project, no need of specific stakeholders forum.<br />
23
4.0 GROUP WORK AND PRESENTATIONS<br />
4.1. Theme II group discussion activities<br />
During breakout groups each group was given a task to review the proposed activities of the project and<br />
add/delete/modify sub-activities. Group 1 reviewed activities 1 to 3, Group 2 reviewed activities 4 to 6 and Group 3<br />
reviewed activities 7 to 8. The results from group discussion are as follows:<br />
Sub activity Convention Indicator Time frame Responsible institution<br />
GROUP 1<br />
ACTIVITY 1: MULTISTAKEHOLDER SUPPORT<br />
1.1. <strong>Map</strong>ping • Stockholm Convention<br />
exercise: • Rotterdam Convention<br />
stakeholders • Basel & Bamako<br />
identification Conventions<br />
• Chemical Weapons<br />
Convention (precursor<br />
chemicals)<br />
To have a list of identified<br />
stakeholders:<br />
• Research institutions<br />
• Policy makers<br />
• NGOs<br />
• Regulators i.e. MAFS,<br />
Ministry of Health,<br />
• VPO: i.e. NEMC, DOE,<br />
DPE<br />
• TPAWU<br />
• <strong>Tanzania</strong> chemical<br />
society<br />
• Africa network for the<br />
chemical analysis of<br />
Pesticides<br />
August 2005<br />
Workshop participants<br />
24
Other identified list of stakeholders<br />
• <strong>Tanzania</strong> Entomological Society<br />
• Representatives of International Organisations i.e.. FAO, WHO, ILO<br />
• LEAT<br />
• JET<br />
• TAWLAE<br />
• Local Govt Authority<br />
• Ministry of Industry and Trade<br />
• Confederation of Industries (CIT)<br />
• <strong>Tanzania</strong> Chambers of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture<br />
1.2.<br />
Assessment of<br />
identified<br />
stakeholders<br />
(on willingness<br />
and capacity to<br />
participate in<br />
the project)<br />
1.3. Three<br />
national<br />
stakeholders<br />
workshops<br />
-do-<br />
-do-<br />
A list of competent identified<br />
stakeholders<br />
Number of national<br />
stakeholders workshops<br />
organised<br />
September<br />
2005<br />
1 st august<br />
2005,<br />
2 nd July<br />
2006,<br />
3 rd July 2007<br />
AGENDA + TPAWU<br />
AGENDA +TPAWU<br />
Remarks: Feed back mechanism has to be well strengthened and the stakeholders have to be provided with a<br />
progressive report after every 6 months.<br />
Sustainability: Develop an ongoing collaboration mechanisms among stakeholders<br />
ACTIVITY 2: COMMUNITY MONITORING ON HEALTH HAZARDS.<br />
2.1. Training of<br />
trainers<br />
-do- Number of trained trainers September<br />
2005<br />
As PAN AP & AGENDA<br />
and Government<br />
institution with<br />
25
2.2. Training<br />
individuals with<br />
trainers<br />
2.3.<br />
Identification of<br />
individual to be<br />
trained<br />
2.4.<br />
development of<br />
new learning<br />
materials<br />
2.5. Pre-testing<br />
of learning<br />
-do-<br />
-do-<br />
-do-<br />
Number of individuals to be<br />
trained<br />
Have a list of identified<br />
individuals<br />
Learning materials<br />
developed<br />
competency<br />
2005 AGENDA & other NGOs<br />
2005 AGENDA & trainers and<br />
other relevant<br />
stakeholders<br />
2005 AGENDA + TPAWU +<br />
trained NGOs<br />
-do- Approved learning materials 2005 AGENDA + TPAWU +<br />
trained NGOs<br />
materials<br />
2.6. DELETED PILOT STUDY<br />
2.7. Field work -do- Field data January<br />
2006<br />
2.8. National<br />
workshop of the<br />
trainers<br />
-do-<br />
National workshop<br />
conducted and report<br />
available<br />
Trained individuals<br />
2006 AGENDA + TPAWU<br />
Sustainability: Develop an ongoing follow-up mechanism to monitor the trainers and trainees<br />
ACTIVITY 3: ECOTOXICOLOGICAL MONITORING<br />
3.1. Training of<br />
trainers<br />
-do-<br />
Trainees identified:<br />
Proposed trainees:<br />
2006 AGENDA +TPAWU<br />
• Identification<br />
• NGOs<br />
of trainees<br />
• Government institutions<br />
3.2. Indoor<br />
training<br />
• Academia<br />
-do- -do- 3 days -do-<br />
26
field training<br />
2 days<br />
3.3. Follow up<br />
-do- -do- AGENDA<br />
of activities<br />
Sustainability: Develop an ongoing follow-up mechanism<br />
GROUP 2<br />
ACTIVITY 4: AFRICAN STOCKPILES PROGRAMME<br />
4.1 To develop<br />
manual for ASP<br />
implementation<br />
process in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Stockholm Number of<br />
copies<br />
produced<br />
4.2 Training of<br />
the<br />
stakeholders<br />
should include<br />
NGOs,<br />
commercial<br />
farmers, CBOs,<br />
and<br />
government<br />
institution<br />
4.3 Preparation<br />
of publicity<br />
materials<br />
Posters<br />
Newsletters<br />
Stockholm Number of<br />
trained<br />
personnel<br />
Stockholm<br />
Number and<br />
types of<br />
materials<br />
produced<br />
The first 6<br />
months<br />
Continuous<br />
after developing<br />
the manual<br />
The first 6<br />
months<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU, NEMC, TPRI<br />
All the above + government chemical institution,<br />
MVIWATA, cleaner production centre,<br />
Agricultural institution<br />
AGENDA + ASP<br />
27
4.4 To<br />
introduce and<br />
promote new<br />
strategies of<br />
collaboration<br />
between<br />
government<br />
and NGOs<br />
All conventions • Number of<br />
new<br />
strategies<br />
introduced<br />
e.g.: e-mails<br />
• Number of<br />
collaborative<br />
contacts<br />
Continuous<br />
All stakeholders and others<br />
Sustainability: Continuous community monitoring and reporting activities (refer project activity 2)<br />
ACTIVITY 5: CONSOLIDATED GUIDE AND CHECKLIST FOR IMPLEMENTATION<br />
5.1 Preparation Relevant<br />
Ecosphere + AGENDA<br />
of master guide convention will<br />
(for Africa) be identified<br />
5.2<br />
Development of<br />
strategies for<br />
communication<br />
and<br />
dissemination<br />
of the guide<br />
Relevant<br />
convention<br />
• Draft guide<br />
• Comments<br />
from<br />
stakeholders<br />
Final guide<br />
• Number of<br />
copies<br />
distributed<br />
or sold<br />
Number of<br />
hits in the<br />
internet<br />
• 1 st draft to<br />
be<br />
completed<br />
by<br />
September<br />
2005<br />
• Final draft to<br />
be<br />
completed<br />
by march<br />
2006<br />
From march<br />
2006 onwards<br />
Ecosphere + AGENDA<br />
28
5.3 To develop<br />
national guide<br />
for <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
All international<br />
Convention +<br />
National<br />
legislation<br />
Number<br />
copies<br />
produced<br />
of<br />
Dec 2005 to<br />
April 2006<br />
Sustainability:<br />
• Develop feedback mechanism from users<br />
• Regular updates of the guide<br />
ACTIVITY 6: DOCUMENTING GAPS BETWEEN REGULATION AND FIELD<br />
6.1 To carry out<br />
case study to<br />
evaluate<br />
situation/policie<br />
s which<br />
illustrate the<br />
need of<br />
institutions<br />
related to<br />
chemical<br />
conventions<br />
All international<br />
conventions<br />
Report of the<br />
case study<br />
2 case studies<br />
every 6 months<br />
Sustainability:<br />
• Develop feedback mechanism from the case studies<br />
• Mainstreaming the lessons in the policy, legal framework and practices.<br />
GROUP 3<br />
Ecosphere, AGENDA, National Convention<br />
focal points<br />
AGENDA + NGOs to be selected<br />
ACTIVITY 7: PILOT ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF POLICIES FOR IPM AND PESTICIDE RISK REDUCTION<br />
29
7.1. Identify<br />
effective ways<br />
to promote IPM<br />
7.2. Training in<br />
IPM for farmers,<br />
extension<br />
workers,<br />
agricultural<br />
researchers<br />
and agricultural<br />
input suppliers<br />
7.3. Promoting<br />
organic farming<br />
for small scale<br />
farmers<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Reduced use of<br />
pesticides<br />
Number of<br />
farmers<br />
practising IPM<br />
Number of<br />
trainees<br />
Increased # of<br />
farmers<br />
practising<br />
organic farming<br />
1 st year<br />
2 nd year<br />
2 nd to 3 rd year<br />
MAFS – Plant Health Services, TPRI, NEMC,<br />
NGOs/CBOs, academic and research<br />
institutions<br />
ARIs, MAFS, NGOs, Cooperative Unions,<br />
Farmers Associations, Academic institutions<br />
ARIs, MAFS, NGOs, Cooperative Unions,<br />
Farmers Associations, Academic institutions,<br />
Media<br />
Number of<br />
organic<br />
products in the<br />
market<br />
Sales of<br />
pesticides<br />
30
7.4. Organizing<br />
field visits for<br />
policy makers<br />
(Parliamentary<br />
committees-<br />
Environment<br />
and Natural<br />
Resources and<br />
Agriculture and<br />
Land Dept.), PS<br />
and Directors<br />
(VPO, MAFS,<br />
MoH, PO-<br />
RALG), Media,<br />
NGOs<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Frequency of<br />
media coverage<br />
Number of<br />
policy makers<br />
aware of<br />
benefits of IPM<br />
and organic<br />
farming<br />
3 rd year<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS, DoE, PORALG<br />
Sustainability:<br />
• Building a link with cooperative unions and farmers associations and local government during planning and<br />
implementation of IPM and organic farming activities for cost sharing<br />
• Building capacity at local level on IPM and organic farming – training of trainers (para-professionals)<br />
• Training to be sub-contracted within the existing institutions so that at the end of the project, the respective institutions<br />
own courses as part of their activities.<br />
Remark:<br />
This will be facilitated by the project demonstrating tangible results (reduced use of pesticides, increased income,<br />
better health) at grass-root level within the project duration. This will induce a demand driven push from communities<br />
for local government and cooperative unions to sustain IPM and organic farming activities<br />
ACTIVITY 8: COMMUNICATION STRATEGY<br />
31
8.1. Production<br />
and<br />
dissemination<br />
of annual<br />
progress report<br />
to stakeholders<br />
8.2. Feed into<br />
NIPs, ASP<br />
reports etc<br />
8.3. Preparation<br />
and<br />
dissemination<br />
of briefings and<br />
reports and<br />
press releases<br />
on IPM and<br />
organic farming<br />
topical issues<br />
8.4. Organize<br />
radio and TV<br />
panel<br />
discussions on<br />
IPM and<br />
organic farming<br />
8.5. Participate<br />
in IPM and<br />
organic farming<br />
related<br />
meetings<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
DELETED<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Number of<br />
stakeholders<br />
aware of ongoing<br />
activities<br />
of the Project<br />
Frequency of<br />
media coverage<br />
on IPM and<br />
organic farming<br />
Number of<br />
panel<br />
discussions<br />
held<br />
Number<br />
meetings<br />
participated<br />
/attended<br />
of<br />
1 st to 3 rd year<br />
1 st to 3 rd year<br />
2 nd to 3 rd year<br />
2 nd to 3 rd year<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU, KIHATA, TANCERT,<br />
EHOPA, MVIWATA<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS, ARIs<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU<br />
32
8.6. Train<br />
media on IPM<br />
and organic<br />
farming issues<br />
8.7.Organize<br />
visits to<br />
obsolete<br />
pesticide stocks<br />
contaminated<br />
sites<br />
8.8. Create<br />
national forum<br />
for providing<br />
feedback from<br />
CoP and other<br />
related<br />
international<br />
meetings<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
Number<br />
trainees<br />
Number of site<br />
visits<br />
of<br />
National for a in<br />
place<br />
Number of<br />
national fora<br />
held<br />
2 nd to 3 rd<br />
year<br />
2 nd to 3 rd year<br />
2 nd to 3 rd year<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS-Plant Health<br />
Services, ARIs,<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS-Plant Health<br />
Services, Media<br />
AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS-Plant Health<br />
Services, Media<br />
Sustainability:<br />
Radio and TV panel discussions should be organized from the start to have an in-built sustainability element by soliciting<br />
funds including advertisements from business community (exporters of organic products and agricultural input suppliers)<br />
4.2. Theme IV group discussion activities<br />
During breakout groups the following were the activities given:<br />
Group 1: Required to review the proposed case studies under each community monitoring module, amend, modify and or<br />
add new case studies<br />
Group 2: Given the task to review the format of the EcoSphere guide and providing comments and suggestions on how to<br />
improve the guide to make it user friendly<br />
Group 3: Given the task to formulate case studies to be carried out in year one<br />
33
GROUP 1<br />
PROVISION OF INPUTS TO THE COMMUNITY MONITORING MODULE<br />
Case studies proposed under each module remain as they are plus the additional of the following:<br />
HEALTH MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
• Workers in agricultural sector<br />
• Women workers who are involved in pesticide application in agricultural sector as the most vulnerable groups<br />
• Food poisoning cases in the communities<br />
• Gather information on the use of protective gears<br />
• Integrated Vector Management<br />
Illustration<br />
Demonstrate on safe use and handling of pesticides<br />
ENVIRONMENTAL MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
• Effect of pesticides (POPs) on the environment<br />
• Identify the availability and use of banned pesticides e.g. DDT<br />
• Collection of soil and water samples and analysis<br />
Illustration<br />
• Insert of pesticides using farm pictures of different appropriate ways of using pesticides e.g. (manual spraying, aerial<br />
spraying etc.)<br />
• Identification of type of pesticides used<br />
INDUSTRY MODULE<br />
34
Case studies and illustration should be reviewed by competent authority e.g. COSTECH, GCLA, KILIMO<br />
SUSTAINABILITY AGRICULTURE MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
• Identify status of IPM in <strong>Tanzania</strong> (up scaling)<br />
• Organic farming by default (promote organic farming)<br />
• Practice of traditional methods of pest-control<br />
• Cultural methods of pest control<br />
• Other farming systems in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Illustration<br />
• Cultural methods of pest control<br />
PLANTATION MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
Involvement of plantation workers in labours union/organization<br />
GROUP 2<br />
EcoSphere Guide<br />
Suggestions for title:<br />
• Guide on International Chemical Codes & Conventions for Safe Use of Pesticides<br />
• Using the Chemical Codes & Conventions to prevent local pesticide problems<br />
Section 1: Introduction<br />
• Link more explicitly to poverty reduction efforts<br />
35
– misuse of pesticides as obstacle to alleviating poverty<br />
– safe use will increase human productivity<br />
Section 2: How to use the Guide<br />
• 2.1 Government officials “& public institutions”<br />
– As an aid to integrate all the international obligations & to make sure the national laws, policies & measures<br />
are OK<br />
• 2.4 Public health “workers”<br />
• 2.5 Community groups, including environmental NGOs<br />
– To help understand rights and role as NGOs, i.e. what kind of partnership to have with government<br />
– To be more effective watchdogs<br />
– To enable better participation in implementation of the Conventions<br />
Section 3: An Overview of the Codes & Conventions<br />
• Add section 3.9 – Conclusion or wrap-up to explain how these can help prevent local problems<br />
Section 6: Change title to “Step by step approach to implementation”<br />
Section 7: Change title to “Sources of assistance for national efforts”<br />
• Annex: Change from “Source Guide” to “Reference Guide”<br />
• Add section on Acknowledgements & note contribution of this workshop<br />
Outline for National Guides<br />
1. Introduction<br />
2. Overview of national regulations & measures in place<br />
A. What Conventions have been ratified<br />
36
B. Any gaps in national system & blockages in implementation<br />
C. What needs to be done<br />
3. The role of stakeholders in implementation<br />
A. Health centres<br />
B. Agricultural extension agents<br />
C. NGOs<br />
4. Profiles and contact persons<br />
A. Public institutions (Registration, Customs, Agricultural research &<br />
extension, Environmental agencies, Public health)<br />
B. Farmers & other user associations<br />
C. NGOs<br />
D. Industry associations<br />
5. List of registered pesticides & banned pesticides<br />
LOCAL GUIDE: for NGOs, Government, and Farmers etc.<br />
1. National contacts point e.g. Procedure for registration at the borders and at the point of manufacture<br />
2. list of burned and registered pesticides<br />
3. contacts if there is poisoning<br />
4. briefing profile for ½ a page for each contact<br />
GROUP 3<br />
COMMUNITY MONITORING MODULE<br />
Case Studies<br />
• Rephrasing: Pesticide application equipment (techniques, calibration and maintenance)<br />
• Storage and handling of pesticides at different levels (farmers, suppliers)<br />
• Knowledge source on pesticides at different level (farmers and suppliers)<br />
37
• <strong>Map</strong>ping of supply chain for pesticides<br />
• Pesticide residue levels in food chain and water supply<br />
38
5.0. WAY FORWARD<br />
• Producing workshop proceeding and submit to participants in a 1month time<br />
before its finalisation and submission to PAN UK<br />
• Incorporate the inputs from groups discussions and changes of project<br />
activities<br />
• Develop 3 years workplan<br />
• Produce one year report before the review meeting<br />
• Organising the review meeting in July 2006<br />
• Develop the communication strategy to have a strong communication<br />
mechanisms throughout the projects life time<br />
39
6.0. CLOSING REMARKS<br />
The closing remarks were delivered by Mr. Mangalili of the Vice president’s<br />
Office, Division of Environment who thanked all participants for their tiring job<br />
they have been doing for three days. He said, the Government realises the<br />
importance of generating and disseminating public information and creating<br />
public awareness at all levels to tackle the issues of pesticides and poverty as<br />
well. The Government within its limited capacity, shall make deliberate efforts to<br />
implement its obligations under the Conventions and hence congratulate and is<br />
willing to welcome NGOs and CBOs on implementing different conventions which<br />
is party to. He finally declared the workshop closed<br />
40
APPENDICES<br />
41
APPENDIX I<br />
WORKSHOP PROGRAMME<br />
42
AGENDA/TPAWU<br />
Pesticides and poverty: implementing the conventions<br />
to address pesticide hazards and promote sustainable<br />
alternatives to address poverty and livelihoods<br />
<strong>Multi</strong> <strong>Stakeholder</strong> Workshop<br />
Dar es Salaam (03/08/2005 – 05/08/2005)<br />
Time Theme Presenter<br />
Day 1: Wednesday 3 rd of August 2005<br />
08.00 – 09.00 Registration of Participants All<br />
09.00 - 10.00 Opening Session<br />
• Welcome Address/Introduction<br />
• Opening Speech<br />
• Photo session<br />
• Press conference<br />
AGENDA Chairperson (Ms.S Juma)<br />
The Permanent Secretary<br />
All<br />
10.00 –10.30 Health Break<br />
Theme 1:<br />
Project Overview<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Introduction to the Project: time frame,<br />
aims, objectives, activities, participant/<br />
beneficiaries, financing etc<br />
Mr. Bashiru Abdul<br />
Theme 2:<br />
Introduction to International Chemical Conventions and Processes:<br />
11.00 – 11.25 Stockholm Convention Ms. A. Madete/Mr. J. Enock –DOE<br />
11.25 – 11.50 Rotterdam Convention Mr. A. Rwazo TPRI<br />
11.50 – 12.15 Basel Convention /Bamako Convention Mr. Mangalili – DoE<br />
12.15 – 13.00 FAO Code of Conduct Mr. Akhabuhaya – Registrar TPRI<br />
13.00 –14.00 Lunch<br />
14.00 –15.00 Link of Convention to National<br />
Priorities<br />
15.00 – 16.30 Panel Discussion All<br />
16.30 – 16.30 Health Break All<br />
Prof. Jamidu Katima/Ms. Saada J<br />
43
17.00 End Day 1<br />
Day 2: Thursday 4 th of August 2005<br />
Time Theme Presenter<br />
08.30 – 09.00 Recap of day 1 Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator)<br />
09.00 – 09.15 Presentation of the first results of the<br />
stakeholders mapping<br />
Mr. Bashiru Abdul<br />
09.15 – 09.30 Africa Stockpile Project Overview Mr. Yahya Msangi<br />
09.30 – 09.45 Draft of the Ecosphere Guide Ms. Gretta Goldenman<br />
09.45 – 10.00 Community Monitoring Tools. Mr. Bashiru Abdul<br />
10.00 – 10.15 Ecotoxicology Training Tools Mr. Yahya Msangi/Mr. S.<br />
Mng’anya<br />
10.15 – 10.30 Case studies objectives that are going to<br />
be led within the framework of this project<br />
10.30 – 11.00 Discussion All<br />
Mr. Yahya Msangi/ Mr. S.<br />
Mng’anya<br />
11.00 – 11.30 Health Break All<br />
11.30 – 13.30 Breakout Groups:<br />
• Review the proposed project activities<br />
• Develop work plan of activities<br />
• Identify implementation needs of the<br />
participants and stakeholders<br />
All<br />
13.30 – 14.30 Lunch All<br />
14.30 – 15.30 Group work continue Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator)<br />
15.30 – 16.00 Health Break All<br />
16.00 – 17.00 Group Presentations Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator)<br />
17.00 End day 2<br />
Day 3 Friday 05 th of August 2005<br />
Time Theme Presenter<br />
08.30 – 09.00 Recap of day 2 Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator)<br />
9.00 – 10.00 Breakout Group<br />
• Provide inputs to the draft Guide of<br />
Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator)<br />
44
Ecosphere<br />
• Provide inputs to the community<br />
monitoring module<br />
• Recommend case studies<br />
To identify objectives, scope,<br />
stakeholders, roles, expected outputs,<br />
timeline, relationship with the Project<br />
Objectives]<br />
10.00 – 10.30 Health Break<br />
10.30 – 11.30 Group presentation Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator)<br />
11.30 – 12.00 Way forward Mr. Bashiru Abdul<br />
12.00 – 12.30 Rapp Report Mr. Haji Rehani<br />
12.30 Closing Remarks VPO DOE<br />
12.30 – 13.00 Closing Session<br />
13.00 –14.00 Lunch (End)<br />
45
APPENDIX II<br />
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS<br />
46
S/N NAME ORGANISATION ADDRESS<br />
1 Dr. Patrick Makungu Sokoine University of<br />
Agriculture<br />
2 Mr. Peter Stephen Mawere Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training<br />
Centre (KATC)<br />
3 Mr. Jonathan Akhabuhaya Tropical Pesticides Research<br />
Institute<br />
4 Mr. Alcheraus Rwazo Tropical Pesticides Research<br />
Institute<br />
5 Mr. Issa Mahmoud National Network of Small<br />
Scale Farmers’ Groups in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> (Zanzibar Network<br />
Coordinator)<br />
6 Mr. Lucas Wambura Lake Nyanza Environmental<br />
and Sanitation Organization<br />
(LANESO)<br />
Sokoine university of<br />
Agriculture,<br />
Faculty of Science,<br />
P.O Box 3038, Morogoro.<br />
Tel: 023 2604216,<br />
0232603511,<br />
0744 376375<br />
E-mail:<br />
pjmakungu@yahoo.com,<br />
daelp@suanet.ac.tz<br />
P.O Box 1241, Moshi-Kilimanjaro,<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Tel: +255 27 2752293Mobile: 255<br />
745 664849<br />
Email:<br />
petermawere@yahoo.com<br />
Registrar of Pesticides<br />
P. O. Box 3024 Arusha –<br />
TANZANIA<br />
Tel: +255 27 2508813/5,<br />
2505868/9,<br />
0744 595587<br />
Fax: +255 27 2508217,<br />
2509674<br />
E-mail: tpri@habari.co.tz,<br />
akhabuhaya@yahoo.com<br />
P. O. Box 3024 Arusha –<br />
TANZANIA<br />
Tel: +255 27 2508813/5,<br />
2505868/9,<br />
0741 653717<br />
Fax: +255 27 2508217,<br />
2509674<br />
E-mail: tpri@habari.co.tz ,<br />
arwazo@hotmail.com<br />
P.O. Box 149, Zanzibar<br />
Tel: 255 0747411426.<br />
E-mail:<br />
issaimahmoud@yahoo.com,<br />
mviwata@africaonline.co.tz<br />
Secretary General<br />
P.O. Box 10016<br />
Mwanza<br />
Tel: Cell: +255 (0)741<br />
47
7 Dr. Enock Masanja University of Dar es Salaam<br />
Faculty of Mechanical and<br />
Chemical Engineering<br />
8 Prof. M Kishimba The African Network for<br />
Chemical Analysis of Pesticides<br />
9 Mr. Daniel Ndiyo Chief Government Chemist<br />
Laboratory Agency (GCLA)<br />
242522<br />
+255 (0)748 366866<br />
E-mail:<br />
benedictkwangu@yahoo.co<br />
m ;<br />
lucaswambura@yahoo.com<br />
Department of Chemical<br />
Processing Engineering<br />
P.O Box 35065, Dar Es<br />
Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Tel: 255 022 2410129 / ext<br />
2686 or ext 2685, 0748<br />
242578<br />
Email:<br />
emasanja@cpe.udsm.ac.tz<br />
Chemistry Department,<br />
University of Dar Es Salaam<br />
P.O. Box 35061, Dar Es<br />
Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Tel: 255-22-2410244/ 255-<br />
741-411225<br />
Fax: 255-22-<br />
2410244/2410078<br />
E-mail:<br />
Ancap@chem.udsm.ac.tz or<br />
kishimba@chem.udsm.ac.tz<br />
Government Chemist Laboratory<br />
Agency<br />
P.O. Box 164 – Dar es Salaam,<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Tel: +255-22-2113383/4<br />
E-mail: gcla@gcla.go.tz,<br />
dndiyo@yahoo.com<br />
10 Mr. M. Missanga <strong>Tanzania</strong> Bureau of Standards Box 9524, Dar es Salaam<br />
Tel: 255 22 2450206, 0748<br />
633116<br />
E-mail: info@tbs.or.tz,<br />
obuzeva@yahoo.com<br />
11 Mr. F.S.K. Masaga <strong>Tanzania</strong> Bureau of Standards Head Processing Technology<br />
Standards Department<br />
Box 9524, Dar es Salaam<br />
Tel: 255 22 2450206, 0744<br />
394996<br />
E-mail: info@tbs.or.tz,<br />
fmassaga@yahoo.com<br />
12 Mr. J. Enock Division of Environment Senior Industrial Engineer,<br />
Division of Environment<br />
48
(DoE),<br />
Vice President’s Office<br />
P.O. Box 5380, Dar-es-<br />
Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Tel: (255 22) 211 3985 / 211<br />
8416<br />
Fax: (255 22) 212 5297 / 212<br />
4631<br />
E-mail: info@vpdoe.go.tz<br />
13 Ms. B. Cheche Poverty Eradication Division Vice President’s Office<br />
Box 5380, Dar es Salaam<br />
Tel: 022 2152465, 563773<br />
Fax 022 2152298<br />
E-mail:<br />
14 Mr. Issaria M Mangalili, Division of Environment<br />
VPO<br />
Division of Environment,<br />
VPO,<br />
Box 5380, Dar es Salaam<br />
Tel: 0744 290175<br />
E-mail:<br />
imangalili@yahoo.co.uk<br />
15 Mr. Bonaventure Baya National Environmental Council Director Pollution Control:<br />
National Environmental Council<br />
Tancot House/Pamba House,<br />
P.O Box 63154, Dar es<br />
Salaam, <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Tel: +255 22 2134603<br />
e-mail: nemc@nemctz.org or<br />
16 Miss Ester Solomon Environment, Human Rights<br />
Care and Gender Organization<br />
(ENVIROCARE)<br />
17 Mr. Emmanuel Massawe Lawyers Environmental Action<br />
Team (LEAT)<br />
nemc@simbanet.net<br />
Mlalakuwa Road,<br />
P.O. Box 9824, Dar es<br />
Salaam<br />
Tel: +255 22 2775592,<br />
2701407,<br />
0744 525484<br />
E-mail: envirocare@catsnet.com,<br />
envirocare_2002@yahoo.co<br />
m<br />
Mazingira House, Mazingira<br />
Street Mikocheni<br />
P.O. Box 12605 DSM<br />
022 - 2780859, 022 –<br />
2781098,<br />
0744 322271<br />
E-mail:<br />
yassinbm@yahoo.com,<br />
49
18 Dr. Ruth Minja <strong>Tanzania</strong> Association of<br />
Women Leaders in Agriculture<br />
and the Environment<br />
(TAWLAE)<br />
19 Ms. Anne Magashi Cleaner Production Centre of<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
20 Mr. Ludger Kasumuni Journalist Environmental<br />
Association of <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
(JET)<br />
www.leat.or.tz<br />
Executive Director<br />
P.O Box 76498 Dar es<br />
salaam<br />
Tel: 255 022 2700085, 0744<br />
367136<br />
E-mail: tawlae@ud.co.tz<br />
Kimweri Avenue TIRDO<br />
Office Complex (Msasani)<br />
P.O Box 23235 Dar es<br />
Salaam<br />
Tel: 255 22<br />
2602338/2602339,<br />
0744 686793<br />
Fax: 255 22 2602339<br />
Email: cpct@udsm.ac.tz<br />
Executive Director<br />
OTTU Building,<br />
Uhuru/Lumumba St<br />
P.O. Box 15674 DSM<br />
Tel: 0744 458911<br />
E-mail: jet@africaonline.co.tz<br />
21 Yahya Msangi TPAWU P.O. Box 77420 DSM<br />
Tel: 0744 280971<br />
E mail: gpphealth.tpawu@raha.com,<br />
22 Gretta Goldenner ECOSPHERE Brussels<br />
E-mail:<br />
Gretta.Goldenman@milieu.be<br />
23 Ms. Saada Juma AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM<br />
Tel : 255 22 2450213<br />
E mail: agenda@bol.co.tz<br />
24 Mr. Silvani Mng’anya AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM<br />
Tel : 255 22 2450213<br />
E mail: agenda@bol.co.tz<br />
25 Mr. Bashiru Abdul AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM<br />
Tel : 255 22 2450213<br />
E mail: agenda@bol.co.tz<br />
26 Mr. Jamal Kiama AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM<br />
Tel : 255 22 2450213<br />
E mail: agenda@bol.co.tz<br />
27 Mr. Haji Rehani AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM<br />
Tel : 255 22 2450213<br />
E mail: agenda@bol.co.tz<br />
28 Ms. Bunga Abdallah AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM<br />
Tel : 255 22 2450213<br />
E mail: agenda@bol.co.tz<br />
50
APPENDIX III<br />
TECHNICAL PAPERS<br />
52
Pesticides and Poverty<br />
Implementing Chemical Conventions for<br />
safe and just development<br />
Timescale:<br />
This project will will run for three years (January 2005 -<br />
December 2007). It was officially launched in London<br />
UK on March 30 th 2005.<br />
Aim of the Project<br />
MULT-STAKEHOLDER MEETING<br />
TANZANIA<br />
Bashiru Abdul<br />
AGENDA<br />
The project aims at building capacity and raising<br />
awareness among key stakeholders, and bringing them<br />
together into a dialogue and action so as to assist the<br />
effective implementation of the Chemical Conventions<br />
and Processes in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. This will help to integrate an<br />
environmental dimension into national development<br />
priorities and promote sustainable livelihoods in rural<br />
areas.<br />
Specific objectives<br />
Assist and support the <strong>Tanzania</strong> government in<br />
implementing initiatives for local action (on<br />
environment and livelihood priorities) that enhances<br />
national regulations, synergism and share experiences<br />
nationally and internationally.<br />
Strengthen national regulatory environments and<br />
create new opportunities for collaboration between<br />
NGOs and government and other stakeholders to<br />
address the detrimental effects of hazardous<br />
pesticides.<br />
Raise awareness of the relevance of local application<br />
of international initiatives within the NGO community<br />
and civil society<br />
Demonstrate where sustainable alternatives are<br />
available and appropriate to reduce dependence on<br />
hazardous pesticides<br />
Project Partners<br />
Pesticide Action Network UK (PAN UK),<br />
overall coordination of the project<br />
Pesticide Action Network Africa (PAN Africa),<br />
will provide information on outreach and NGO<br />
activities. Africa Coordination<br />
Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific<br />
(PAN AP).<br />
‣ will facilitate training in <strong>Tanzania</strong> on the implementation of<br />
community monitoring<br />
‣ Community monitoring manual and tool kits<br />
‣ Training of trainers<br />
Other partners<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Environmental Impact Ecologists from the<br />
Natural Resources Institute of the University of Greenwich:<br />
These Ecologists are the authors of Handbook on Ecological<br />
Monitoring for Tropical Areas<br />
They will carry out tailored Training of Trainers (ToT) courses on<br />
ecological monitoring methods in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
EcoSphere Law firm- based in Brussels will prepare<br />
consolidated guide and checklist for implementation of<br />
chemical conventions and Code of Conduct<br />
Gretta Goldenman presentation<br />
NGO partners<br />
NGOs in Ethiopia, Benin and Cameroon will participate in project activities<br />
Target groups<br />
Policy and decision makers e.g. Ministries responsible for<br />
Agriculture, Environment, Livestock, Health etc<br />
Regulators of pesticides e.g. NEMC, TPRI, Government Chemists,<br />
Customs etc,<br />
Services including agricultural extension, health centres, and<br />
other relevant authorities<br />
NGOs, Civil society organisations<br />
Rural communities, Farmers and livestock keepers, agricultural<br />
workers, farmers organisations<br />
Agricultural research Institutions, IPM projects, Universities and<br />
Colleges<br />
Industry: pesticide wholesalers, distributors, retailers and food<br />
companies and export industries<br />
International bodies, Convention Secretariats, agencies working<br />
for hazard reduction, government representatives at meetings<br />
Media, Journalists<br />
53
Activities<br />
1. Building multi-stakeholder involvement<br />
2. Community monitoring of health hazards<br />
3. Eco-toxicological Monitoring - Documenting and<br />
communicating environmental impacts<br />
4. African Stockpiles Programme – Opportunities and actions<br />
5. Development of the Consolidated guide and checklist<br />
for implementation of conventions<br />
6. Conducting Case Studies: to document gaps between<br />
regulation and the field – risk and mitigation<br />
7. Integrated Pest Management - organise field visits for<br />
policy makers to demonstrate the benefits and appropriateness of<br />
sustainable strategies,<br />
8. Communicating results- communication strategy<br />
Activity 1 – <strong>Multi</strong>stakeholder support<br />
<strong>Map</strong>ping exercise: <strong>Stakeholder</strong> identification<br />
Three national stakeholder workshops:<br />
‣initial(August 2005), (project aim, objective, activities,<br />
Review needs of the participants and stakeholders etc)<br />
‣mid-term review workshop (July 2006), (to<br />
share information, review progress and identify constraints - to<br />
evaluate the benefits of activities and provide feedback for action<br />
‣evaluation Workshop (July 2007), (to review<br />
progress and limitations of the project; evaluate activities and<br />
material produced as part of the project; identify activities for<br />
continuation and strategies for collaboration)<br />
Activity 2 – Community monitoring on<br />
health hazards<br />
Training in community monitoring:<br />
‣ Training of Trainers (ToT) workshop will be organised for NGO trainers to share<br />
knowledge on the empowerment of communities in community monitoring.<br />
‣ Trained Individual will identified trainers from other <strong>Tanzania</strong>n NGOs and CSOs to use<br />
the material and help with monitoring.<br />
‣ New materials will be developed as well as adapt existing materials for pilot use<br />
Implementation of community monitoring:<br />
‣ Pilot studies will be initiated with two communities over at least one cropping season in<br />
areas where pesticides are widely used (e.g. Coffee/cotton/vegetable production)<br />
‣ results will be shared in a national workshop of trainers<br />
‣ Dissemination of information to appropriate national bodies,<br />
‣ Designated National Authority for the Rotterdam (PIC) Convention to discuss how to<br />
integrate the methodology with national data gathering strategies, identify priority<br />
pesticides for elimination, encourage strategies for more sustainable alternatives<br />
Disseminating results for international learning<br />
experiences:<br />
‣ results of health monitoring will be presented at meetings of the Conference of the<br />
Parties and other relevant international gatherings concerned with implementing<br />
Chemical Conventions.<br />
‣ use of posters and exhibition material, and where appropriate by bringing community<br />
representatives<br />
Actvity 5 – Consolidated guide and<br />
checklist for implementation<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The number and range of international agreements can<br />
be confusing, even for experts, so a consolidated guide<br />
to create a user-friendly, for different conventions is<br />
under preparation by EcoSphere. (a draft guide will be<br />
presented by Gretta Goldenman)<br />
‣ The Consolidated Guideline and Checklist for Implementation will cover at<br />
least: Rotterdam, Stockholm, Basle, Bamako Conventions, ILO<br />
Convention 184 (Chemical Convention), Montreal Protocol, Biosafety<br />
Protocol, FAO and WHO codes, relationship to IFCS-initiated activities<br />
and other appropriate processes.<br />
A strategy for communication and dissemination of the<br />
Convention guide will be developed (NIPs, ASP, National<br />
Chemical Profiles …).<br />
National guides will include briefings for health centres,<br />
agricultural extension agents and NGOs;<br />
54
Activity 6 – CASE STUDIES - Documenting gaps<br />
between regulation and field: risk and mitigatio<br />
Case studies will be carried out to evaluate the<br />
situations or policies which illustrate the need and<br />
merit of international chemical conventions, or which<br />
facilitate the implementation or use of international<br />
conventions in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
International initiatives have benefits, but what difference can they make to finding solutions<br />
to problems created by the chemicals they govern?<br />
Prioritise studies should be linked to :<br />
‣ ASP, disposal and prevention (e.g.Vikuge DDT case<br />
study )<br />
‣ Severely hazardous pesticide formulations for PIC<br />
‣ Ecological monitoring<br />
‣ Community health monitoring<br />
Selected NGOs will carry out the study (ToR)<br />
‣ 6 case studies will be conducted: 2 per year<br />
‣ 2 under DGF<br />
Activity 7 - Pilot activities in support of policies<br />
for IPM and pesticide risk reduction<br />
To investigate effective ways to promote IPM<br />
Training in IPM for farmers,<br />
Promoting organic farming for small scale<br />
farmers.<br />
A field visit for policy makers, research,<br />
extension will be organised to<br />
‣ Encourage support,<br />
‣ To demonstrate the benefits and appropriateness<br />
of sustainable strategies.<br />
Activity 8 –communication strategy<br />
The project will be backed by a<br />
communication strategy.<br />
The communication strategy will aim to reach<br />
farmers, grass roots and other civil society<br />
organisations<br />
The communication strategy will focus on<br />
taking lessons and feedback from the field to<br />
the national workshops, international<br />
conferences, and CoPs.<br />
… Continued<br />
Activity 8 – Crosscutting activity:<br />
communication strategy (national)<br />
This will be done through<br />
Production and dissemination of annual progress<br />
report<br />
Feed into NIPs, ASP reports etc<br />
Writing briefings and reports, press releases, radio or<br />
TV panel discussions etc<br />
Participation in relevant meetings<br />
Train national and local media on issues (November<br />
+ WWF)<br />
Organise events to attract publicity e.g. visits to ASP<br />
disposal sites, IPM field visits<br />
Use opportunities of participation in CoP etc meetings<br />
to share results<br />
Finances<br />
80% of the project is funded by the<br />
Development Directorate-General of the<br />
European Commission through PAN UK.<br />
20% fund for year 1 was secured<br />
through Development Green Fund<br />
(GEF+WB)<br />
Thank you<br />
End<br />
18<br />
55
THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs):<br />
Overview and Implementation Status in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
By<br />
Angelina E. Madete and Julius Enock<br />
Division of Environment – Vice President’s Office<br />
A Paper Presented at the <strong>Multi</strong>-<strong>Stakeholder</strong> Workshop on Pesticide and<br />
Poverty Project, 3-5 August 2005<br />
56
CONTENTS<br />
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs ......58<br />
1.1 What are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)......................................58<br />
1.2 Why are POPs a Global Issue? ..............................................................58<br />
1.3 The Stockholm Convention on POPs......................................................59<br />
1.4 Substantive Provisions of the Stockholm Convention .............................60<br />
2.0 STATUS OF OF POPs PESTICIDES AND DDT MANAGEMENT IN<br />
TANZANIA ...............................................................................................63<br />
2.1 POPs Pesticides .....................................................................................63<br />
2.2 DDT ........................................................................................................64<br />
3.0 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION IN<br />
TANZANIA ...............................................................................................65<br />
4.0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 68<br />
5.0 CHALLENGES AND PLANNED EFFORTS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF<br />
THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION .........................................................73<br />
5.1 Challenges..............................................................................................73<br />
5.2 Planned Efforts .......................................................................................75<br />
6.0 LINKING THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION TO POVERTY REDUCTION<br />
.................................................................................................................75<br />
6.1 The Poverty-Environment Linkage..........................................................75<br />
6.2 Suggested Interventions to Strengthen Linkage of the Stockholm<br />
Convention to Poverty Reduction ..............................................................76<br />
7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................77<br />
57
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs<br />
1.1 What are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)<br />
Chemicals are a vital part of our daily life. They provide society with a wide<br />
range of benefits, particularly increased agricultural and industrial<br />
production and improvements in the control of disease. However,<br />
chemicals have the potential to cause considerable health and<br />
environmental problems throughout their life cycle i.e. from production to<br />
disposal.<br />
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) form one of the chemical groups that<br />
pose a particular threat characterized by their toxicity, long lifetimes<br />
(persistence) in the environment (air, water, soil, biota) and therefore can<br />
move long distances, bioaccumulate through the food web, posing a risk<br />
of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. They<br />
include industrial chemicals such as PCBs, pesticides such as DDT and<br />
combustion by-products such as dioxins and furans. POPs are known to<br />
have significant immunological, neurological and reproductive health<br />
effects.<br />
1.2 Why are POPs a Global Issue?<br />
POPs are semi-volatile chemicals which evaporate from the regions in<br />
which they are used and are then transported over long distances in the<br />
atmosphere. They are also discharged directly or by atmospheric<br />
deposition into waterways and are transported by movement of fresh and<br />
marine waters. The result is widespread distribution of POPs across the<br />
globe, including regions where they have never been used. POPs occur at<br />
low levels in air and water, so human concerns arise from their ability to<br />
bioaccumulate in organisms rather than from direct exposure. POPs have<br />
a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissue of organisms and bioconcentrate<br />
in food chains making humans and wildlife at the top of food chain the<br />
most risk.<br />
POPs are a global issue for the environment and for human health. They<br />
can cause birth defects, various cancers, immune system dysfunction, and<br />
reproductive problems in wildlife. The weight of evidence indicates that<br />
high levels of exposure over the long term may contribute to increasing<br />
rates of birth defects, fertility problems, greater susceptibility to disease,<br />
diminished intelligence, and some types of cancers in humans. Of major<br />
concern for human health is the effect of exposure to POPs on the<br />
developing foetus. POPs can accumulate in human tissues and pass<br />
through the placenta to the foetus. Furthermore, POPs have been<br />
detected in the breast milk of women throughout the world.<br />
58
In recent decades, the risks posed by POPs have become of increasing<br />
concern in<br />
many countries, resulting in actions to protect human health and the<br />
environment being taken at the national, regional and international levels.<br />
1.3 The Stockholm Convention on POPs<br />
Chemical contamination of the environment shows no respect for territorial<br />
borders and therefore countries on their own, cannot respond effectively.<br />
In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development<br />
in Rio de Janeiro agreed to address the problem of POPs. In May 1995<br />
the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme<br />
(UNEP) requested in its decision 18/32 that an international assessment<br />
process be undertaken of an initial list of 12 POPs (Aldrin, Chlordane,<br />
DDT, Dieldrin, Polychlorinated para Dibenzodioxins - PCDD, Endrin,<br />
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans - PCDF Hexachlorobenzene - HCB,<br />
Heptachlor, Mirex, Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBs and Toxaphene) and<br />
that the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) develop<br />
recommendations on international action for consideration by the UNEP<br />
Governing Council and World Health Assembly no later than in 1997.<br />
In June 1996, the IFCS concluded that available information was sufficient<br />
to demonstrate the need for international action on the 12 POPs and that<br />
international action, including a global legally binding instrument, is<br />
required to reduce risks to human health and the environment arising from<br />
the release of the 12 POPs. The IFCS provided recommendations to<br />
UNEP that served as a basis for the mandate to begin negotiations of a<br />
global POPs Convention.<br />
In February 1997, the UNEP Governing Council in its Decision 19/13C<br />
invited UNEP to prepare for and convene an Intergovernmental<br />
Negotiating Committee (INC), with a mandate to prepare an international<br />
legally binding instrument for initially the 12 POPs and requested that the<br />
INC establish an expert group to develop criteria and a procedure for<br />
identifying additional POPs as candidates for future international action.<br />
The decision also included a number of immediate actions to address<br />
POPs issue. In June 1998, an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee<br />
(INC) started to prepare for an international legally binding instrument for<br />
implementing international action on POPs. Five negotiation meetings<br />
took place and came to an end in December 2000. On May 23, 2001 a<br />
global, legally binding instrument called the “Stockholm Convention on<br />
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)” was adopted in Stockholm Sweden.<br />
Ninety two (92) Governments and European Union adopted the<br />
Convention, <strong>Tanzania</strong> included.<br />
59
The objective of the Stockholm targets the elimination or restriction of<br />
production and use of all intentionally produced POPs (i.e. industrial<br />
chemicals and pesticides). It also seeks the continuing minimization and,<br />
where feasible, ultimate elimination of releases of unintentionally<br />
produced POPs such as PCDD and PCDF. Stockpiles must be managed<br />
and disposed of in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner.<br />
The Convention imposes certain trade restrictions. The Convention targets<br />
an initial group of 12 POPs, with the option of including additional POPs of<br />
global concern.<br />
As of June 2005, the Stockholm Convention had 151 signatories and 102<br />
Parties. The Convention entered into force in May 17, 2004.<br />
1.4 Substantive Provisions of the Stockholm Convention<br />
Article 1 – Objective<br />
The objective of this Convention is to protect human health and the<br />
environment from the adverse effects of POPs.<br />
Article 3 – Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional<br />
production and use<br />
Parties are required to prohibit or take legal and administrative measures<br />
necessary to eliminate the production and use of POPs listed in Annex A<br />
to the Convention (Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor,<br />
Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex and Toxaphene) with the exception for<br />
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in use and certain limited exemptions<br />
for these chemicals. Ensure that PCBs are managed in an<br />
environmentally sound manner and by 2025 take action to phase out from<br />
use PCBs in equipment (e.g. transformers, capacitors or other receptacles<br />
containing liquid stocks) found above certain thresholds.<br />
Parties are required to restrict to certain acceptable purposes the<br />
production and use of POPs listed in Annex B to the Convention – DDT for<br />
disease vector control in accordance with WHO guidelines. Also Parties<br />
should not import or export POPs for reasons other than environmentally<br />
sound disposal or for acceptable uses under Annex A and Annex B to the<br />
Convention. Exports to non-Party must comply with the rules of Prior<br />
informed Consent of the Rotterdam Convention.<br />
The national registration body for new chemicals must not allow<br />
registration and subsequent use of chemicals, which exhibit properties<br />
similar to POPs as described in Annex D. A country should review the<br />
current list of registered chemicals and phase out use and or production of<br />
materials, which exhibit properties of POPs as described in Annex D. Any<br />
60
exemptions granted should minimize or eliminate any potential exposure<br />
to humans and the environment<br />
Article 4 – Register of specific exemptions<br />
A Register is established for the purpose of identifying Parties that have<br />
specific exemptions listed in Annex A or Annex B. The Register covers:<br />
list of the types of specific exemptions, list of the Parties granted a specific<br />
exemption, and a list of the expiry dates for each registered specific<br />
exemption. Any State may, on becoming a Party, register for one or more<br />
types of specific exemptions.<br />
Article 5 - Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from<br />
unintentional production<br />
Each Party shall at a minimum take the following measures to reduce the<br />
total releases derived from anthropogenic sources of each of the<br />
chemicals listed in Annex C (Polychlorinated Biphenyls, polychlorinatedpara-Dibenzodioxins<br />
and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and<br />
Hexachlorobenzene)<br />
Also, develop Action Plan (regional or sub-regional) and implement it as part<br />
of the national implementation plan for POPs specified in Article 7, designed to<br />
identify, characterize and develop and maintain source inventories and release<br />
estimates, and promote measures including the use of best available<br />
techniques (BATs) and best environmental practices (BEPs). The Action Plan<br />
shall entail:<br />
i) Review of sources of release;<br />
ii) Review of policies and laws and their efficacy;<br />
iii) Strategies to meet the requirements of the Convention;<br />
iv) Education and training and awareness raising;<br />
v) A time frame for implementation;<br />
vi) Measures to search and use the suitable alternatives to the<br />
POPs chemicals; and<br />
vii) Use of best available techniques and best environmental<br />
practices when developing the plan for reduction or elimination<br />
of releases.<br />
Article 6 – Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles<br />
and wastes<br />
This article requires each party to develop appropriate strategies for<br />
identifying stockpiles consisting of POPs listed either in Annex A or Annex<br />
B and products and articles in use and wastes containing POPs listed in<br />
Annexes A, B or C. Stockpiles should be managed in a safe, efficient and<br />
environmentally sound manner. All POPs wastes and items contaminated<br />
61
with POPs should be disposed of in way that ensures destruction of the<br />
POPs or its transformation into a substance, which doesn’t exhibit<br />
properties of POPs chemicals. Any actions must take into account all<br />
relevant global and regional regimes governing the management of<br />
hazardous waste (e.g. Basel Convention, Bamako Convention). The<br />
disposal process should not result in the recovery, recycling, or direct<br />
reuse of the POPs. Sites contaminated by POPs should be identified and<br />
any remediation must be completed in an environmentally sound manner.<br />
The definition of environmentally sound disposal shall be provided in<br />
collaboration with the appropriate bodies of the Basel Convention. A<br />
definition for low-level concentration of POPs, which do not require<br />
disposal, shall be developed in collaboration with the appropriate bodies of<br />
the Basel Convention.<br />
Article 7 – Implementation Plans<br />
This article requires each Party to develop and endeavour to implement a plan<br />
for the implementation of its obligations under the Convention within two years<br />
of its entry into force. The implementation plan shall be submitted to the<br />
Conference of the Parties within two years of the date on which this<br />
Convention enters into force for it. The Parties are required to review and<br />
update, as appropriate, their implementation plans on a periodic basis and in a<br />
manner to be specified by a decision of the Conference of the Parties.<br />
Article 8 - Listing of chemicals in Annexes A, B and C<br />
This article provides a procedure for adding POPs into the Convention in order<br />
to respond to new threats that may be identified in the future. It established the<br />
POPs Review Committee whose mandate is to examine chemicals in Annex<br />
A, B or C and submits recommendations to the Conference of the Parties for<br />
its appropriate decision.<br />
General Provisions<br />
The general provisions contained in the Convention include obligations of<br />
Party to:<br />
a) Facilitate and undertake information exchange on POPs including<br />
the establishment of a national focal point for this purpose (Article<br />
9). Also facilitate and promote awareness, education, and the<br />
provision of information to the public, particularly for decisionmakers<br />
and effected groups (Article 10);<br />
b) Encourage and undertake research, development and monitoring<br />
of POPs and their alternatives, and support international efforts<br />
along these lines (Article 11);<br />
62
c) Report to the Conference of the Parties on measures taken to<br />
implement the Convention (Article 15);<br />
d) The Conference of the Parties shall develop and approve<br />
procedures and institutional mechanisms for determining noncompliance<br />
with the provisions of this Convention and for<br />
treatment of Parties found to be in non-compliance (Article 17).<br />
e) It is recognized that many Parties from developing countries and<br />
countries with economies in transition will need technical and<br />
financial assistance in order to implement all the above provisions.<br />
For this reason, the Convention mandates:<br />
i) Cooperation to provide technical assistance to strengthen<br />
Parties capacity to implement the Convention (Article 12);<br />
ii) The provision of new and additional resources from<br />
developed countries to developing countries and countries<br />
with economies in transition, Parties to the Convention, to<br />
help them develop and strengthen their capacity to<br />
implement the Convention; and establishment of a financial<br />
mechanism to be defined by the COP to provide/facilitate<br />
the delivery of these resources (Article 13);<br />
iii) The establishment of interim financial arrangements (that<br />
holds until COP defines the permanent mechanism), which<br />
is the Global Environment Facility – the principal entity<br />
which should fulfill this function through operational<br />
measures, related specifically to POPs (Article 14).<br />
2.0 STATUS OF POPs PESTICIDES AND DDT MANAGEMENT IN<br />
TANZANIA<br />
2.1 POPs Pesticides<br />
POP Pesticides were used in the country in the past in a wide range of<br />
applications against various insect pests in agriculture and public health. These<br />
are Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, DDT and Toxaphene.<br />
The magnitude of contamination of some obsolete POP Pesticides storage sites<br />
posing potential human health and environmental risks needs urgent remedial<br />
measures. About 17.4 metric tones of obsolete stocks of Aldrin, Dieldrin, and<br />
Toxaphene are stored in various areas of intensive cash crops agricultural<br />
activities as well as in the respective industrial processing areas and these areas<br />
are Arusha (14.9 metric tonnes), Mbeya (0.5 metric tonnes) and Tabora (2 metric<br />
tonnes).<br />
Already the existing 9 POP Pesticides specified in the Convention are not in the<br />
list of registered pesticides hence not used. However, illegal trade may interfere<br />
Government interventions. Hence support is needed to strengthen institutional<br />
63
capacity for monitoring imports of POP Pesticides as well as development of<br />
waste disposal facilities.<br />
Through the Africa Stockpile Project, expected to commence in August 2005,<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> would be able to clean up 1,200 metric tonnes of obsolete stocks of<br />
pesticides, including 180 MT of POPs Pesticides and DDT, and set up<br />
mechanism to control accumulation of pesticide wastes in future.<br />
At present there is no specific provision that regulates POP Pesticides production<br />
and use in <strong>Tanzania</strong>, however, like any other pesticides, the POP Pesticides are<br />
controlled by existing relevant legislation. These include the Plant Protection Act<br />
(1997) and Plant Protection Regulations (1999). The Act controls all plant<br />
protection substances including POP Pesticides throughout their life cycle. The<br />
Regulations provides for restricted use of pesticides that are highly toxic<br />
including those which are controlled by the Rotterdam Convention. There is no<br />
prospect for the importation of POP Pesticides at present and in the near future<br />
as POP Pesticides have been cancelled from the current list of registered<br />
pesticides in the country and pesticide registration procedures are specifically<br />
restrictive and stringent when it comes to POP Pesticides. There exists<br />
deficiency in enforcement, which leads to existence of illegal products in the<br />
market. This may be attributed to lack of enough resources to enable pesticides<br />
inspectors conducts monitoring at all border entry points and pesticides shops.<br />
2.2 DDT<br />
DDT has been used in the country over years since 1950’s for both agriculture<br />
and public health. In Zanzibar, DDT was entirely used for public health and never<br />
used for agriculture. The preference to use DDT in public health, particularly<br />
against malaria vectors is due to its effectiveness and long residual effects. The<br />
Government of Zanzibar banned the use of DDT for malaria control programmes<br />
in 1988, whereas in <strong>Tanzania</strong> Mainland, a Government order to prevent the<br />
formulation and use of DDT for agricultural purposes was made in 1997. The<br />
decisions were solely based on effects of DDT to human health and the<br />
environment.<br />
Eliminating DDT is a major challenge as the country intends to reintroduce DDT<br />
to fight against malaria. In <strong>Tanzania</strong>, with about 18 million cases every year and<br />
100,000 deaths yearly out of which over 70,000 are children under five years of<br />
age, malaria remains the number one killer disease in the country. It is estimated<br />
that over 90% of <strong>Tanzania</strong>ns are at risk of the disease. Twenty five (25) districts<br />
have been identified to be malaria endemic areas. Over 40% of the country<br />
population live in these areas. Currently, DDT is not being used but in view of the<br />
evident crisis it is intended to be reintroduced during epidemics only. Uses will be<br />
restricted for malaria control only and indoor spraying will be performed by<br />
certified personnel in accordance with WHO procedures for DDT use. The<br />
country needs further support for training on DDT use; research on alternatives<br />
64
and dissemination of available alternatives; and strengthening of institutional<br />
capacity for monitoring DDT imports, use and disposal.<br />
In an inventory carried out in 2003 revealed an obsolete pesticides stock of about<br />
170.5 MT (including DDT) in <strong>Tanzania</strong> mainland and 150kg of DDT in Zanzibar.<br />
Since stockpiles are located in towns or villages and near water bodies, there are<br />
potential health hazards to human and the environment. However, there is no<br />
assessment that has been done to ascertain levels of hazards associated with<br />
DDT. The existing DDT stockpile is expected to be disposed of through the Africa<br />
Stockpile Project (ASP), expected to commence in August 2005.<br />
At present there is no specific legal provisions that regulate DDT use for public<br />
health in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. However, DDT like any other pesticide is regulated by the<br />
Plant Protection Act (1997) and Plant Protection Regulations (1999) in mainland<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> whereas in Zanzibar, it is regulated by the Public Health Act (1980).<br />
Hence amendments of the respective laws are needed to facilitate DDT use in<br />
public health and enforce compliance with the Stockholm Convention. In general<br />
DDT importation and use will be restricted hence special conditions will be set for<br />
its use.<br />
3.0 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION IN<br />
TANZANIA<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> became a Party to the Stockholm Convention in 30 th April 2004. This is<br />
an indication that the country is committed to safeguard the health of its people<br />
and the environment and values the importance of international cooperation in<br />
addressing global environmental concerns. The Vice President’s Office is the<br />
National Focal Point for this Convention.<br />
a) Development of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the<br />
Stockholm Convention<br />
Since 2002 the Vice President’s Office in collaboration with key stakeholders is<br />
involved in the preparation of NIP for the Stockholm Convention. This two-year<br />
project is supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The development<br />
of the NIP involved four phases, namely: establishment of coordination<br />
mechanism and process planning; establishment of POPs inventories and<br />
assessment of national infrastructure capacity of national infrastructure capacity,<br />
priority assessment and objective setting, formulation of the NIP and its<br />
endorsement.<br />
The NIP addresses the management of POPs chemicals and wastes, and<br />
support awareness raising in order to increase understanding regarding the<br />
negative impact of POPs on human and the environment. The NIP is in the final<br />
stages of fine-tuning prior to endorsement by stakeholders.<br />
65
) Strengthening Regulatory Regime (Enactment of Principal<br />
Environmental Legislation)<br />
Section 77 of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) (2004) deals with the<br />
issues of POPs in detail. It has included the provisions of the Stockholm<br />
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants regarding obligations of Parties in<br />
eliminating releases of POPs. It also provides for the implementation of the NIP<br />
in the country and annual reporting. The Act gives powers to the Minister to make<br />
regulations regarding management of POPs releases. Further, the Act provides<br />
requirement for each sector ministry to undertake necessary legal and<br />
administrative measures to reduce or eliminate releases of intentionally produced<br />
POPs in its production, use, import, export and disposal in accordance with the<br />
provisions of the Stockholm Convention. The enactment of EMA (2004) provides<br />
enabling environment for domestication and implementation of the Stockholm<br />
Convention.<br />
There are also various legislation to support implementation of the Stockholm<br />
Convention. Key legislations include:- the Public Health Ordinance (1954); Water<br />
Act of 1974 and its amendments of 1981, 1997 and 2000; The Plant Protection<br />
Act (1997) and its Regulations (1999); The National Industrial Licensing and<br />
Registration Act (1967), and its amendment of 1982; Mining Act (1979) and its<br />
amendment of 1988 and 1999; and Local Government Act (1982) and its<br />
amendment of 2000. Also, the Industrial and Consumer Chemicals<br />
(Management and Control) of 2003 and the Occupational Health and Safety Act<br />
of 2003. Some of these Acts have weaknesses such as narrowness in scope,<br />
low penalties and inadequate co-ordination. Some legislation, despite their<br />
adequacy are not adequately implemented due to inadequate institutional<br />
capacity in terms of facilities, equipment, training and financial resources.<br />
c) Mainstreaming Environment into Poverty Reduction Strategy<br />
The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) of 2004<br />
keeps in focus the aspiration of <strong>Tanzania</strong>’s Development Vision (Vision 2025) for<br />
high and shared growth, high quality livelihood, peace, stability, unity, good<br />
governance, high quality education and international competitiveness. It is<br />
committed to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as internationally<br />
agreed targets for reducing poverty, hunger, diseases, illiteracy, environmental<br />
degradation and discrimination against women. The NSGRP is a five-year<br />
framework policy outlining goals, targets and strategies for 3 clusters. These<br />
are:-<br />
(i) Cluster I - growth of the economy and reduction in income;<br />
(ii) Cluster II – improvement of quality of life and social well-being; and<br />
(iii) Cluster III – Governance and accountability.<br />
66
The issue of management of POPs falls under cluster II which targets on<br />
reducing environmental pollution levels by outlining strategies on pollution control<br />
and prevention, sanitation and solid waste management<br />
Further, capacity building seminars for District Executive and Directors and Local<br />
Government Senior Officials have been conducted all over the country on<br />
mainstreaming environment in their district development programmes. A total of<br />
83 out of 121 districts have already been covered. This provides a viable platform<br />
for implementation of the NIP at local levels with particular emphasis on<br />
contributing to poverty reduction.<br />
d) Development of the National Profile to Assess Chemicals Management<br />
Infrastructure in <strong>Tanzania</strong> (2002)<br />
In 1997, the Ministry of Health in collaboration with key actors developed a<br />
National Profile to Assess Chemicals Management Infrastructure in <strong>Tanzania</strong>,<br />
which was reviewed in 2000 and 2002. UNITAR supported the preparation<br />
process. The National Profile is a framework document on chemicals aiming to<br />
assist national authorities to strengthen chemicals management in the country<br />
including some of the POPs chemicals.<br />
e) Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)<br />
The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security embarked on IPM programme<br />
since 1992 and to date pest management technologies packages for cotton,<br />
maize, coffee and vegetables have been developed together with farmers and<br />
are being implemented in pilot areas. This has resulted in reduced use of<br />
pesticides by 50% in cotton.<br />
f) National Chemicals Management Action Plan<br />
In 1998, the Ministry of Health in collaboration with key stakeholders developed a<br />
National Chemicals Management Action Plan. Among the recommended<br />
activities is development of a law to govern industrial and consumer chemicals<br />
and creation of public awareness. Implementation of the action plan is ongoing.<br />
g) Cleaner Production Initiatives<br />
Four initiatives have been undertaken to promote adoption of cleaner production<br />
technologies and techniques in industries countrywide. These initiatives are:-<br />
protect on cleaner production (1994) by the then Ministry of Natural Resources,<br />
Tourism and Environment; the establishment of the Cleaner Production Centre of<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> (CPCT) in 1996 - the Centre’s major role is to promote the concept of<br />
cleaner production; and The Lake Victoria Environment Management<br />
Programme – cleaner production project (2000/2001) for industries in Mwanza,<br />
67
Mara and Kagera. Also the project on Ecologically Sustainable Industrial<br />
Development by CPCT that began in 1999 and the project on Development and<br />
Implementation of National Cleaner Technology Strategy of 2004. To-date, more<br />
than 69 industries throughout the country have been sensitized regarding the<br />
cleaner production technologies and techniques. The main activities are<br />
information dissemination, training, demonstration and assessments in various<br />
enterprises in the country.<br />
4.0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT<br />
4.1 <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s<br />
<strong>Stakeholder</strong>s are all those with a potential interest or stake in POPs chemicals in<br />
the country. The stakeholders of POPs management in the country may be<br />
categorized into seven groups as follows:<br />
i) Government: Ministries, agencies and state owned boards and<br />
organizations;<br />
ii)<br />
iii)<br />
Public Sector: training and research institutions and media;<br />
Private sector: seed companies, manufacturing and processing<br />
industries, pharmaceutical industries, cooperative unions and<br />
societies, banks and credit schemes, media;<br />
iv) Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based<br />
Organizations (CBOs);<br />
v) Local Government Authorities;<br />
vi)<br />
vii)<br />
Farmers and Consumers; and<br />
Development partners<br />
The roles of each group of stakeholders is provided in Table below.<br />
68
Table 1: List of stakeholders and their roles in POPs management in the country<br />
Institution<br />
Roles<br />
a) Government<br />
i) President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local<br />
Government<br />
Policy development and implementation, Planning and<br />
coordination of local government authorities.<br />
ii) Vice President’s Office – Division of Environment Policy development and implementation, environmental planning,<br />
coordination and monitoring and environmental policy oriented<br />
research.<br />
iii)<br />
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security – Plant<br />
Health Services Department<br />
Policy development and implementation, Planning and<br />
coordination of energy matters.<br />
iv)<br />
Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Tourism<br />
and Cooperatives – Departments of Environment and<br />
Agriculture, Zanzibar<br />
Policy development and implementation, Planning and<br />
coordination of environmental matters.<br />
v) Ministry of Energy and Minerals Policy development and implementation, Planning and<br />
coordination of energy matters.<br />
vi) Ministries of Health Policy development and implementation planning and<br />
coordination of health issues.<br />
vii) Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar<br />
viii)<br />
Policy development and implementation planning and<br />
coordination of health issues.<br />
ix) Ministry of Industry and Trade Policy development and implementation, planning and<br />
coordination of industry and trade aspects.<br />
x) Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Development of Legislation<br />
xi) Ministry of Water Policy development and implementation, planning and<br />
69
Institution<br />
xii) Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Lands,<br />
Zanzibar<br />
xiii) National Environment Management Council<br />
xiv) Government Chemical Laboratory Agency<br />
xv) Government Chemist Laboratory – Zanzibar<br />
xvi) National Environment Management Council (NEMC)<br />
xvii) <strong>Tanzania</strong> Bureau of Standards (TBS)<br />
xviii) Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI)<br />
xix) National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR)<br />
b) Public sector<br />
xx) <strong>Tanzania</strong> Chamber of Commerce, Industries and<br />
Agriculture (TCCIA)<br />
xxi) Confederation of <strong>Tanzania</strong> Industries (CTI)<br />
xxii) Academic and Research Institutions (e.g. University of<br />
Dar es Salaam)<br />
xxiii) Media<br />
Roles<br />
coordination of water matters and monitoring of water quality.<br />
Policy development implementation and water quality monitoring<br />
and regulation,<br />
Advisor on policy and technical matters on environment and<br />
environmental monitoring.<br />
Advisor of government on matters of chemical analysis,<br />
Coordination of industrial chemicals management, Enforcement,<br />
technical backstopping.<br />
Advisor of government on matters of chemical analysis,<br />
Coordination of industrial chemicals management, Enforcement,<br />
technical backstopping.<br />
Compliance monitoring and enforcement<br />
Development of standards<br />
Training, research and technical backstopping on pesticides<br />
Training, research and epidemiological studies on pesticides<br />
Public awareness<br />
Public awareness<br />
Training, research and technical backstopping<br />
Public awareness<br />
c) Private sector<br />
70
Institution<br />
xxiv) TANESCO<br />
xxv) Seed Companies<br />
Public-private partnership in the management of POPs<br />
xxvi) Manufacturing an processing industries<br />
xxvii) Cooperative unions and societies<br />
xxviii) Banks and credit societies<br />
d) NGOs and CBOs • Complement the Government’s efforts especially in the rural<br />
areas<br />
• Promote wider public participation and awareness and<br />
advocacy<br />
e) Local Government • The management field and operational staff, which include<br />
extension officers, health and community development<br />
officials who have rich experience in working and solving<br />
problems in the rural areas. They are helpful in ensuring and<br />
promoting local level (bottom-up) participation<br />
f) Farmers and Consumers • Whether subsistence or peasant, pastoralist or commercial<br />
farmers are first group of stakeholders especially in the rural<br />
areas forming the majority of population that directly and<br />
indirectly participate in the production of food and agricultural<br />
products<br />
• They need to be motivated to effectively play their role (by<br />
government, NGOs/CBOs, Local Government and other<br />
stakeholders)<br />
g) Development Partners • Provide financial and technical assistance and some of them<br />
assist in planning and implementation of development<br />
programmes<br />
Roles<br />
71
4.2 Institutional Arrangement<br />
The Vice President’s Office: The Vice President’s Office, which at present is<br />
the Ministry responsible for environment in the country has oversight mandate on<br />
environmental matters in the country. VPO is responsible for environmental<br />
planning, coordination and monitoring, policy oriented research and monitoring.<br />
The Environmental Management Act (2004) empowers the Director of<br />
Environment to prepare and oversee implementation of the National<br />
Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention.<br />
National Environment Management Council (NEMC): NEMC is responsible for<br />
enforcement, compliance, EIA review and monitoring, environmental research,<br />
environmental education and awareness creation on POPs issues.<br />
Sector Environmental Sections: The Environmental Management Act (EMA)<br />
(2004) establishes environmental sections in each sector Ministry whose function<br />
include to ensure all environmental matters falling under sector Ministry are<br />
implemented and status of implementation is regularly established. Relevant<br />
sectors are required to submit annual reports on implementation of the NIP.<br />
Local Government Authorities: Local Government Authorities are mandated to<br />
play two main functions of administration, law and order; and economic and<br />
development planning in their respective areas of jurisdiction. The Environmental<br />
Management Act requires local authorities to mainstream respective parts of the<br />
NIP into their policies, legislation, plans and programmes and submit annual<br />
reporting to VPO on the implementation progress. In addition, the Act requires<br />
that the concerned Local Government Authority appoints an appropriate<br />
Environmental Management Officer whose duties will include to advise the<br />
environmental management committee to which he belongs on all matters<br />
relating to environment; promote environmental awareness in the area he<br />
belongs on the protection of the environment and the conservation of the natural<br />
resources; prepare periodic reports on the state of the local environment; monitor<br />
the preparation, review and approval of environmental impact assessment for<br />
local investments; and review by laws on environmental management on sector<br />
specific activities related to the environment.<br />
72
5.0 CHALLENGES AND PLANNED EFFORTS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION<br />
5.1 Challenges<br />
In the course of implementing the Stockholm Convention there are various challenges. Some of the challenges and<br />
suggested solutions are as indicated in Table 2.<br />
Table 2: Challenges in implementation of the Stockholm Convention and suggested solutions<br />
Challenge<br />
i) Limited scope of the legislation governing POPs and waste<br />
management<br />
ii) Weak enforcement of existing legislation and hence poor<br />
regulation of management of POPs including importation and<br />
storage. This has resulted in unreliable data on POPs. In the<br />
past there has been excessive importation of banned, expired,<br />
low quality products<br />
iii) Environmental pollution by POPs chemicals through spillage,<br />
improper storage and disposal, and illegal use<br />
Suggested solution<br />
• Review of existing legislation to expand their scope to<br />
cover provisions of international treaties on POPs and<br />
waste particularly in the implementation of the NIP for<br />
the Stockholm Convention.<br />
• Implementation of the Africa Stockpile Project (ASP)<br />
and the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the<br />
Stockholm Convention will help in the clean up of 1,200<br />
metric tonnes of obsolete stocks of POPs Pesticides<br />
and set up mechanism to control accumulation of<br />
pesticide wastes in future.<br />
• Promote Best Available Techniques (BATs) and Best<br />
Environmental Practices (BEPs)<br />
• Establish monitoring schemes for POPs releases and<br />
impacts<br />
73
Challenge<br />
Suggested solution<br />
• Strengthen local research capacity on disposal and<br />
remediation technologies<br />
iv) Very low awareness by majority of government and political<br />
leaders, customs officers, industrialists, chemical storekeepers,<br />
agricultural extension workers and community at<br />
large on environmental and human health effects they may be<br />
exposed to from POPs pesticides and wastes.<br />
• Promote awareness on health and environmental<br />
hazards associated with POPs Pesticides<br />
• Establish awareness programme on risks of POPs<br />
Pesticides and their safe use as well as the available<br />
alternatives<br />
• Establish national data base on POPs Pesticides to<br />
help improve availability of information and expertise on<br />
POPs and their alternatives<br />
v) Inadequate technical (specialized human resource base and<br />
the necessary infrastructure) and financial capacity on proper<br />
chemical and waste management<br />
• Develop and implement a training programme on<br />
chemical and waste management<br />
• Promote international cooperation and technical<br />
exchange of information to improve scientific<br />
knowledge on POPs and institutional capacity<br />
74
5.2 Planned Efforts<br />
Some of the planned activities that are of relevance to the implementation of the<br />
Stockholm Convention include the following:<br />
a) Completion and adoption of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the<br />
Stockholm Convention and its implementation;<br />
b) Disposal of the existing stock of POPs Pesticides amounting to about<br />
1,200 tonnes through the Africa Stockpile Project (ASP) expected to<br />
commence in August, 2005 under the coordination of the National<br />
Environment Management Council (NEMC) and the Ministry of Agriculture<br />
and Food Security; and<br />
c) Operationalisation of the Environmental Management Act (2004) that will<br />
facilitate promulgation of various regulations, guidelines and rules<br />
including those covering POPs Pesticides, DDT and contaminated sites.<br />
This will also entail establishment of public awareness programs on<br />
various aspects of POPs;<br />
6.0 LINKING THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION TO POVERTY<br />
REDUCTION<br />
6.1 The Poverty-Environment Linkage<br />
The poverty-environmental management is linked in fundamental ways to human<br />
well-being. These linkages are especially critical for people living in poverty in<br />
terms of three key dimensions of human poverty:<br />
a) Livelihoods: poor people tend to be most dependent upon the<br />
environment and the direct use of natural resources for their livelihood<br />
opportunities, and therefore are the most severely affected when the<br />
environment is degraded or their access to natural resources is limited or<br />
denied.<br />
b) Health: poor people suffer most when water, land and the air are polluted,<br />
and environmental risk factors are a major source of health problems in<br />
developing countries<br />
c) Vulnerability: the poor are particularly vulnerable and are most often<br />
exposed to environmental shocks and stresses. Women and children are<br />
particularly susceptible; women make up about 60% of the agricultural<br />
workforce and mothers can transfer as much as one-fifth of their total toxic<br />
body burden to their infant children both prenatally and after birth (through<br />
breast feeding). Therefore, implementation of the Stockholm Convention<br />
must address poverty reduction as a strategy to reduce vulnerabilities of<br />
the poor from the adverse effects of POPs chemicals.<br />
75
6.2 Suggested Interventions to Strengthen Linkage of the Stockholm<br />
Convention to Poverty Reduction<br />
a) Policy Interventions<br />
• Strengthen decentralization process that seeks to increase local<br />
environmental management through a more consultative and<br />
participatory framework;<br />
• Improve poverty-environment monitoring and assessment for informed<br />
decision making; and<br />
• Provide enabling environment and incentives for encouraging private<br />
sector involvement in environmental management including research and<br />
promotion of alternatives to POPs chemicals, investment in physical<br />
infrastructure (e.g. chemical storage and disposal facilities), research and<br />
monitoring of POPs releases etc.<br />
b) Capacity building Interventions<br />
• Improve infrastructure for research, training and monitoring of POPs<br />
releases;<br />
• Establish database on POPs to facilitate dissemination of relevant<br />
information and public awareness;<br />
• Establish training program to environmental, public health and safety<br />
officers on risk assessment and risk management of POPs chemicals and<br />
wastes; and<br />
• Develop and disseminate guidelines on pesticides retail business and<br />
use of alternatives to POPs Pesticides.<br />
c) Mainstreaming Stockholm Convention Obligations into National<br />
Development Policies, Strategies and Planning<br />
A fundamental shift is needed to build on poor people’s priorities and capabilities<br />
that effectively engage all stakeholders in addressing the underlying policy and<br />
institutional drivers of environmental degradation. Meeting this challenge requires<br />
integrating the environmental concerns of poor and vulnerable groups into<br />
development frameworks and strategies (poverty reduction strategies,<br />
macroeconomic and sectoral policies and the budget process) at national and<br />
local levels. The integration will make it possible to forge a broad-based and<br />
more coordinated response to poverty-environment challenges, to achieve<br />
synergies between diverse interventions across many sectors and ensure<br />
resources are being allocated and effectively targeted.<br />
76
7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS<br />
The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty that aims to protect human health<br />
and the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by establishment<br />
of a systematic and sustained programme of action to eliminate POPs and their<br />
sources. Looking at the nature and scope of the Convention, it has the potential<br />
to contribute in some manner to poverty reduction and sustainable development<br />
as a whole.<br />
The assistance extended to developing countries to help them meet their<br />
obligations under the Convention is necessary in order to strengthen their<br />
capacity in the management of POPs.<br />
The Government is determined to eliminate POPs as soon as practicable by<br />
implementing the NIP. It is the intention of the Government to undertake review<br />
of its policies and legislative framework relevant to the implementation of the<br />
Stockholm Convention to strengthen capacity of institutions that deal with POPs<br />
including the establishment of mechanisms for coordination, monitoring of POPs<br />
and review and updating of the NIP. Also the Government realises the<br />
importance of generating and disseminating public information and creating<br />
public awareness at all levels to tackle the issues of POPs in a comprehensive<br />
way. In doing so, the Government within its limited capacity, shall make<br />
deliberate efforts to implement its obligations under the Stockholm Convention<br />
and hence eliminate POPs as scheduled. To achieve the NIP objectives,<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> will seek cooperation of the international community in dealing with<br />
problems of POPs.<br />
77
ROTTERDAM CONVENTION<br />
Alcheraus J M Rwazo<br />
Tropical Pesticides Research Institute<br />
P O Box 3024<br />
Arusha<br />
1.0 INTRODUCTION: The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent<br />
Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International<br />
Trade was adopted on 10 th September 1998 and entered into force on 24 th<br />
February 2004. Therefore the Convention is now legally binding for its<br />
parties. Before entering into force, it was operated jointly by UNEP and FAO on<br />
voluntary basis as the Interim Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure.<br />
The convention aim at promoting shared responsibility and cooperative efforts<br />
among parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals, in order<br />
to protect human health and the environment from potential harm and to<br />
contribute to their environmentally sound use by facilitating information exchange<br />
about their characteristics, providing for a decision making process on their<br />
import and export and disseminating these decisions to Parties.<br />
The Convention covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been<br />
banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties<br />
and which have been notified by these Parties. At present, the PIC procedure<br />
covers twenty-nine hazardous pesticides and nine industrial chemicals. For<br />
industrial chemicals, the scope of the Convention is limited to formulations<br />
and mixtures. As a result, manufactured items that are traded internationally and<br />
that contain chemicals listed under the PIC Procedure are not subject to the<br />
provisions of the Rotterdam Convention.<br />
2.0 THE KEY IMPLEMENTERS<br />
2.1 Parties and Designated National Authorities<br />
Parties are countries or regional economic integration organizations that have<br />
ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to the Convention. A party is required to<br />
appoint one or more Designated National Authorities. These are primary contact<br />
points for matters related to the operation of the convention and may perform<br />
the administrative functions required by the Convention.<br />
2.2 Conference of the Parties (COP):<br />
Oversees the operation of the Convention and make decisions regarding<br />
amendments of the Convention including the inclusion of a chemical.<br />
2.3 The Chemical Review Committee (CRC)<br />
78
Reviews notifications from parties and draft Decision Guidance Documents<br />
(DGD) and make recommendations to the COP on chemicals to include in Annex<br />
III. Members are government designated experts in chemicals management from<br />
various participating countries.<br />
2.4 Secretariat: This is provided jointly FAO and UNEP. The Secretariat is<br />
responsible for administrative arrangements for meetings of the COP and its<br />
subsidiary bodies (eg CRC), verification of notifications and proposals,<br />
disseminating import responses by the Parties, facilitating assistance to<br />
developing country parties, facilitating information exchange between parties<br />
and ensuring coordination with other international organizations.<br />
PIC also include export notification, whereby governments are required to notify<br />
importing countries of exports of banned or severely restricted d chemicals for<br />
the first export of each year. Export notification ceases when the chemical<br />
enters PIC.<br />
3.0 HOW THE CONVENTION WORKS (Figure 1)<br />
The Convention includes two key provisions: The Prior Informed Consent (PIC<br />
procedure) and information exchange for achieving the objectives of the<br />
convention.<br />
3.1 PIC: This is the principle that export of a chemical covered by the<br />
Convention can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing<br />
party.<br />
For each chemical subject to the PIC procedure, countries are requested to<br />
indicate whether they accept import, refuse import or allow import under certain<br />
conditions and to inform the Secretariat of their decision. Import decisions taken<br />
by countries must be trade neutral; that is, if a Party decides that it does not<br />
consent to accept imports of a specific chemical, it must also stop<br />
production of the chemical or imports from all countries, and have domestic<br />
legislative or administrative measures prohibiting the chemical. These import<br />
decisions are summarized by the Secretariat and a compilation of importing<br />
country responses is distributed to Parties every six months via the PIC<br />
Circular.<br />
3.2 Information exchange: The inclusion of a chemical in the PIC<br />
procedure does not mean that it should be globally banned or severely restricted<br />
automatically, nor does it mean that an individual country should automatically<br />
prohibit its import. It does mean that chemicals listed under the PIC Procedure<br />
are subject to extensive information exchange, priority attention for national<br />
decisions about imports, and obligations related to export controls.<br />
3.3 Inclusion of a chemical to PIC procedure:<br />
79
All Parties have to notify the Secretariat of the Convention when they take final<br />
regulatory actions to ban or severely restrict the use of a chemical for health or<br />
environmental reasons. The Secretariat keeps a list of chemicals that are banned<br />
or severely restricted by Parties. The process to consider the addition of<br />
a chemical to the PIC procedure is initiated when the Secretariat receives<br />
notification for the chemical by two Parties, each from a different region of the<br />
Convention (the Convention divides the Parties into seven regions).<br />
Once a chemical has been nominated for consideration for inclusion in the PIC<br />
procedure, the notifications are submitted to the Chemical Review Committee,<br />
which prepares a Decision Guidance Document if the notification meet the<br />
criteria of the Convention.<br />
The Chemical Review Committee makes recommendations the COP whether or<br />
not to add the substance to the PIC procedure and to approve the Decision<br />
Guidance Document. It is the Parties that make the final decision to add a<br />
chemical to the list of substances subject to the PIC procedure, on a consensus<br />
basis. The Convention requires that the entire process to consider the addition of<br />
chemicals to the PIC procedure be conducted in an open and transparent<br />
manner.<br />
4.0 NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE CONVENTION<br />
4.1 Participation in the Convention: <strong>Tanzania</strong> signed the Rotterdam<br />
Convention in 1998, and ratified it in 2002. The national focal point is the Vice<br />
President’s Office, Department of Environment. The country has appointed two<br />
Designated Authorities for implementation of the convention: The Chief<br />
Government Chemist (for Industrial and Consumer Chemicals) and Registrar of<br />
Pesticides (for pesticides) as directed by Article 4 of the convention.<br />
The two DNAs have been trained in Nairobi Kenya June 2000 and Namibia in<br />
February 2003. The Government has also been represented in various<br />
international meetings including the most recent International Seminar held in<br />
Rome – Italy, 6 th – 8 th April 2005.<br />
The roles of DNAs include dealing with administrative issues related to the<br />
convention such as information exchange, receiving document from the<br />
secretariat, workshop proceedings, communicating with industries, Government<br />
ministries and other relevant authorities. The provisions of implementation of the<br />
convention have been also incorporated in some national laws such as the Plant<br />
Protection Act (1997), the Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management &<br />
Control) Act (2003) and the Environmental Management Act (2004).<br />
4.2 Status of the chemicals under the convention (Annex III) – Refer<br />
Table 1.<br />
80
4.3 Roles of stakeholders: Provisions of the convention cut across many<br />
sectors including industries, government institutions, agriculture, health,<br />
research, pressure groups, policy makers etc. Therefore each sector needs to be<br />
fully involved in the implementation. The stakeholders should be consulted<br />
before any decision is reached to include a given chemical in the PIC list<br />
because such a decision can have an impact. The stakeholders need also to be<br />
updated on the implementation of the convention.<br />
The role of stakeholders has been recognized in <strong>Tanzania</strong> by constituting<br />
technical and steering committees for implementation of PIC. Members to the<br />
committee were drawn various government institutions, ministries and nongovernment<br />
organizations. These include Ministry of Health (Government<br />
Chemist Laboratory Agency), Ministry of Agriculture (Tropical Pesticides<br />
Research Institute and Plant Health Services), Ministry of Labour and Youth<br />
Development (Occupational Health and Safety Authority), CropLife (<strong>Tanzania</strong>) –<br />
formerly the Agrochemical Association of <strong>Tanzania</strong>, <strong>Tanzania</strong> Industrial<br />
Research Organization, University of Dar Es Salaam, Sokoine University of<br />
Agriculture, Ministry of Trade and Industries, <strong>Tanzania</strong> Bureau of Standards,<br />
National Environment Management Council and the Vice President’s Office<br />
(Department of Environment).<br />
The PIC technical committee was reviewed in September 2003 at a Workshop in<br />
Morogoro attended by relevant stakeholders. The Committee comprises 13<br />
expert members from different stakeholders (Table 2):<br />
5.0 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION AND<br />
SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES<br />
5.1 Challenges: The implementation of the Convention is facing some<br />
challenges. These include:-<br />
• Undefined responsibilities of the constituted committees. The committees<br />
are therefore not meeting regularly to discuss issues related to the<br />
convention such as identification of chemicals to add to Annex III and<br />
other control actions.<br />
• Non-involvement of all stakeholders in decision making with regard to<br />
import responses.<br />
• Low knowledge and awareness to important stakeholders such as<br />
decision makers, importers, business community, regulators, customs<br />
officials, exporters, consumers and public in general.<br />
• Inadequate coordination among relevant ministries, DNAs and other<br />
stakeholders for implementing PIC procedures at National level<br />
• Lack of feedback mechanism for country representative to the<br />
International conferences, workshops and meetings.<br />
81
• Inadequate dissemination of information to stakeholders<br />
• Inadequate human and financial resources.<br />
• Lack of cooperation, networking, and collaboration with neighbouring<br />
countries (East African Countries)<br />
• Lack of experience in preparing and submitting import responses Decision<br />
Guidance Documents somehow complicated.<br />
5.2 Solutions to Overcome the Challenges<br />
There is a need of concerted efforts by all stakeholders to overcome the<br />
identified challenges. Solutions to challenges include:-<br />
• Publicizing the convention through both print (newspapers), electronic<br />
media (Radio and Television) and information, educational and<br />
communication materials (brochure, posters, leaflets). This will enable<br />
stakeholders to understand the convention and its benefits. The language<br />
of the convention must be simplified for easy communication.<br />
• Sensitisation and awareness raising at all levels through seminars,<br />
conferences and workshops<br />
• Creation of a forum for dissemination of information (DGDs, import<br />
responses). The current technical teams are not effective unless they are<br />
expanded by including more members from other sectors.<br />
• Identification of a proper and sustainable funding mechanism to support<br />
the implementation of the Convention. This can be by contribution from all<br />
stakeholders, application for assistance from the secretariat or<br />
International Organizations.<br />
• Capacity building for the stakeholders on aspects of the Convention and<br />
its implementation.<br />
• Regional cooperation in the implementation of the Convention by sharing<br />
the available resources (human and financial)<br />
6.0 LINKAGE BETWEEN THE CONVENTION AND POVERTY<br />
REDUCTION:<br />
There is evidence that misuse of chemicals and pesticides in developed<br />
countries has always caused deaths through exposure, accidental poisonings<br />
and suicides/homicides and environmental pollution. The Rotterdam Convention<br />
82
provides early warning for developing countries to avoid mistakes made in<br />
developed countries through information exchange.<br />
In addition, pesticides will continue to be used in the foreseeable future in order<br />
to meet the demand of increased food production to feed the increased World<br />
population. The Convention help developing countries to avoid using pesticides<br />
that are known to be harmful to human health and the environment and highly<br />
toxic pesticides that cannot be handled safely by small farmers under conditions<br />
of use. The convention therefore promotes sustainable agriculture through use of<br />
pesticides that are safer to the environment and end users. This will increase<br />
production thereby combating hunger, disease and poverty.<br />
7.0 CONCLUSION: The benefits of the Rotterdam convention to developing<br />
countries like <strong>Tanzania</strong> need no emphasis. The Government as a party to the<br />
convention has responsibility to implement the provisions of the convention for<br />
the protection of human health and environment against hazardous and highly<br />
toxic chemicals and pesticides. The government needs to participate fully in<br />
order to contribute to the shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among<br />
Parties, otherwise the signing and ratification will be meaningless. Putting in<br />
place an effective and efficient implementation mechanism will help in reaching<br />
informed decisions related to import of chemicals under the convention. There is<br />
therefore a great need to identify key and proper players (well trained, informed<br />
and committed) and the required resources to support the efforts already in<br />
place. Initiation of parallel programmes will have an added advantage if<br />
duplication is very much avoided.<br />
REFERENCES<br />
1. http://www.pic.int. – For Rotterdam convention text<br />
2. Rotterdam Convention, Overview, Rotterdam Convention Secretariat,<br />
Revised 2005<br />
3. Rotterdam Convention, Text and Annexes, Revised 2005<br />
4. E Mashimba & J Akhabuhaya, Challenges in National Implementation<br />
of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure <strong>Tanzania</strong>n Experience, A<br />
paper presented at the Regional Workshop on Rotterdam Convention<br />
on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous<br />
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, UNEP – Nairobi, 13 th<br />
June 2000<br />
5. E Mashimba, Implementation of the Rotterdam Convention Prior<br />
Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure in <strong>Tanzania</strong>, A paper presented at<br />
the Training Workshop for Executives on International Conventions to<br />
Promote Chemical Safety, Paradise Hotel, Bagamoyo, 9 th – 11 th<br />
August 2004.<br />
83
Step 1<br />
FIGURE 1<br />
Information Exchange and the PIC Procedure<br />
Notification of final<br />
regulatory action to<br />
ban or severely restrict a<br />
chemical (PARTIES)<br />
Proposal on severely<br />
hazardous pesticides<br />
formulation causing<br />
problems under conditions<br />
of use (PARTIES)<br />
Export Notification<br />
(PARTIES)<br />
Information exchange<br />
Step 2<br />
Prior Informed Consent Procedures<br />
Decision to make a chemical<br />
subject to PIC and list in Annex<br />
III (COP)<br />
Circulation of a decision<br />
guidance document all Parties<br />
(SECRETARIAT)<br />
Step 3<br />
Import responses regarding<br />
future import of each PIC<br />
chemical (PARTIES)<br />
Circulation of import responses<br />
to all Parties (SECRETARIAT)<br />
Step 4<br />
Follow up on importing Party<br />
responsibilities (PARTIES)<br />
Follow up on exporting Party<br />
responsibilities (PARTIES)<br />
84
TABLE 1:<br />
CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT<br />
PROCEDURE<br />
Chemical Category Registration Status in Import Decision<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
2,4,5-T and its salts and Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
esters<br />
Aldrin Pesticide Restricted registration Consent<br />
for use in soil against<br />
termites<br />
Binapacryl Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Captafol Pesticide Banned since 1986 No consent<br />
Chlordane Pesticide Restricted registration Consent<br />
for use in soil against<br />
grubs, termites, ants<br />
and crickets<br />
Chlordimeform Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Chlorobenzilate Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
DDT Pesticide Banned for agricultural Consent for public<br />
use, restricted for health<br />
public health<br />
Dieldrin Pesticide Restricted registration consent<br />
for emergency cases in<br />
Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC)<br />
and its salts (such as<br />
ammonium salt, potassium<br />
salt and sodium salt)<br />
Dinoseb and its salts and<br />
esters<br />
1,2-dibromoethane<br />
limited amount<br />
Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Pesticide<br />
Restricted registration<br />
for fumigation<br />
application on soil<br />
consent<br />
(EDB)<br />
Ethylene dichloride Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Ethylene oxide Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Fluoroacetamide Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
HCH (mixed isomers) Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Heptachlor Pesticide Registered for use in consent<br />
various crops against<br />
termites and other soil<br />
pests<br />
Hexachlorobenzene Pesticide Not Registered No consent<br />
Lindane Pesticide Registered hides and Consent<br />
skins<br />
85
Chemical Category Registration Status in Import Decision<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Mercury compounds,<br />
Pesticide Not Registered No consent<br />
including inorganic mercury<br />
compounds, alkyl mercury<br />
compounds and<br />
alkyloxyalkyl and aryl<br />
mercury compounds<br />
Monocrotophos Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Parathion Pesticide Banned in 1986 No consent<br />
Pentachlorophenol and its<br />
salts and esters<br />
Pesticide Not registered No consent<br />
Toxaphene Pesticide Banned in 1986 No consent<br />
Dustable powder<br />
formulations containing a<br />
combination of:<br />
Severely hazardous Not registered<br />
pesticide<br />
formulation<br />
No consent<br />
- Benomyl at or above 7 per<br />
cent,<br />
- Carbofuran at or above 10<br />
per cent, and<br />
- Thiram at or above 15 per<br />
cent<br />
(1) Monocrotophos<br />
(Soluble liquid formulations<br />
of the substance that<br />
exceed 600 g active<br />
ingredient/l)<br />
Methamidophos<br />
(Soluble liquid formulations<br />
of the substance that<br />
exceed 600 g active<br />
ingredient/l)<br />
Phosphamidon<br />
(Soluble liquid formulations<br />
of the substance that<br />
exceed 1000 g active<br />
ingredient/l)<br />
Severely hazardous Not registered<br />
pesticide<br />
formulation<br />
Severely hazardous Not registered<br />
pesticide<br />
formulation<br />
Severely hazardous Not registered<br />
pesticide<br />
formulation<br />
No consent<br />
No consent<br />
No consent<br />
86
Chemical Category Registration Status in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Import Decision<br />
Banned in 1986 No consent<br />
Methyl-parathion<br />
(emulsifiable concentrates<br />
(EC) at or above 19.5%<br />
active ingredient and dusts<br />
at or above 1.5% active<br />
ingredient)<br />
(1) Parathion (all<br />
formulations – aero-sols,<br />
dustable powder (DP),<br />
emulsifiable concentrate<br />
(EC), granules (GR) and<br />
wettable powders (WP) - of<br />
this subs-tance are<br />
included, except capsule<br />
suspensions (CS))<br />
Asbestos:<br />
Severely hazardous<br />
pesticide<br />
formulation<br />
Severely hazardous Not registered<br />
pesticide<br />
formulation<br />
Not registered<br />
– Actinolite<br />
– Anthophyllite<br />
– Amosite<br />
– Crocidolite<br />
– Tremolite<br />
Polybrominated biphenyls<br />
(PBB)<br />
Polychlorinated biphenyls<br />
(PCB)<br />
Polychlorinated terphenyls<br />
(PCT)<br />
Tetraethyl lead<br />
Tetramethyl lead<br />
Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl)<br />
phosphate<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Industrial<br />
Not registered<br />
87
TABLE 2:<br />
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF<br />
THE CONVENTION<br />
Institution/Department<br />
Member<br />
1. Government Chemist Laboratory Agency Chief Government Chemist –<br />
DNA, Chairman<br />
Expert from Chemicals<br />
Management<br />
2. Tropical Pesticides Research Institute Registrar, DNA – Deputy<br />
Chairman<br />
Expert from Pesticides<br />
Registration and Control<br />
Division (now Pesticides and<br />
Environmental Management<br />
Centre)<br />
3. Vice President’s Office Expert from Pollution Control<br />
section<br />
National Environment Management<br />
Council<br />
Expert from Environment<br />
Compliance and Enforcement<br />
Division<br />
4. Ministry of Industries and Trade Expert from Department of<br />
Industry<br />
University of Dar Es Salaam Expert from Chemical and<br />
Process Engineering,<br />
5. Private Sector Agrochemical Association of<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> (Now CropLife<br />
(<strong>Tanzania</strong>)<br />
Confederation of <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
Industries<br />
6. Occupational Safety and Health Authority<br />
(OSHA)<br />
7. Ministry of Agriculture, Natural<br />
Resources, Environment and<br />
Cooperatives (Zanzibar)<br />
8. Government Chemist Laboratory<br />
(Zanzibar)<br />
Occupational Health Doctor<br />
Department of Plant Protection<br />
Government Chemist<br />
88
PAPER ON BASEL AND BAMAKO CONVENTIONS<br />
Implementation Status In <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
By<br />
Mr. Issaria M. Mangalili<br />
Senior Environmental Officer<br />
Vice President’s Office<br />
Paper presented in the <strong>Multi</strong>-stakeholder workshop on Pesticides and Poverty<br />
89
TABLE OF CONTENTS<br />
1.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................91<br />
1.1 History of the Basel Convention..............................................................91<br />
1.2 Rio Conference .......................................................................................92<br />
1.3 The future of Basel Convention...............................................................92<br />
2.0 Objectives of the Basel Convention .........................................................93<br />
3.0 Controlled categories of wastes ...............................................................93<br />
4.0 Substantive Provisions of the Basel Convention ......................................93<br />
5.0 Amendments of the Basel Convention .....................................................96<br />
6.0 Basel Convention - Institutional Framework............................................97<br />
7.0 Regional Training and Technology Centre..............................................97<br />
8.0 Bamako Convention.................................................................................98<br />
8.1 Objectives of Bamako Convention ..........................................................98<br />
8.2 Substantive Provisions.............................................................................99<br />
9.0 Implementation status of the Basel and Bamako Conventions ..............101<br />
9.1 Implementation status..............................................................................101<br />
9.2 Constraints and Challenge ahead.........................................................104<br />
9.3 Future plans..........................................................................................105<br />
10.0 References.............................................................................................106<br />
90
1.0 Introduction<br />
1.1 History of the Basel Convention<br />
Since the beginning of the 20 th century the world has experienced<br />
unprecedented industrialisation and economic growth. New discoveries,<br />
techniques and technologies formed a basis for accelerated development<br />
in the chemical field. This situation resulted into generation of hazardous<br />
waste at a rate, which is now 400 million tones (metric), every year<br />
worldwide. In the late 1980’s tightening of environmental regulations in<br />
industrialized countries led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous<br />
wastes disposal. In search for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes,<br />
traders begun shipping hazardous waste to developing countries and<br />
Eastern Europe where the disposal costs were low. Therefore,<br />
transboundary movements of hazardous wastes have become a global<br />
problem because developing countries have limited capacity to handle<br />
hazardous waste in an environmentally sound manner including proper<br />
disposal facilities.<br />
As a result, international outrage on the transboundary movements and<br />
disposal of hazardous wastes led to the drafting and adoption of the Basel<br />
Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous<br />
Wastes and their Disposal. This global environmental treaty was<br />
developed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment<br />
Programme (UNEP) and was adopted by the Conference of<br />
Plenipotentiaries in Basel, Switzerland on 22 nd March 1989. One hundred<br />
and sixteen states were present. The Convention came into force on 5 th<br />
May 1992. Todate 164 States and European Union are Parties to this<br />
Convention.<br />
During its First Decade (1989-1999), the Convention was principally<br />
devoted to setting up a framework for controlling the “transboundary”<br />
movements of hazardous wastes across international frontiers. It also<br />
developed the criteria for “environmentally sound management”. A control<br />
system, based on prior written notification, was also put in place. More<br />
importantly several technical guidelines on environmentally sound<br />
management of hazardous wastes were developed. Some have been<br />
adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Others are still in the process.<br />
The fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties adopted a Protocol on<br />
liability and compensation for damage resulting from transboundary<br />
movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. The objective is to<br />
provide for a comprehensive regime for liability and for adequate and<br />
prompt compensation for damage resulting from the transboundary<br />
91
movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes and their disposal<br />
including illegal traffic in those wastes.<br />
1.2 Rio Conference<br />
The problem of managing hazardous wastes was discussed during the<br />
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which took<br />
place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. It was included in Agenda<br />
21, which is one of the outcome of the Rio Conference. Chapter 20 of<br />
Agenda 21 talks of environmentally sound management of hazardous<br />
waste. Effective control of the generation, storage, treatment, recycling<br />
and reuse, transport, recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes is,<br />
according to the Agenda 21, of paramount importance for proper health,<br />
environmental protection and natural resources management, and<br />
sustainable development. To prevent generation of hazardous wastes and<br />
the rehabilitation of contaminated sites are the key elements, and both<br />
require knowledge, experienced people, facilities, financial resources,<br />
technical and scientific capacities.<br />
Among the overall targets of chapter 20 are the following:-<br />
‣ Preventing or minimizing the generation of hazardous wastes as part<br />
of an overall integrated cleaner production approach;<br />
‣ Eliminating or reducing to a minimum transboundary movements of<br />
hazardous wastes;<br />
‣ Ratifying and full implementation of the Bamako Convention on the<br />
Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary<br />
Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa; and<br />
‣ Eliminating the export of hazardous wastes to countries that prohibit<br />
such imports.<br />
1.3 The future of Basel Convention<br />
During the second Decade (2000-2010), the Convention will build on this<br />
framework by emphasizing full implementation and enforcement of treaty<br />
commitments. The other area of focus will be the minimization of<br />
hazardous waste generation. Recognizing that the long-term solution to<br />
the stock piling of hazardous wastes is a reduction in the generation of<br />
those wastes – both in terms of quantity and hazardousness - Ministers<br />
during the fifth meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Convention in<br />
December 1999 set out guidelines for the Convention’s activities during<br />
the second Decade. These include: -<br />
⇒ Active promotion and use of cleaner technologies and production<br />
methods;<br />
⇒ Further reduction of the movement of hazardous waste and other<br />
wastes;<br />
92
⇒ The prevention and monitoring of illegal traffic;<br />
⇒ Improvement of institutional and technical capabilities – through<br />
technology when appropriate – especially for developing countries and<br />
countries with economies in transition;<br />
⇒ Further development of regional and sub regional centres for training<br />
and technology transfer.<br />
2.0 Objectives of the Basel Convention<br />
The key objectives of the Convention are: -<br />
⇒ To minimise the generation of hazardous wastes in terms of quantity<br />
and hazardousness;<br />
⇒ To treat and dispose of hazardous wastes as close as possible to their<br />
source of generation;<br />
⇒ To reduce transboundary movement of hazardous waste;<br />
⇒ To ensure strict control over the movements of hazardous wastes<br />
across border as well as the prevention of illegal traffic;<br />
⇒ To prohibit shipments of hazardous wastes to countries lacking the<br />
legal, administrative and technical capacity to manage and dispose of<br />
them in an environmentally sound manner; and<br />
⇒ To assist developing countries and countries with economies in<br />
transition in environmentally sound management of the hazardous<br />
wastes they generate.<br />
3.0 Controlled categories of wastes<br />
In the context of the Basel Convention, wastes are considered hazardous<br />
to people and the environment if they are toxic, poisonous, explosive,<br />
corrosive, flammable, eco-toxic, or infectious. These can be in liquid, solid<br />
or in other forms. According to the Convention various types of wastes fall<br />
under these categories. These are listed in Annex I of the Convention (as<br />
amended in Annex VIII). A list of hazardous characteristics is contained in<br />
Annex III of the Convention. See appendix to this paper.<br />
4.0 Substantive Provisions of the Basel Convention<br />
Article 1- Scope of the Convention<br />
This article defines what are hazardous wastes in the context of the<br />
Convention. Annex 1 wastes are those wastes that are considered<br />
hazardous by the domestic legislation of the Party. It also defines what are<br />
other wastes of significant importance to the Convention. These are<br />
wastes collected from households and residues arising from incineration<br />
of household wastes. Radioactive materials are excluded from the scope<br />
of this convention. Excluded also are the wastes arising from normal<br />
operations of a ship. These kinds of wastes are covered by other<br />
international instruments/control systems.<br />
93
Article 3- National Definition of Hazardous Wastes<br />
Parties are required to inform the Secretariat of the Convention of the<br />
wastes, other than those listed in Annexes I and II considered or defined<br />
as hazardous under their national legislations. Also requirements for<br />
transboundary movements of such wastes have to be communicated to<br />
the Secretariat.<br />
Article 4- General Obligations<br />
(i) Minimise Generation<br />
Parties must ensure the generation of hazardous waste is reduced<br />
to a minimum level.<br />
(ii) Self-sufficiency<br />
Parties have a legal obligation to ensure the availability of adequate<br />
disposal facilities (defined as including recycling) for the sound<br />
management of hazardous wastes. These shall be located, to the<br />
extent possible, within own territories.<br />
(iii)<br />
(iv)<br />
Minimise Transboundary Movement<br />
Parties must ensure that the transboundary movement of<br />
hazardous wastes and other wastes is reduced to a minimum,<br />
consistent with the environmentally sound management to protect<br />
human health and the environment against the adverse effects,<br />
which may result from such a movement.<br />
Sovereign right to ban imports of hazardous wastes or other<br />
wastes<br />
The Convention recognises the sovereign right of every state to<br />
ban import of hazardous wastes or other wastes for disposal. It<br />
prohibits exports to Parties that have prohibited imports.<br />
It also prohibits export if there is no consent in writing from the<br />
State of import regarding the specified import, in the case where<br />
that State of import has not prohibited the import of such wastes.<br />
The Parties also must prohibit exports of hazardous wastes to a<br />
State or group of States belonging to an economic and/or political<br />
integration organisation, particularly developing countries, that have<br />
prohibited by their legislation all imports, or if it has reason to<br />
believe that the wastes in question will not be managed in an<br />
environmentally sound manner.<br />
(v)<br />
No distinction between disposal and recycling<br />
The Convention recognizes that hazardous wastes destined for<br />
recycling operation also carries with it actual and potential<br />
environmental damage, either in the form of emissions and<br />
discharges, and on residual hazardous wastes which ultimately<br />
94
need to be disposed of. Hence transboundary movements that are<br />
destined for recycling operations must be controlled.<br />
(vi)<br />
Environmentally sound management<br />
The Convention requires as a prerequisite to any transboundary<br />
movement that the State of export requires that the waste in<br />
question be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner in the<br />
State of import or elsewhere.<br />
It also requires any Party to ensure that management of hazardous<br />
wastes or other wastes is done in a manner, which prevents<br />
pollution so as to minimize the consequences thereof for human<br />
health and the environment.<br />
Each Party is required to take appropriate legal, administrative and<br />
other measures to implement and ensure the provisions of this<br />
Convention including measures to prevent and punish mis-conduct<br />
in contravention of the Convention.<br />
(vii)<br />
Prior Informed Consent<br />
Any transboundary movement between Parties shall be preceded<br />
by a notification from the exporting Party and consent in writing<br />
from the importing Party consistent with the procedure provided by<br />
the Convention.<br />
Each transit country shall be notified of such movement and the<br />
movement will commence after all transit states consent to the<br />
transboundary movement.<br />
(viii) Relationship with Non-Party<br />
The Convention does not permit Parties to export to or import from<br />
non-Parties unless they have entered into agreements/or strict<br />
arrangements on transboundary movement of hazardous wastes or<br />
other wastes.<br />
Article 9 – Illegal traffic<br />
Any transboundary movement that contravenes the relevant provisions of<br />
the Convention about movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes<br />
between Parties shall be deemed to be illegal.<br />
In such a case the Convention provides that the Parties concerned should<br />
cooperate in the disposal of the waste in an environmentally sound<br />
manner<br />
95
Article 10- International Co-operation<br />
Taking into account the limited capacity of the developing countries in the<br />
management of hazardous wastes and other wastes, the Convention<br />
urges all parties to co-operate in various aspects. These include: -public<br />
awareness creation, development for sound management practises for<br />
hazardous wastes and other wastes, adoption of new low waste<br />
technologies, training, exchange of information, monitoring the adverse<br />
effects of management of hazardous wastes, e.t.c.<br />
Article 11 – Bilateral, <strong>Multi</strong>lateral and Regional Agreements<br />
Parties are allowed to enter into bilateral, multilateral or regional<br />
agreements or arrangements regarding transboundary movement of<br />
hazardous wastes or other wastes with Parties or non-Parties provided<br />
that such arrangements/agreements do not contravene/derogate<br />
provisions of the Convention. The Agreements/arrangements shall not<br />
stipulate less stringent measures than those in the Convention - in<br />
particular taking into account the interests of developing countries.<br />
Article 12 – Consultations on Liability<br />
The Convention urges Parties to co-operate with a view to adopting as<br />
soon as practicable, a protocol setting out appropriate rules and<br />
procedures in the field of liability and compensation for damage resulting<br />
from the transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous wastes and<br />
other wastes.<br />
Article 13 – Transmission of information<br />
The Parties are obliged to inform the Secretariat, among others on<br />
transboundary movements of hazardous wastes or other wastes in which<br />
they have been involved; measures taken to implement the Convention;<br />
effects on human health and environment of the generation, transportation<br />
and disposal of hazardous wastes or other wastes, bilateral, multilateral<br />
and regional agreements and arrangements entered into; accidents during<br />
the transboundary movement and disposal options available in the<br />
country; and measures taken for development of technologies which<br />
reduce or eliminate production of hazardous wastes and other wastes.<br />
5.0 Amendments of the Basel Convention<br />
Two amendments have taken place since the adoption of the Basel<br />
Convention as practical steps to ensure that hazardous wastes and other<br />
wastes are managed in a manner, which protect human health and the<br />
environment against adverse effects, which may result from such wastes.<br />
96
(i) Ban amendment (1995)<br />
During its third meeting of the Conference of the Parties held in<br />
Geneva, September 1995, Parties adopted Decision III/I, which<br />
prohibit transboundary movements of hazardous wastes destined<br />
for disposal from members of OECD countries, European<br />
Communities and Liechtenstein referred as Annex VII countries to<br />
non-OECD countries. It was further decided that each Party listed<br />
under Annex VII countries shall phase out by 31 December 1997<br />
and prohibit as of that date all transboundary movements of<br />
hazardous wastes destined for operations that may lead to<br />
resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or<br />
alternative uses to non-OECD countries.<br />
(ii) Amendment of Annex I (1998)<br />
At its fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties held in<br />
Kuching-Malaysia, in February 1998 Parties adopted Decision IV/9<br />
concerning the amendment, Annex I of the Convention. Four<br />
paragraphs describing characteristics of two new adopted Annexes<br />
were added at the end of Annex I of the Convention. In addition,<br />
two new annexes were added to the Convention as its Annex VIII<br />
(list A - hazardous wastes) and Annex IX (list B - non-hazardous<br />
wastes).<br />
6.0 Basel Convention - Institutional Framework<br />
(i)<br />
Conference of the Parties (COP)<br />
The Conference of the Parties is responsible for continuous review<br />
and evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of the<br />
Convention.<br />
The meeting of the Conference of the Parties is held annually or<br />
every two years depending on the availability of funds to assist<br />
participation costs of developing country Parties.<br />
(ii)<br />
Subsidiary Bodies<br />
The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties established an<br />
Open Ended Ad Hoc Committee of Legal and Technical Experts to<br />
provide advice on the effective mechanisms for the implementation<br />
of the Basel Convention. Meetings of the subsidiary bodies are<br />
held twice every year.<br />
7.0 Regional Training and Technology Centre<br />
97
During the third meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Basel<br />
Convention, (Decision III/19) held in Geneva September 1995 it was<br />
agreed to establish a network of Regional and Sub-regional Centres for<br />
Training and Technology Transfer in all the regions. For the African<br />
region Senegal was designated to host a centre for French speaking<br />
countries, Egypt for Arabic-speaking countries in Africa, South Africa for<br />
English speaking countries and Nigeria to host a Coordinating Centre.<br />
The overall objectives for establishing these centres is to strengthen the<br />
capacity of governments of the regions in complying with the technical,<br />
legal and institutional requirements in sound management of hazardous<br />
wastes as specified by the Basel Convention.<br />
8.0 Bamako Convention<br />
Article 11 of the Basel Convention permits Parties to enter into Bilateral,<br />
<strong>Multi</strong>lateral or Regional agreements/arrangements regarding<br />
transboundary movement of hazardous wastes or other wastes with<br />
Parties or non-Parties provided that such agreements do not contravene<br />
the provisions of the Basel Convention.<br />
During the Conference of the plenipotentiaries in Basel, March 1989 which<br />
adopted Basel Convention, the African States present at that meeting<br />
were not satisfied with the provisions of the Basel Convention particularly<br />
the issue of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes to developing<br />
countries which by then disregarded the limited capacity of developing<br />
countries in sound management of hazardous wastes and other wastes.<br />
As an alternative measure the African States met in Mali, Bamako where<br />
they adopted on 30 th January 1991 a regional Treaty focusing on ban for<br />
any purpose the import of hazardous wastes into Africa. This treaty was<br />
titled “The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and<br />
the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous<br />
Wastes within Africa”. It came into force on 22 nd April 1998 after 10<br />
instruments of ratification. To-date there are 18 States are Parties to this<br />
Convention.<br />
8.1 Objectives of Bamako Convention<br />
The key objectives of this Convention are: -<br />
⇒ To ban the importation of hazardous wastes and substances into Africa<br />
for human health and environmental reasons;<br />
⇒ To minimize the generation of hazardous wastes in terms of both<br />
quantity and hazard potential;<br />
98
⇒ To encourage treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes as close as<br />
possible to their source of generation in an environmentally sound<br />
management; and<br />
⇒ To ensure movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal are<br />
carried out in an environmentally sound manner.<br />
The Convention represents the intention of the international community to<br />
solve this global environmental problem in a collective manner.<br />
8.2 Substantive Provisions<br />
Article 2 - Scope of the Convention<br />
The Convention is confined to hazardous wastes as listed in Annex 1 of<br />
the Convention or considered to be hazardous by the domestic legislation<br />
of Contracting Parties for human health and environmental reasons.<br />
Annex III of the Convention provides the hazardous characteristics of such<br />
wastes. Radioactive wastes are also covered by this Convention. Wastes<br />
from ship discharges, which is covered by other Conventions is not<br />
covered by this Convention.<br />
Article 4 - General Obligations<br />
Parties are required to take appropriate legal, administrative and other<br />
measures within the area under jurisdiction to prohibit the import of all<br />
hazardous wastes, for any reason into Africa from non-contracting Parties.<br />
Such imports are deemed illegal and a criminal act.<br />
It also requires that all Parties in conformity with related International<br />
Conventions and Instruments to adopt legal, administrative and other<br />
appropriate measures to control all carriers from non-Parties, and prohibit<br />
the dumping at sea of hazardous wastes, including their incineration at<br />
sea and their disposal in the seabed and sub-seabed.<br />
Waste Generation in Africa<br />
Each Party is obliged among others: - to submit to the Secretariat reports<br />
regarding the wastes they generate, ensure minimum generation of<br />
hazardous wastes, ensure availability of adequate treatment and/or<br />
disposal facilities for environmentally sound management of hazardous<br />
wastes, adoption of precautionary measures to pollution problems<br />
including adoption of cleaner technologies, and control of transfer of<br />
polluting technologies to Africa.<br />
Moreover Parties are required to prohibit export to states which have<br />
banned by their national legislation or international agreement all such<br />
imports or to a State that does not have the facilities for disposing them in<br />
an environmentally sound manner.<br />
99
Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes shall be conducted in a<br />
manner, which protects human health and the environment.<br />
Article 6 – Transboundary Movement and Notification Procedures<br />
The prior informed consent principle shall be applied in the course of<br />
export/import of hazardous wastes. Exporting State shall notify in writing<br />
the importing State and States of transit. Movement shall commence after<br />
the State of import responds in writing to the notifier.<br />
Article 10 – Intra-Africa Cooperation<br />
Parties to this Convention have the duty to cooperate with each other and<br />
with relevant Africa Organizations so as to improve and achieve the<br />
environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, on matters of:-<br />
national laws, regulations and policies; technical information on clean<br />
technologies; standards and technical guidelines; code of practices for<br />
efficient management of hazardous wastes; and monitoring of adverse<br />
effects to human health and the environment, etc.<br />
Article 11 – International Cooperation, Bilateral, <strong>Multi</strong>lateral and<br />
Regional Agreements<br />
Parties are allowed to enter into bilateral, multilateral, or sub-regional<br />
agreements on the transboundary movement and management of<br />
hazardous wastes generated in Africa with Parties or non-Parties provided<br />
such agreements are in conformity with the Bamako Convention and have<br />
provisions that are no less stringent than those of this Convention.<br />
Article 13 – Transmission of Information<br />
Parties are required to transmit information to the Secretariat and to the<br />
Parties, containing:-<br />
Cases of accidents during the transboundary movement of hazardous<br />
wastes or their disposal; transboundary movement of hazardous wastes in<br />
which they have been involved; measures adopted by them in<br />
implementation of the Convention; and the available disposal options, etc.<br />
Article 20 – Settlement of Disputes<br />
In the case of dispute between Parties related to the interpretation or<br />
application of, or compliance with, this Convention or any Protocol thereto,<br />
Parties shall seek settlement of the dispute through negotiations or any<br />
other peaceful means of their own choice or through an Ad Hoc organ set<br />
up by the Conference of Parties or to the International Court of Justice.<br />
100
9.0 Implementation status of the Basel and Bamako Conventions<br />
9.1 Implementation status<br />
Since the ratification of Basel and Bamako Conventions various activities<br />
have been undertaken, these include: -<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> acceded to the Basel Convention on 7 th April 1993. and also<br />
acceded the Basel Convention amendments of 1995 and 1998 in August<br />
2002. <strong>Tanzania</strong> is also a Party to the Montreal Protocol on substances<br />
that deplete the Ozone Layer (1987). The government has also ratified<br />
the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for<br />
Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade<br />
(2002); and the Stockholm Conventions of Persistent Organic Pollutants<br />
(POPs) (February 2004). These three Conventions, which deal with<br />
chemical products, are closely linked to the Basel and the Bamako<br />
Conventions.<br />
Several policies and legislations in <strong>Tanzania</strong> are in place to address<br />
pollution problems by liquid and solid wastes. These policies include the<br />
National Environmental policy (1997), the Sustainable Industrial<br />
Development Policy (1997), Mineral Policy (1997) Water Policy (2003) and<br />
Energy Policy (2002), Health Policy (1990) currently under review and<br />
Human Settlement Policy (2000). There is little coverage on matters of air<br />
pollution.<br />
The National Environmental Policy provides specific objectives to address<br />
pollution issues including wastes and hazardous waste. These objectives<br />
are: -Promotion of technology for efficient and safe water use, particularly<br />
for wastewater treatment and recycling; promotion of health related<br />
programmes such as separation of toxic wastes and pollution control at<br />
the household levels; development of environmentally sound waste<br />
management systems for urban areas; installation of resources-saving<br />
and waste recycling facilities and use of clean technologies; and<br />
integrated planning and improved management of urban centers.<br />
The National Environment Policy provides specific objectives to address<br />
pollution issues including wastes and hazardous wastes. There objectives<br />
are:- Promotion of technology for efficient and safe water use, particularly<br />
for wastewater treatment and recycling; promotion of health-related<br />
programmes such as separation of toxic/hazardous wastes and pollution<br />
control at the household level; development of environmentally sound<br />
waste management systems especially for urban areas; installation of<br />
resource-saving and waste-recycling facilities and use of clean<br />
101
technologies; and integrated planning and improved management of<br />
urban centres.<br />
Key legislations for management of hazardous chemicals and or wastes<br />
include: - The Environmental Management Act of 2004; The Industrial and<br />
Consumer chemicals (management & control) Act 2003; The occupational<br />
health and safety Act, 2002; The Plant Protection Act 1997 and<br />
regulations of 1999; The pharmaceuticals and poisons Act of 1978 and the<br />
Petroleum exploration and production Act 1980; the Public Health<br />
Ordinance (1954); Water Act of 1974 and its amendments of 1981, 1987<br />
and 2000; the TPRI Act 1979 and its regulations of 1984; The National<br />
Industrial Licensing and Registration Act (1967), and its amendment of<br />
1982; the Mining Act (1979) and its regulation of 1988 and 1999; and the<br />
Local Government Act (1982) and its amendments of 2000. Some of these<br />
regulation and Acts have weaknesses such as narrowness in scope, low<br />
penalties and inadequate coordination. Some legislation, despite their<br />
adequacy are not adequately implemented due to inadequate institutional<br />
capacity in terms of facilities, equipment and human and financial<br />
resources. The review on some of these legislations has started.<br />
Other implemented activities are as follows:-<br />
(i) Inventory of industrial waste in Dar es Salaam<br />
In 1993 the University College of Lands and Architectural Studies<br />
(UCLAS) conducted an inventory on Industrial waste generation in<br />
Dar es Salaam city. The result of this study shows that there are<br />
about 122 industries in the city, which produce hazardous waste.<br />
These industries were estimated to produce about 4,634.1 tons per<br />
year of hazardous waste.<br />
(ii)<br />
Cleaner Production Initiatives<br />
Four initiatives have been undertaken since 1994 to promote<br />
adoption of cleaner production technologies and techniques in<br />
industries countrywide. The main activities are information<br />
dissemination, training, demonstration and assessments in various<br />
enterprises in the country. These initiatives are:-project on cleaner<br />
production (1994) by the then Ministry of Natural Resources,<br />
Tourism and Environment; the establishment of the Cleaner<br />
Production Centre of <strong>Tanzania</strong> (CPCT) in 1996 - the Centres’<br />
major role is to promote the concept of cleaner production; The<br />
Lake Victoria Environment Management Programme – cleaner<br />
production project (2000/2001) for industries in Mwanza, Mara and<br />
Kagera; and The project on Ecologically Sustainable Industrial<br />
Development by CPCT that began in 1999. To-date, about 69<br />
industries throughout the country have been sensitised regarding<br />
the cleaner production technologies and techniques.<br />
102
(iii)<br />
(iv)<br />
Disposal of DNOC at Cement kiln<br />
In mid 1996, 57,000 litres of obsolete DNOC (Red locust control<br />
Pesticides) was incinerated locally at Wazo Hill cement factory<br />
through GTZ support. Before the disposal operation, DNOC<br />
containing drums stored near the banks of Lake Rukwa were<br />
leaking thus posing risks to human health and the environment.<br />
This raised an alarm for remedial measures. The stock was then<br />
repacked and transported safely to Dar es Salaam. The then<br />
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives in collaboration with other<br />
local institutions and GTZ undertook a feasibility study for<br />
incineration of DNOC at Wazo Hill. The trial runs proved that the<br />
disposal operation was safe and efficient. Burning of DNOC was<br />
then carried out under strict monitoring.<br />
Inventory of hospital waste management, Dar es Salaam<br />
In 1996, the Dar es Salaam Urban Health Project undertook an<br />
investigation of heath care waste management in the health<br />
facilities of Dar es Salaam and found out that most of health<br />
facilities in the city have small improvised and inefficient<br />
incinerators<br />
Usually, the generation rate of health care waste from dispensaries,<br />
health centre and hospitals is estimated to be 3 kg, 10 kg and 200<br />
kg per day respectively.<br />
Hospitals wastes comprise about 12 % of total hazardous wastes<br />
generated in the country, which are either incinerated or are<br />
disposed of together with other Municipal waste at selected<br />
disposal sites.<br />
(v)<br />
(vi)<br />
The Ministry of Health in collaboration with key actors developed a<br />
National Infrastructure for management of chemicals. UNITAR<br />
supported the preparation process. The National Profile is a<br />
framework document on chemicals aiming to assist national<br />
authorities to strengthen the chemicals management in the country.<br />
Inventory of Obsolete pesticides and Veterinary waste<br />
A national inventory of obsolete pesticides and veterinary waste<br />
was carried out in 1997 and 1998 through the support of the<br />
Netherlands Government. The inventory shows that there are about<br />
1000 metric tons of obsolete pesticides and 200 tons of veterinary<br />
waste located in more than 300 stores scattered all over the<br />
103
country. Efforts are underway to solicit funds to dispose of the stock<br />
locally or abroad.<br />
(vii)<br />
Assessment of feasibility and viability of using cement kiln in<br />
incineration of Hazardous Waste in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
A feasibility study for assessing the possibility for incineration of<br />
hazardous waste in local cement kilns was done in February 1999<br />
with support of NORAD. The results of this study indicated that<br />
there are possibilities of using Cement kilns in one of the cement<br />
plant after doing some modifications. This demands some funds.<br />
Other necessary legal arrangements need to be in place to facilitate<br />
disposal of such wastes in cement kilns. Cement kiln is a potential<br />
disposal option for future development.<br />
Meanwhile some non-hazardous wastes that demand incineration<br />
such as obsolete human drugs are being incinerated at Wazo Hill<br />
Factory. The company is looking into the possibility of using waste<br />
tyres cashewnuts shells as source of energy.<br />
(viii)<br />
Sustainable Cities Programme in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
The sustainable Cities Programme in <strong>Tanzania</strong> began in 1997. It is<br />
executed by the government and funded by UNDP and other<br />
bilateral agencies such as DANIDA. UNCHS (Habitat), UNEP and<br />
ILO also support the programme. The objectives of the programme<br />
are:-<br />
• To facilitate the process of integration of environmental planning<br />
and management in urban planning and management;<br />
• To assist in development of environment information system in<br />
the City and the selected municipalities, as a facility for data<br />
capture, storage and management; and<br />
• To build the capacity or urban authorities to plan, co-ordinate<br />
and manage urban development through training,<br />
communication and publicity.<br />
The municipalities involved in this process are Arusha, Iringa,<br />
Dodoma, Moshi, Morogoro, Mbeya, Mtwara, Tabora, Tanga and<br />
Dar es Salaam.<br />
(ix)<br />
In 2001 the Cabinet approved the development of a legislation that<br />
will govern management of industrial and consumer chemical in the<br />
country. The work has already started under the Ministry of Health.<br />
9.2 Constraints and Challenge ahead<br />
104
(i)<br />
(ii)<br />
(vii)<br />
Management of hazardous waste is constrained by several<br />
problems. In order to implement the Bamako and Basel<br />
Conventions there are some challenges. The problems and<br />
challenges are as follows:-<br />
Majority of government and political leaders, customs officers,<br />
industrialists, chemical Store-keepers, agricultural extension<br />
workers and community at large are unaware of environmental and<br />
human health hazards of hazardous chemicals and wastes they are<br />
exposed to. These groups of people need to be sensitised in this<br />
area on issues of management of hazardous chemicals and<br />
wastes;<br />
Lack of technical know how on proper waste management by the<br />
most waste generators and local authorities on proper waste<br />
management. There is need for more training;<br />
Sectoral legislations governing waste management need to be<br />
looked into to expand scope including provisions of international<br />
treaties on hazardous waste and chemicals;<br />
(iv) Weak enforcement of the existing legislation. Capacity building is<br />
very important;<br />
(v)<br />
(vi)<br />
Lack of appropriate waste management schemes, which promote<br />
segregation of wastes at source, reuse and recycling which<br />
eventually reduces the volume of waste for treatment and final<br />
disposal.<br />
Lack of proper treatment and disposal facilities for hazardous<br />
wastes e.g. incinerators and containment in sanitary landfills.<br />
(vii) Inadequate treatment and disposal facilities to handle hospital<br />
waste in an environmentally sound manner. There is need to set<br />
appropriate standards or specifications to ensure proper<br />
management of this kind of waste stream.<br />
9.3 Recommendations<br />
i) Build technical capacity in hazardous waste management for<br />
different levels of personnel - government and political leaders,<br />
scientist and researchers, NGOs, Industrial workers, Storekeepers<br />
agricultural extension workers and community.<br />
ii) Create public awareness on Basel and Bamako Conventions and<br />
Poverty Reduction Strategy<br />
iii) Encourage law enforcer to use polluter pay principles<br />
iv) Strengthening coordination mechanism for monitoring and<br />
overseeing the implementation of MEAs<br />
v) Development of guidelines for management of HZW and other<br />
wastes<br />
vi) Specific regulations for HZW and other wastes should be<br />
developed<br />
105
vii)<br />
viii)<br />
Promote law enforcement<br />
Promote awareness creation activities on matters of hazardous<br />
wastes, pesticides and other wastes targeting key actors<br />
beneficiaries<br />
10.0 References<br />
a) Text of the Basel Convention and Decisions of the Conference of<br />
Parties, 2003.<br />
b) Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the<br />
Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within<br />
Africa.<br />
c) Basel Convention – A global solution for controlling Hazardous<br />
Wastes, 1997.<br />
d) The National Environment Policy, 1997.<br />
e) National Infrastructure for Management of Chemicals.<br />
f) Inventory of Obsolete hazardous chemicals in <strong>Tanzania</strong>, 1998.<br />
g) Dar es Salaam Urban Health Project (1996); Investigation of Health<br />
Care Waste Management.<br />
h) NEMC (1994); Report on Management of Solid Waste in Referral<br />
Hospitals in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
i) Environment Management Act of 2004.<br />
j) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Progress Report 2000/01.<br />
106
BRIEF HISTORY<br />
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF<br />
CONDUCT ON THE DISTRIBUTION<br />
AND USE OF PESTICIDES<br />
J. Akhabuhaya<br />
Registrar of Pesticides<br />
TPRI-Arusha<br />
‣ First adopted in 1985 at 23 rd Session of the FAO<br />
Conf<br />
‣ ammended to include PIC article in 1989 at the<br />
25 th FAO Session<br />
‣ adoption of Rotterdam Conv in 1998 made PIC<br />
article(9.7 to 9.11) in CODE redundant<br />
‣ revised version adopted in 2002 at 123 rd Session<br />
of the FAO Council<br />
1<br />
2<br />
CODE SUMMARY<br />
The CODE has 12 articles, i.e.<br />
1)Objectives of the CODE<br />
2)Terms and Definitions<br />
3)Pesticide Management<br />
4)Testing of Pesticides<br />
5)Reducing Health and Envtal Risks<br />
6)Regulatory and Technical requirements<br />
ctd<br />
7)Availability and Use<br />
8)Distribution and Trade<br />
9)Information exchange<br />
10)Labeling,Packaging,Storage and Disposal<br />
11)Advertising<br />
12)Monitoring and Observance of the CODE<br />
3<br />
4<br />
OBJECTIVE OF THE CODE<br />
‣to establish voluntary stds and shared<br />
responsibilities to all stakeholders w.r.t<br />
the distribution and use of pesticides<br />
(especially where there is inadequate<br />
or no legislation)<br />
so as to ensure effective and safe use<br />
of pesticides<br />
5<br />
STAKEHOLDERS<br />
MAJOR ONES<br />
‣ Gvts (importers)<br />
‣ Gvts(exporters)<br />
‣ Intern. Organisations<br />
‣ Pesticide industry<br />
-manufacturers<br />
-traders<br />
-exporters<br />
-distributors…etc<br />
OTHERS<br />
‣ Farmers<br />
‣ Food industry<br />
‣ Consumers<br />
‣ Environmentalists<br />
‣ Crop consultants<br />
‣ NGOs….etc<br />
6<br />
107
NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION STATUS<br />
art.3.1: Gvt. to regulate the availability,distribution<br />
& use of pesticides<br />
‣PPAct (1997) and PPR(1999)<br />
Art.3.7/3.9: Gvt. to promote biocontrol and<br />
IPM<br />
‣BCAS in Part III of PPR(1997)<br />
ctd<br />
articles 5.1/7.5/8/9.1/10.4: Gvt to:<br />
‣implement registration & control scheme<br />
‣do health surveillances,and advise workers<br />
‣establish national poisoning control centres<br />
‣collect & maintain pesticides statistics<br />
‣provide extension advisory services<br />
‣monitor pesticides in foods<br />
The PPAct covers this<br />
7<br />
8<br />
ctd<br />
ctd<br />
‣ prohibit Ia and Ib pesticides (if difficult to control)<br />
‣ license dealers,importers,exporters<br />
‣ prohibit repackaging and decanting;esp in food<br />
and beverage containers<br />
‣ encourage market driven supply centralised<br />
purchase(to min.stocks)<br />
‣ promote/facilitate networks for information<br />
exchange<br />
PPAct covers this<br />
9<br />
Art. 10.5/10.7:Gvts to:<br />
‣ inventorise obsolete stocks & empty<br />
containers;have plan for disposal and sites<br />
stabilization<br />
‣ plan for stocks accumulation prevention<br />
Art. 11: Gvts to legislate on (misleading)<br />
advertisements<br />
PPAct covers this<br />
10<br />
ctd<br />
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES<br />
Art.12: Gvts to:<br />
‣observe CODE<br />
‣publish & disseminate CODE<br />
‣ratify relevant int’n. chemicals<br />
conventions<br />
(12.9: NGOs and other interested Parties are<br />
invited to monitor activities related to the<br />
implementation of the CODE and report<br />
A)Implementation Weaknesses<br />
‣due to scarcity of funds,personnel,poor<br />
infrastructure etc<br />
‣due to poor planning of activities<br />
‣due to ignorance of roles and activities<br />
these to DG of FAO) 11<br />
12<br />
108
CTD<br />
B)Defficient Laws and Regulations<br />
‣ current instruments cannot cope with<br />
fast changes. ( so PPAct and Regulations<br />
are being reviewed )<br />
C) Uninformed and Unwilling <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s<br />
‣not all the stakeholders know their role.<br />
‣Some who know are reluctant<br />
HOW TO MEET THE CHALLENGES<br />
A)Update Laws and Regulations (incorporate<br />
the CODE articles; introduce penalties etc.)<br />
B)Sustainable capacity building<br />
‣Staff and laboratories<br />
‣Technical training<br />
‣Common workshops and meetings<br />
‣Information xge(publications,websites etc)<br />
13<br />
14<br />
ctd<br />
C)Sensitisation on the CODE to all<br />
stakeholders and the general public<br />
CODE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION<br />
Observance of CODE would contribute to<br />
Poverty alleviation thru:<br />
D)Pressure to stakeholders<br />
‣ by NGOs<br />
‣ by themselves and individuals<br />
‣thru mass media etc.<br />
(a)minimizing pesticides use (thru IPM,<br />
minimal imports,judicious uses etc) and so:<br />
‣Save forex<br />
‣Minimize heath & environmental risks<br />
15<br />
16<br />
ctd<br />
(b)minimise obsolete and other unwanted<br />
stocks (disposal is ca. $4,000/ton)<br />
(c ) increase exports thru minimal<br />
residues, and high quality products<br />
(d)increase productivity thru use of<br />
quality and recommended products<br />
use<br />
17<br />
ctd<br />
(e)save farmer and country’s money thru:<br />
‣elimination of “fakes”<br />
‣elimination of illegal distributors,<br />
importers etc<br />
‣purchase and use of just enough,and<br />
high quality products<br />
‣minimal environmental and health risks<br />
‣minimal unwanted /obsolete stocks<br />
18<br />
109
MAINSTREAMING OF CHEMICAL CONVENTION IN THE<br />
IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL POVERTY REDUCTION<br />
STRATEGIES<br />
1.0 INTRODUCTION<br />
Jamidu H.Y. Katima<br />
Executive Chairman - AGENDA<br />
According to the Household Budget Survey (HBS) of 2000/01 1 , in <strong>Tanzania</strong>, the<br />
proportion of the population below the national food poverty line is 18.7% and<br />
that below the national basic needs poverty line is 35.7%. Poverty is high in rural<br />
areas, at about 87% of the poor population, and is highest among households<br />
who depend on agriculture.<br />
As a follow up to the development of the National Vision 2025, 2 in 2000/01-02/03<br />
developed a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRS(P)) which articulated<br />
measures to be taken to eradicate poverty. The PRS(P) was linked to debt relief<br />
under the enhanced High Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Debt relief<br />
and other resources were mainly channelled into “priority sectors” of education,<br />
health, water, agriculture, rural roads, the judiciary and land. Spending on these<br />
areas was considered to have greater impact on poverty reduction. However, the<br />
resources were not sufficient, even for the “priority sectors” to lead to appreciable<br />
change over the three years (i.e. 2000/01 – 02/03). It was realised that Poverty<br />
is multi-dimensional in nature and the attainment of poverty reduction targets<br />
requires much more resources and the involvement of other sectors and actors.<br />
Therefore a National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) 3<br />
was designed in response to address the deficiencies experienced during<br />
implementation of the PRS and thus it adopts the “outcomes-approach” which<br />
counts on the contribution of all sectors towards growth and poverty reduction.<br />
The approach stresses the, cross-sector collaboration and inter-sector linkages<br />
and synergies.<br />
The World Summit on Sustainable Development meeting, which was held in<br />
Johannesburg, South Africa 26 August–4 September 2002, adopted the<br />
Millennium Development Goals 4 , which reinforces the aspirations of the NSGRP.<br />
As such there is a strong linkage between the NSGRP, MDGs and the Vision<br />
1 URT (2001). Household Budget Survey<br />
2 URT (2000). <strong>Tanzania</strong> Vision 2025<br />
3 URT (2004). National for Growth and Reduction of Poverty<br />
4 http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/wehab_papers.html , (accessed 14 June 2005).<br />
110
2025. Examples of broader goals embodied in all the three include the protection<br />
of human health; the economic benefits of a cleaner environment for attracting<br />
investment within the country; fostering sustainable agriculture for the internal<br />
market and complying with agricultural and other export requirements for external<br />
markets; and the contribution that the sound management of chemicals can<br />
make to reinforcing the legislative and policy framework of a country. Broad<br />
strategies for the sectors of Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture, and Biodiversity<br />
have been delineated in the WEHAB papers (World Summit on Sustainable<br />
Development Johannesburg, South Africa 26 August–4 September 2002:<br />
WEHAB Framework Papers,<br />
http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/wehab_papers.html,<br />
(accessed 14 June 2005).<br />
These strategies may provide indication on how chemical safety in general and<br />
pesticide use in particular might link to the general development picture. The<br />
underlying fact is that use of pesticides has played and will continue to play an<br />
important roles in health care and food production, but of course it also a fact<br />
unsafe use of chemicals has resulted in misery and suffering to many people.<br />
Therefore, unintended effects of pesticides require sound management of the<br />
same.<br />
National chemical safety policies thus need to strike a balance between<br />
promotion of social and economic development through the use of pesticides,<br />
harmful effects through the use, and other economic, social and environmental<br />
factors. This paper provides, basis for discussion on how implementation<br />
chemicals conventions can be mainstreamed in national priorities and poverty<br />
reduction strategies to bring about the intended prosperity.<br />
2.0 NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR GROWTH AND<br />
REDUCTION OF POVERTY<br />
2.1 Overview<br />
The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) is a follow<br />
up to the Poverty Reduction Strategy (2000/01-2002/03), which place the focus<br />
on poverty reduction high on the country’s development agenda. It keeps in focus<br />
the aspirations of <strong>Tanzania</strong> Development Vision 2025, namely high and shared<br />
growth, high quality livelihood, peace, stability and unity, good governance, good<br />
education and international competitiveness. NSGRP seeks to widen the space<br />
for country ownership, effective participation of civil society, facilitate private<br />
sector development and build meaningful local and external partnerships.<br />
It is worth mentioning here that the PRS, was linked to debt relief under the<br />
enhanced High Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), in which case, all debt relief and<br />
111
other resources were mainly channelled into “priority sectors” of education,<br />
health, water, agriculture, rural roads, the judiciary and land. Spending on these<br />
areas was considered to have greater impact on poverty reduction. However, the<br />
resources were not sufficient, even for the “priority sectors” to lead to appreciable<br />
change over the three years. This could be attributed to the fact that poverty is<br />
multi-dimensional. Attainment of poverty reduction targets, therefore, requires<br />
much more resources and the involvement of other sectors and actors. The<br />
NSGRP adopts an approach, which recognises the contribution of all sectors<br />
towards growth and poverty reduction. This approach stresses the cross-sector<br />
collaboration and inter-sector linkages and synergies. The strategy banks on<br />
increased commitment on the part of domestic stakeholders and increased<br />
assistance from the development partners in the medium term for its success.<br />
2.2 Goals of the NSGRP<br />
Generally the main goals of the NSGRP are clustered under three broad<br />
categories, namely<br />
• Cluster 1: Growth and reduction of income poverty;<br />
• Cluster 2: Improvement of quality of life and social well being; and<br />
• Cluster 3: Good governance and accountability<br />
Under these broad clusters there are fourteen goals. Relevant to this project are<br />
the following goals:<br />
Under cluster 1:<br />
• Improving food availability and accessibility at household level, with<br />
particular focus on food security needs of children and women, in urban<br />
and rural areas.<br />
• Reducing income poverty of both men and women in rural areas<br />
Under cluster 2:<br />
• Improved health and well-being of all children, women, especially<br />
vulnerable groups through reducing infant, child and maternal mortality<br />
and malnutrition and increased prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS.<br />
2.3 Link of NSGRP to poverty reduction in particular pesticide<br />
use<br />
Goal<br />
Improving food availability and<br />
accessibility at household level, with<br />
Link<br />
Use of pesticides may be necessary<br />
to improve food productivity and food<br />
112
particular focus on food security needs<br />
of children and women, in urban and<br />
rural areas.<br />
Reducing income poverty of both men<br />
and women in rural areas<br />
Improved health and well-being of all<br />
children, women, especially vulnerable<br />
groups through reducing infant, child<br />
and maternal mortality and malnutrition<br />
and increased prevention and treatment<br />
of HIV/AIDS.<br />
availability.<br />
Unsound use of pesticide may have<br />
adverse human health effects and the<br />
environment<br />
Same as above<br />
Preventive environmental health<br />
measures are as important, and at<br />
times more cost-effective, than health<br />
treatment.<br />
Use of pesticides e.g. indoor spraying<br />
of DDT may be necessary to protect<br />
malaria.<br />
Also use of DDT may have long term<br />
health impacts<br />
Under each goal there are about 106 operational targets and hundreds of<br />
strategies to achieve the targets. Some of the strategies that have direct link to<br />
pesticide use are as follows:<br />
Strategy<br />
Link<br />
Increasing productivity in agriculture<br />
through technological innovations,<br />
improved extension services training<br />
and promoting use of pesticides and<br />
modern high yield crop varieties<br />
Promoting efficient utilization of<br />
rangeland, empowering pastoralist to<br />
improve livestock productivity through<br />
improved access to veterinary services,<br />
reliable water supply as well as<br />
recognizing pastoralism as sustainable<br />
livelihood<br />
Providing targeted subsidy to selected<br />
food crops, identifying and promoting<br />
modern farming technologies<br />
especially in rural areas and providing<br />
support for increased utilization of<br />
improved technologies for crop and<br />
livestock production<br />
Reduced proportion of rural food poor<br />
(men and women) from 27% in<br />
2000/01 to 14% by 2010.<br />
Use of pesticides may be necessary to<br />
improve food productivity and food<br />
availability.<br />
Unsound use of pesticide may have<br />
adverse human health effects and the<br />
environment<br />
Use of pesticides may be necessary to<br />
increase livestock productivity<br />
Unsound use of pesticide may have<br />
adverse human health effects and the<br />
environment<br />
Subsidies may promote access to<br />
agricultural inputs such as pesticides<br />
and fertilisers. This move may boost<br />
food production.<br />
Again unsafe use of pesticides and<br />
fertiliser may adversely affect the<br />
human health<br />
Increasing rural food production – use<br />
of pesticide and fertilisers with similar<br />
positive and negative aspects as<br />
113
mentioned earlier<br />
Supporting production of crops with<br />
high returns<br />
Government will take urgent steps<br />
towards exploring cost-effective options<br />
for more effective control of malaria.<br />
Use of pesticides and fertilisers may be<br />
used to support crops with high yield<br />
DDT may be used to combat malaria,<br />
but also involving some health risks<br />
Linkages may also be found to indicators of poverty. While the indicators cover<br />
the most important issues for development, there may be linkages that may not<br />
be covered by the indicators. In a longer term perspective, these may also need<br />
to be addressed.<br />
2.3.1 Examples of links between pesticide use and attainment of<br />
NSGRP targets as measured by indicators<br />
• Increased agricultural growth from 5% in 2002/03 to 10% percent by<br />
2010.<br />
• Increased food crops production from 9 Millions in 2003/04 tons to 12<br />
Millions in 2010<br />
• Reduced proportion of rural food poor (men and women) from 27% in<br />
2000/01 to 14% by 2010.<br />
Actions that may be required to meet the above targets include improving<br />
agricultural yields through use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Such uses of<br />
pesticides may also entail risks. Pesticides and fertilisers can contaminate water.<br />
Misuse of pesticides can have immediate and chronic effects on farmers and<br />
consumers. Persistent organic pollutants can cause harm to ecosystems both<br />
locally and, because of their chemical properties, at great distances from where<br />
they are applied.<br />
There are also many actions for the improvement of agriculture that have little to<br />
do with the use of chemicals, e.g. Integrated Pest Management, Organic Farming<br />
etc. Important parts of agricultural strategies may for instance include reducing<br />
land degradation, protecting biodiversity, promoting gender equality and<br />
empowering women, and getting access to capital and markets.<br />
2.3.2 Reduced hospital-based malaria-related mortality amongst<br />
under fives from 12% in 2002 to 8% in 2010<br />
Use of chemicals can very significantly contribute to reducing the disease<br />
burden. For instance, the strategies to control malaria include indoor residual<br />
114
spraying with pesticides, including DDT. While this may be important for the<br />
immediate protection of health of the people concerned, it may have long-term<br />
effects at large distances, such as reduced fertility in wildlife. Careful balances<br />
between benefits and risks have been sought in international agreements.<br />
3.0 VISION 2025 5<br />
3.1 Overview of Vision 2025<br />
Vision 2025 for development is an articulation of a desirable future condition or<br />
situation which <strong>Tanzania</strong> envisages to attain and course of action to be taken for<br />
its achievement. It therefore seeks to actively mobilize the people and other<br />
resources towards the achievement of shared goals. Vision 2025 is regarded as<br />
a vehicle of hope and an inspiration for motivating the people to search and work<br />
harder for the betterment of their livelihood and for posterity.<br />
3.2 Aims and Objectives of Vision 2025<br />
Vision 2025 aims at achieving a high quality livelihood for its people; attain good<br />
governance through the rule of law and develop a strong and competitive<br />
economy.<br />
3.3 Link of Vision 2025 to Poverty Reduction in Particular Pesticide Use<br />
The vision 2025 envisions attaining about 18 specific achievements by the year<br />
2025. Relevant to this project are:<br />
• Food self-sufficiency and food security.<br />
• Access to quality primary health care for all.<br />
• Life expectancy comparable to the level attained by typical middleincome<br />
countries.<br />
• Absence of abject poverty<br />
• A growth rate of 8% per annum or more.<br />
The vision puts forward three major driving forces to achieve the goals. These<br />
include:<br />
i. Developmental mindset and empowering culture<br />
ii. Competence and competitiveness<br />
iii. Good governance and the rule of law<br />
5 URT (2000). National Vision 2025<br />
115
The Vision puts forward the following strategies for the realization of competence<br />
and competitiveness goal are the following:<br />
i. Sound macroeconomic management<br />
ii. Infrastructural development<br />
ii. Promotion of science and technology education<br />
iii. Promotion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)<br />
iv. The utilization of domestic resources<br />
v. Transformation of the economy towards competitiveness<br />
vi. Development of the capacity to anticipate and respond to external<br />
changes<br />
The strategy with direct relevance to this project is Transformation of the<br />
economy towards competitiveness. Under this strategy it is envisioned that the<br />
quality of livelihood should be raised by increasing the level of productivity in all<br />
sectors.<br />
The strategy to be adopted is that of transforming the economy from a<br />
predominantly agricultural one with low productivity to a diversified and semiindustrialized<br />
economy with a modern rural sector and high productivity in<br />
agricultural production, which generates reasonably high incomes and ensures<br />
food security and food self-sufficiency.<br />
High productivity in agricultural production may entail use of more pesticides and<br />
fertilizers. Although the vision does not expound on strategies to improve life<br />
expectancy comparable to the level attained by typical middle-income countries,<br />
it may be implied that control of disease such as malaria will be inevitable, which<br />
may also promote use of pesticides. The impacts of unsafe use of pesticides are<br />
similar to those under section 2.3.<br />
4.0 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS<br />
4.1 Introduction to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)<br />
The overriding health and environment related goals for sustainable development<br />
are given in the eight Millennium Development Goals from the Millennium<br />
Summit in September 2000,<br />
http://www.developmentgoals.org/About_the_goals.htm (accessed 14 June<br />
2005). The goals have been commonly accepted as a framework for measuring<br />
development progress.<br />
116
4.2 How do the MDGs link to Pesticide Use?<br />
4.2.1 The Millennium Development Goals<br />
The following are the eight Millennium Development Goals:<br />
Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger<br />
Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education<br />
Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women<br />
Goal 4 Reduce child mortality<br />
Goal 5 Improve maternal health<br />
Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases<br />
Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability<br />
Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development<br />
To these goals there are 18 targets, such as Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and<br />
2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. The targets in turn are<br />
linked with 54 indicators, such as Indicator 5: Proportion of the population below<br />
minimum level of dietary energy consumption. For each indicator, there is<br />
detailed information on e.g. the method of computation and gender issues.<br />
4.2.2 Links between goals and human health and environmental<br />
protection<br />
A recent report 6 from the follow-up of the MDGs provides suggestions for linking<br />
the goals with environmental issues. Some of these links may be relevant to<br />
pesticide use, such as<br />
Goal<br />
Eradicate<br />
extreme<br />
poverty and<br />
hunger<br />
Combat major<br />
diseases<br />
Develop a global<br />
partnership for<br />
development<br />
Link<br />
Insecure rights of the poor to environmental resources, as well<br />
as inadequate access to environmental information, markets,<br />
and decision-making, limit their capacity to protect the<br />
environment and improve their livelihoods and well-being.<br />
Preventive environmental health measures are as important,<br />
and at times more cost-effective, than health treatment.<br />
Since rich countries consume far more environmental<br />
resources and produce more waste than poor countries, many<br />
environmental problems (such as climate change, loss of<br />
species diversity, and management of global fisheries) must<br />
be solved through a global partnership of developed and<br />
6 UN Millennium Project 2005. Environment and Human Well-being: A Practical Strategy. Summary<br />
version of the report of the Task Force on Environmental Sustainability. The Earth Institute at Columbia<br />
University, New York, USA.<br />
117
developing countries.<br />
4.2.3 Links between indicators and pesticide use<br />
Many of the most obvious links between pesticide use and the MDGs are related<br />
to various aspects of human health. The World Health Organisation, WHO, has<br />
compiled its contribution to achievement of the goals including a summary<br />
Annex 7 . The associated indicators referred to by the WHO have indirect links to<br />
hazardous chemicals, as follows:<br />
Indicator<br />
Link to chemicals<br />
Underweight children Malnourishment – agricultural production –<br />
agricultural chemicals. Also association low<br />
birth weight – chemicals exposure; see also<br />
indicator 5.<br />
Minimum dietary consumption Pesticides as prerequisite for food availability.<br />
Adverse health effects of pesticides.<br />
Under five mortality rate<br />
Malnourishment – see under 4. above. Also<br />
child mortality associated with accidents,<br />
mainly with pesticides<br />
Prevalence and death/malaria DDT as major instrument to combat malaria,<br />
Use of effective measures to but also involving some health risks<br />
combat malaria<br />
Linkages of indicators with pesticide us are similar to those presented 2.3.1.<br />
The links between poverty and high contamination levels have been discussed in<br />
a report to the World Bank. 8 The conclusion drawn from this report is that “the<br />
potential socio-economic impacts and costs of toxics are large and are borne<br />
disproportionately by poor communities. These include:<br />
• Threats to indigenous practices,<br />
• Increased health care costs,<br />
• Decreased productivity,<br />
• Environmental degradation and reduction of clean, safe essential<br />
resources (for example, food, water and clean air),<br />
• Impacts on those at the margins of poverty, and<br />
7 http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?infobase=ebdocen&jump=EB111%2f3&softpage=Browse_Frame_Pg42#JUMPDEST_EB111/3<br />
(accessed 14 March<br />
2005; note that this is a corrected version of the original document EB111/3).<br />
8 World Bank (2002). Toxics and Poverty: The impact of toxic substances on the poor in<br />
developing countries.<br />
118
• Impacts on certain populations, especially children, women, the<br />
undernourished<br />
Living in substandard conditions, often undernourished, and typically with poor<br />
health status, they are also more vulnerable to environmental chemical insults.<br />
Simply put, children living in these impoverished countries are most vulnerable to<br />
high levels of exposure and harmful effects of POPs.”<br />
While these relate to indicators for poverty or education, tracing and quantifying<br />
the links to chemical safety may be quite difficult.<br />
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases: Use of<br />
chemicals can very significantly contribute to reducing the disease burden.<br />
For instance, the strategies to control malaria include indoor residual<br />
spraying with pesticides, including DDT. While this may be important for<br />
the immediate protection of health of the people concerned, it may have<br />
long-term effects at large distances, such as reduced fertility in wildlife.<br />
Careful balances between benefits and risks have been sought in<br />
international agreements.<br />
5.0 WHERE ARE THE BOTTLENECKS IN LINKING PESTICIDE<br />
USE AND NSGRP, VISION 2025 AND MDGS?<br />
The NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs are very general and overriding and it is<br />
difficult to see the links between them and safe pesticide use or chemical safety<br />
in general. Thus, national chemical safety or pesticide use and control planners<br />
tend to look at their activity in isolation and not identifying synergies with other<br />
areas of chemical safety or pesticide use and control. For instance, legislation,<br />
national committees or data bases may be proposed separately for industrial and<br />
consumer chemicals, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides, contaminated sites, chemical<br />
hazard information or monitoring while some of these might be combined. For<br />
example, what is the link the National Steering Committee established under the<br />
Industrial and Consumer Chemicals Act (2004) and under the Enabling Activities<br />
for the Implementation of POPS there is a National Steering Committee. Are<br />
these the same? If how much do they interact? Do they have joint sessions?<br />
Several similar examples may be cited.<br />
Also, national sector planners or politicians tend to look at one sector at a time<br />
and miss that chemical safety issues occur over a broad range of sectors, having<br />
a combined impact far beyond the impact for any one sector. For instance,<br />
implementation of conventions may be seen separately for each convention while<br />
there are synergies to greater extent. They may also fail to assess the full picture<br />
with chemicals promoting as well as counteracting national development goals.<br />
119
5.1 What Might be Done to Reduce the Bottlenecks?<br />
Implementing the NSGRP, Vision 2025 and Millenium Development Goals can<br />
promote the sound management of chemicals/pesticides if the requirements of<br />
the same are integrated and mainstreamed in national action plan for economic<br />
development. Linking the MDGs with chemical safety plans, pesticides in<br />
particular, can contribute to mainstreaming chemical safety with overall national<br />
priorities, such as national poverty reduction strategies or national sustainable<br />
development strategies.<br />
5.2 Status of NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs Implementation in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
While there seems to be an obvious linkage between NSGRP, Vision 2025 and<br />
the MDGs, the consultations that were made during the development of NSGRP,<br />
revealed the linkages between key international and national developmental<br />
initiatives and aspirations as espoused in <strong>Tanzania</strong>’s Vision 2025, the Medium<br />
Term Plan (MTP) for Growth and Poverty Reduction, the PRS Review and the<br />
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), were very weak and hence they do not<br />
reinforce each other. The main conclusion was that poverty reduction had to<br />
receive renewed and wider interest with a shift of focus from the initial “priority<br />
sector approach” to all sectors contributing to poverty reduction outcomes.<br />
The NSGRP, therefore, which is expected to last for 5 years, i.e. from 2005/06 to<br />
2009/10. The end point of this strategy coincides with the National Poverty<br />
Eradication Strategy (NPES)’s 2010 poverty reduction targets; it is two thirds of<br />
the way towards the MDGs (2015) and 15 years towards 2025 targets of the<br />
National Development Vision 2025. These milestones may be used to gage the<br />
achievement of the integrated approach.<br />
However, chemical safety is not directly seen to be a major component or target<br />
to assess attainment of the goals. It is repeated in world fora, that donors are not<br />
providing financial assistance for chemical safety because this is not seen as a<br />
priority to recipient countries. This is attributed to the fact that chemicals safety is<br />
not integrated in requests for development assistance.<br />
5.2.1 Link to NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs as part of general<br />
“mainstreaming”<br />
Typically, donors do not consider chemical management issues as stand-alone<br />
issues, but take them into account as integral parts of development assistance<br />
programmes and projects, considering inter alia economical, ecological, cultural<br />
120
and sociological issues (“mainstreaming”) 9 . Consequently, proposals for chemical<br />
safety projects must be logically connected to the national strategies for<br />
sustainable development of the recipient country, referring to Agenda 21, the<br />
WSSD Plan of Action, the Millennium Development Goals, and other relevant<br />
international instruments and declarations.<br />
The value-added of chemicals management project components to the countries<br />
development process should be clearly described. The activities addressing<br />
chemical safety can then be mainstreamed more readily with ongoing<br />
development assistance programmes and projects. Most chemical-related<br />
projects would then be addressed under the development assistance priorities,<br />
and would not have to be channelled to donors separately.<br />
If a programme or project is already initiated in a related sector, the chemical<br />
safety issues should be integrated in this programme/project rather than being<br />
developed and implemented separately. For example, one may take examples<br />
of the <strong>Tanzania</strong> Social Action Fund (TASAF) or Malaria Eradication project, in<br />
principle such programmes should have a built it components of Sound<br />
management of Chemicals. A systematic evaluation of development assistance<br />
programmes and projects will help to identify elements with chemicals<br />
management components and possible connections to chemical safety issues to<br />
be included in a package.<br />
Indicators should be developed that both provide information on the effects of<br />
chemical safety interventions linked to sustainable development goals, and allow<br />
effect monitoring, i.e. tracking and reporting on the progress towards achieving<br />
results on the ground and ultimately the sustainable development goals.<br />
Progress in capacity building for chemical safety should be assessed using<br />
measurable indicators. Documentation of the achievements and progress as<br />
measured by indicators, impact monitoring and review of implementation should<br />
be a prerequisite for identifying priorities for further activities and launching new<br />
programmes.<br />
6.0 CHALLENGES TO REDUCE EXTREME POVERTY<br />
It is worth mentioning here that reducing extreme poverty especially for the rural<br />
poor is not an easy task. Sometime interventions may aggravate the problem.<br />
There case examples where pesticides were supplied and instead of enhancing<br />
9 DISCUSSION PAPER: Capacity Building Assistance for Chemical Safety: A Perspective of<br />
Donor Institutions and Development Assistance Agencies. Prepared through the IFCS<br />
Forum Standing Committee,<br />
http://www.who.int/ifcs/documents/saicm/donor_persp_en.pdf , (accessed 14 March<br />
2005)<br />
121
productivity, it wiped out the crop, case example “MATOKE”. Of course the<br />
reasons for such adverse effect may be many, but definitely, lack of knowledge<br />
on the proper use of such chemical could have played a role. Therefore, it is only<br />
through articulation of the challenges proper interventions may be put in place.<br />
The NSGRP provides a detailed analysis of the challenges to be overcome in<br />
order to eradicate poverty. The challenges are discussed under the following<br />
sub-headings:<br />
6.1 Income Poverty<br />
As mentioned earlier, the proportion of the population below the national food<br />
poverty line is 18.7 percent and that below the national basic needs poverty line<br />
is 35.7 percent. The majority poor people i.e. 87% live in rural areas and is<br />
highest among households who depend on agriculture. <strong>Tanzania</strong> has been<br />
experiencing a low average per capita real economic growth of only 0.6 percent<br />
annually over a ten-year period. The current impressive economic growth of<br />
about 6.0% is due to faster growth in manufacturing, construction, mining and<br />
quarrying as well as wholesale, retail and hotels, not in agriculture, which<br />
employ the majority of poor.<br />
Agriculture is the lead sector in the <strong>Tanzania</strong>n economy accounting for 45<br />
percent of GDP and about 60 percent of export earnings. Agriculture is the<br />
source of food and raw materials for industries. It also provides livelihoods to 82<br />
percent of the population. Major constraints to agriculture sector growth and<br />
productivity include low productivity of land, labour and production inputs;<br />
underdeveloped irrigation potential; limited capital and access to financial<br />
services; inadequate agricultural technical support services; poor rural<br />
infrastructure; infestations and outbreaks of crop and animal pests and<br />
diseases; erosion of natural resource base and environmental degradation. In<br />
order to benefit the poor majority, promotion of agricultural sector is essential,<br />
and this may inevitably mean increased use of pesticides and fertilisers, hence<br />
the need for sound management of pesticide use.<br />
6.2 Employment Status<br />
According to the Integrated Labour Force Survey (2001/02) 10 the total labour<br />
force (age 15 years and above) has increased from 11.2 million in 1990/91 to<br />
17.8 million in 2001. This implies that 650,000 new people have been entering<br />
the labour market every year. Wage and salary employment has been expanding<br />
at much lower rate estimated at some 40,000 persons per annum. That leaves<br />
the majority of the new entrants into the labour market entering the labour market<br />
through self-employment largely in agriculture and the informal sector. Again,<br />
agricultural sector need to be promoted in order to solve unemployment<br />
problems and rural-urban migration.<br />
10 URT (2002). Integrated Labour Force Survey<br />
122
6.3 Non-Income Poverty<br />
6.3.1 Education and illiteracy<br />
While there has been a notable increase in primary school enrolments the pace<br />
of transition to secondary schools is low especially for girls. Illiteracy remains<br />
high. About 28.6 percent of <strong>Tanzania</strong>ns cannot read and write in any language.<br />
There is more illiteracy among women (36 percent) than men (20.4 percent). This<br />
state of affairs has significant impact on sound management of chemicals. An<br />
illiterate pesticide user is a potential victim of the pesticide.<br />
6.3.2 Health services<br />
Key obstacles include health care charges, long distances to health facilities,<br />
inadequate and unaffordable transport systems, poor quality of care, weak<br />
exemption and waiver system to the sick who unable to access health care by a<br />
fee, shortage of skilled providers and poor governance and accountability<br />
mechanisms. Poor health adversely affect efforts to eradicate poverty, since the<br />
productive time is lost seeking health services, but also has monetary implication.<br />
The other dimension is that even if the market may have a less toxic pesticide<br />
e.g. X-Pel made from pyrethrums, the poor individual will go for a cheap<br />
alternative which may have more health impacts and hence a poverty spiral.<br />
6.3.3 Survival and nutrition<br />
HIV prevalence rates show a worrying trend, particularly for women of young<br />
age. HIV and AIDS pandemic have a wider implication for other indicators such<br />
as life expectancy. It is also important to note that high rate of infant and child<br />
mortality is due to continuing high prevalence of malaria. As for nutrition,<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> has four nutritional disorders (i) protein energy malnutrition (PEM) (ii)<br />
nutritional anemia (iii) iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and (iv) vitamin A<br />
deficiency (VAD). The challenges include increasing food intake by raising<br />
feeding frequency and consumption of high energy dense foods, increasing<br />
consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are rich in vitamin A and iron,<br />
combating diseases notably malaria and measles, diarrhoea, HIV, intestinal<br />
parasites. These may also have implication on chemical and pesticide use which<br />
require proper sound chemical management.<br />
6.3.4 HIV and AIDS<br />
HIV/AIDS aggravate the health status and future prospects of <strong>Tanzania</strong>ns. It<br />
undermines the foundations of development and attainment of the Millennium<br />
Development Goals and national targets. However, unsound use of chemicals,<br />
drugs in particular aggravates the problem.<br />
123
6.3.5 Water and environmental health<br />
There is a close link between water supply and waterborne diseases such as<br />
cholera, water-based diseases such as bilharzias, malaria and water-washed<br />
diseases such as scabies and trachoma in areas with poor sanitation facilities.<br />
However, the challenge is how to expand water and sanitation services in rural<br />
and urban areas at the same time ensure safe use of chemicals.<br />
6.3.6 Vulnerability<br />
The vulnerable groups which include children, persons with disabilities, youths<br />
(unemployed, youths with unreliable income and female youths), elderly persons,<br />
people living with long illness and HIV and AIDS, women (widows, other women<br />
who are not able to support themselves) and drug addicts and alcoholics. There<br />
seem to be no properly articulated system to assist the vulnerable groups. The<br />
challenge is in developing a comprehensive strategy to address vulnerability and<br />
develop appropriate social protection programmes and support community-based<br />
initiatives towards addressing the factors that put their livelihoods at risk.<br />
7.0 ENVISAGED ROLE OF ALTERNATIVE TO<br />
PESTICIDES<br />
While pesticides have been used and still being used in the agriculture, it is also<br />
important to look at the availability, affordability, health impacts of alternatives to<br />
safeguard the health of users and the environment.<br />
7.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)<br />
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a coordinated use of physical, biological<br />
and cultural controls and least-toxic pest control products and techniques to<br />
prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means with<br />
the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment. Integrated<br />
Pest Management involves the monitoring of pest populations, establishment of<br />
injury levels, modification of habitats (to eliminate sources of food, water,<br />
harborage and entry), utilization of least-toxic controls, keeping of records and<br />
evaluation of performance on an ongoing basis.<br />
Experiences have shown that IPM may actually reduce the amount of pesticides<br />
usage or may promote usage of less toxic pesticide without reducing productivity.<br />
IPM has potential to contribute to the goals of NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs.<br />
124
7.2 Least-Toxic Controls<br />
In this approach Least-toxic chemicals to humans, non-target species and the<br />
environment are used. A range of least toxic pesticides for different pests have<br />
been developed and could be found on websites and IPM text books.<br />
7.3 Biological Controls<br />
Biological controls include the appropriate conservation of pests’ natural<br />
predators, parasites and diseases, and the judicious augmentation of these<br />
species via predator releases, applications of parasites, and inoculations of<br />
diseases.<br />
7.4 Physical Controls<br />
Also pests may be controlled by using physical means which may include:<br />
• Desiccants (diatomaceous earth, silica aerogel)<br />
• Barriers (sticky, band, water)<br />
• Traps (mechanical, glueboard, sticky)<br />
• Environmental manipulation (of temperature, humidity or light)<br />
• Electric currents (electrogun, electric fences and traps)<br />
• Manual removal (nets, lice combs).<br />
7.5 Organic farming<br />
Organic farming promotes non use of synthetic fertiliser and pesticides.<br />
8.0 ENVISAGED SYNERGIES BETWEEN NSGRP, VISION<br />
2025, MDGS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CHEMICALS<br />
CONVENTIONS<br />
From the presentations made on the Chemicals Conventions and FAO Code the<br />
following challenges were observed:<br />
125
• Absence of appropriate Chemicals Policy<br />
• Inadequacies in legislations<br />
• Insufficient human and financial resources<br />
• Lack of information exchange/access at all levels<br />
• Lack of awareness to majority of stakeholders<br />
• Lack of alternatives, innovative solutions and strategies<br />
• Weak infrastructure for management chemicals<br />
• Poor Management of Chemicals and Pesticides to stakeholders<br />
• Low Cooperation, coordination among stakeholders<br />
We have seen also in previous sections that the NSGRP, Vision 2025 and the<br />
MDGs might promote use of pesticide to be able to achieve the goals of the<br />
same. However, with the above challenges if pesticide use is promoted, it may<br />
endanger the human health and the environment and hence increase the poverty<br />
burden to poor communities rather that solving it.<br />
The purpose of this section is to assess the provisions that are contained within<br />
chemicals conventions, and potential for integrating/mainstreaming the same to<br />
achieve both i.e. implementation of chemicals convention and hence protecting<br />
human health and assist in the efforts to eradicate poverty through promotion of<br />
safe use of pesticides, including non-pesticide alternatives.<br />
8.1 Basel Convention<br />
The key objectives of the Basel Convention are:<br />
• To minimize the generation, treat and dispose of hazardous wastes as<br />
close as possible to their source of generation;<br />
• To ensure strict control over the trans-boundary movements of hazardous<br />
wastes and prevention of illegal traffic;<br />
• To prohibit shipments of hazardous wastes to countries lacking the legal,<br />
administrative and technical capacity to manage and dispose of them in<br />
sound manner; and<br />
• To assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition<br />
in management of the hazardous wastes they generate.<br />
Establishing Regional Training and Technology Centres: The overall<br />
objectives for establishing these centres is to strengthen the capacity of<br />
governments of the regions in complying with the technical, legal and institutional<br />
requirements in sound management of hazardous wastes as specified by the<br />
Basel Convention.<br />
126
8.2 Rotterdam Convention<br />
Article 3: Scope of the Convention: It applies to banned or severely restricted<br />
chemicals and severely hazardous pesticide formulations.<br />
Article 4: Designated National Authorities: Requires each Party to designate<br />
one or more national authorities that shall be authorized to act on its behalf in the<br />
performance of the administrative functions required by this Convention<br />
General Provisions: Each Party has obligation to:-<br />
• Facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical, economic and legal<br />
information concerning Annex III chemicals (Article 14);<br />
• Take such measures to establish and strengthen its national<br />
infrastructures and institutions for the effective implementation of this<br />
Convention (Article 15);<br />
• Cooperate in promoting technical assistance to enable implementation<br />
of this Convention taking into account the particular needs of developing<br />
countries and countries with economies in transition (Article 16);<br />
• The COP shall develop and approve procedures and institutional<br />
mechanisms for determining non-compliance with the provisions of this<br />
Convention (Article 17).<br />
8.3 Stockholm Convention<br />
Article 1: Objective- To protect human health and the environment from the<br />
adverse effects of POPs.<br />
Article 5: Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional<br />
production<br />
• Develop Action Plan (regional or sub-regional) and implement it as part of<br />
the national implementation plan for POPs specified in Article 7, designed<br />
to identify, characterize and develop and maintain source inventories and<br />
release estimates, and promote measures including the use of best<br />
available techniques (BATs) and best environmental practices (BEPs).<br />
General provisions<br />
• Develop and implement NIP under the Convention within two years of its<br />
entry into force;<br />
• Facilitate and undertake information exchange on POPs including the<br />
establishment of a NFP;<br />
• Encourage and undertake research and monitoring of POPs and their<br />
alternatives;<br />
General Obligations<br />
• Designate a National Focal Point<br />
• Develop, implement and update an implementation plan<br />
127
• Promote and facilitate a wide range of public information, awareness and<br />
education a measures for policy makers and all stakeholders<br />
• Encourage and, as resources permit, undertake research, development,<br />
monitoring and cooperation on all aspects of POPs and their alternatives<br />
• Report to the COP on:<br />
‣ Measure taken by Party to implement the Convention<br />
‣ Effectiveness of the measure taken<br />
‣ data concerning trade in intentionally produced POPs<br />
Financial & Technical Assistance<br />
• Convention specifications: Developing countries and countries with<br />
economies in transition will need technical and financial assistance.<br />
• Regional and sub-regional centres will be established for capacity building<br />
an transfer of technology Developed countries will provide technical<br />
assistance and new and additional financial resources to meet agreed<br />
full incremental implementation costs.<br />
• Global Environment Facility (GEF) is named as the principle entity of the<br />
interim financial mechanism to handle funding of capacity building and<br />
other related activities<br />
8.4 FAO Code of Conduct<br />
Objective: To establish voluntary standards and shared responsibilities to all<br />
stakeholders with respect to the distribution and use of pesticides (especially<br />
where there is inadequate or no legislation) so as to ensure effective and safe<br />
use of pesticides<br />
Articles 5.1/7.5/8/9.1/10.4: Governments to:<br />
• Implement registration & control scheme<br />
• Do health surveillances, and advise workers<br />
• Establish national poisoning control centres<br />
• Collect & maintain pesticides statistics<br />
• Provide extension advisory services<br />
• Monitor pesticides in foods<br />
• Prohibit Ia and Ib pesticides (if difficult to control)<br />
• License dealers, importers, exporters<br />
• Prohibit repackaging and decanting; especially in food and beverage<br />
containers<br />
• Encourage market driven supply centralized purchase (to minimize stocks)<br />
• Promote/facilitate networks for information exchange<br />
Looking at the provisions above one may see that there synergism, especially in<br />
the area of capacity building, information sharing, research, awareness raising,<br />
128
coordination. Most important some Conventions have provisions for financial and<br />
technical assistance while others do not have. Which means a holistic, multistakeholder<br />
approach and integration of activities of chemical Conventions make<br />
take advantage of each other. Looking at the objectives and obligations of the<br />
Convention, it is easy to relate the goals of NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs to<br />
the Chemicals Conventions. Through mainstreaming of implementation of<br />
chemical conventions in these activities may enhance the implementation of the<br />
same. Therefore, the implementation of Chemical Conventions need to be<br />
internalised into national development priorities for sustainable development.<br />
9.0 CONCLUSION<br />
• Chemicals conventions and national development initiatives such as<br />
NSGRP, have many commonalities and opportunities for synergies in both<br />
their implementation and related capacity building activities.<br />
• Coordinated and integrated implementation provides crucial elements for<br />
sustainable sound management of pesticides use and chemicals in<br />
general.<br />
• It is therefore important to foster synergy of these Chemical Conventions<br />
at national level by internalising them in national development initiatives<br />
and utilizing the available opportunities provided by each Convention.<br />
• Cooperation and collaboration in related programmes and projects will<br />
enable <strong>Tanzania</strong> develop a strong information base for informed decision<br />
making and foster complementarities in national actions and hence<br />
maximize use of available meagre resources.<br />
10. RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
In order to internalise and mainstream implementation of chemicals Convention<br />
into national priorities for poverty reduction and sustainable development, there is<br />
a need for capacity building with the following key elements:<br />
• Ownership involving stakeholders from the beginning;<br />
• Integration and taking full account of ongoing actions;<br />
• Cross-sectoral harmonization between donors and recipients;<br />
• Increased use of modern technology and communication; and<br />
• Development of new forms of cooperation such as decentralized cooperation<br />
among local authorities.<br />
• Information-sharing.<br />
Furthermore it is recommended that:<br />
• Proposals for chemical safety projects must be logically connected to the<br />
national strategies for sustainable development of the our country, referring to<br />
Agenda 21, the WSSD Plan of Action, the Millennium Development Goals,<br />
and other relevant international instruments and declarations.<br />
129
• The activities addressing chemical safety should be mainstreamed more<br />
readily with ongoing development assistance programmes and projects.<br />
• The chemical safety issues should be integrated in programmes/projects<br />
rather than being developed and implemented separately.<br />
• Indicators should be developed that both provide information on the effects of<br />
chemical safety interventions linked to sustainable development goals, and<br />
allow effect monitoring, i.e. tracking and reporting on the progress towards<br />
achieving results on the ground and ultimately the sustainable development<br />
goals.<br />
• Progress in capacity building for chemical safety should be assessed using<br />
measurable indicators.<br />
130
Introduction<br />
PESTICIDE AND POVERTY:<br />
<strong>Multi</strong>stakeholder mapping<br />
Bashiru Abdul<br />
AGENDA<br />
• <strong>Stakeholder</strong> mapping was first crucial<br />
activity for the Pesticide and poverty<br />
project.<br />
• The involvement of each and every<br />
stakeholder is clearly connected with a<br />
role they play in respect to the<br />
implementation of the Chemical<br />
Conventions in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
1<br />
2<br />
<strong>Stakeholder</strong>s identification<br />
• <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s were identified from their involvement in<br />
other national activities such as Stockholm<br />
Convention-National Implementation Plans (NIPs),<br />
the ASP, National Chemical Profiles of IFCS, and<br />
others<br />
• <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s include<br />
• Convention focal points, regulators and other relevant<br />
government authorities, representatives of NGOs and<br />
civil society organisations working in rural areas or public<br />
health, representatives of key industries.<br />
• <strong>Stakeholder</strong>s for the Pesticide and Poverty project<br />
are those whose view points, information, expertise,<br />
and mandates are important for effectively<br />
implementation of the Chemical Convention and<br />
Aim of the mapping<br />
• The main aim of the mapping exercise is<br />
to identify all actors involved in pesticide<br />
management, including obsolete<br />
pesticides, including government, public<br />
interest community organisations and<br />
other non-government actors within<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
Processes in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
3<br />
4<br />
Specific Objectives of the mapping<br />
• To details ongoing relevant initiatives in <strong>Tanzania</strong>:<br />
what is working positively and what is preventing<br />
change<br />
• To identify different activities implemented by<br />
stakeholders<br />
• To devise means how the project could assist the<br />
stakeholder’s interests.<br />
• To identify gaps and who could be taking<br />
responsibility<br />
• To enhance collaboration and ensure maximum<br />
value for core stakeholders.<br />
• To provide possible synergies between different<br />
national activities<br />
Methodology<br />
• Literature review of both print and electronic<br />
reports eg. National Profile, ASP, NIP etc<br />
• Contacting Institutions/organizations working<br />
on Chemical Management, and chemical<br />
conventions focal points;<br />
• Asking a limited set of well-connected<br />
stakeholders to draw up lists of other possible<br />
stakeholders;<br />
• Inputs from participants of the multistakeholder<br />
meeting<br />
• The guideline with a set of questions was<br />
sent out for the workshop participant to fill in<br />
5<br />
6<br />
131
Pesticide Use and Exposure<br />
DAMAGE CAUSED BY PESTICIDES<br />
• Pesticides (active ingredients) have for long time<br />
being used in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
– to protect crops (mostly cash crops), livestock, buildings and<br />
housing from damage caused by insect pests<br />
• The contribution of pesticides use in increasing<br />
agricultural production and reducing vectorborne<br />
diseases has generally been appreciated,<br />
concern over their harmful effects on man and<br />
environment has only recently gained attention<br />
• The effects of pesticides<br />
• Some banned pesticides if are still used in <strong>Tanzania</strong>. In<br />
order to set control measures information on the<br />
pesticides at any level.<br />
7<br />
• Few preliminary studies conducted in different<br />
areas indicated adversely effects of the<br />
pesticides used in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
– case studies conducted TPRI in 1997 on the effects of organochlorines in birds<br />
and agro-ecosystem of maize showed residues of organochlorines in the range<br />
of 0.001 – 1.45 ng/g (Ijani et al (TPRI, 1997).<br />
– studies conducted by NEMC/KISHIMBA/AGENDA at Vikuge indicate a high level<br />
of contamination in soil and water, AGENDA is working on the proposal with<br />
UNIDO (VIENNA) for medical testing – monitor milk and blood from the area.<br />
– study conducted by ENVIROCARE in Kilimanjaro areas<br />
• No specific programs designed to study effects<br />
of pesticides to human and wildlife population,<br />
hence the extent of the problem is not known<br />
8<br />
Major Concerns<br />
• Lack of an appropriate pesticide control legislation<br />
and lack of a modern pesticides approval/registration<br />
procedure e.g Mr. Akabuhaya Presentation<br />
• High rates of illiteracy and inability to read complex<br />
label instructions<br />
• Use of labels in foreign languages<br />
• Lack of monitoring of pollutants (e.g. in food, drinking<br />
water and working environment)<br />
• Easy access to acutely toxic substances (e.g. to<br />
commit suicide) e.g Chief Government Chemists data<br />
• Lack of capacity (manpower and financial resources)<br />
to advise on and enforce national laws, approved<br />
codes of conduct, etc.<br />
• Lack of information provision and awareness raising<br />
aiming at the small enterprise level (e.g. farms) on<br />
rational storage, handling, use of pesticides and<br />
disposal of waste pesticides and empty containers<br />
9<br />
Major Concern Cont…<br />
Virtual impossibility of wearing protective clothing in<br />
hot and humid climates<br />
Absence of medical facilities and no access to<br />
antidotes<br />
Poor information provisions leading to a lack of<br />
knowledge about risks involved<br />
Use of cheap, often more dangerous substances and<br />
faulty equipment<br />
Inadequate management and storage of obsolete<br />
stocks and used packaging materials<br />
Lack of facilities for proper waste management.<br />
10<br />
Several local and individual conditions and malpractices<br />
aggravate the situation for the end user:<br />
National Pesticide Risk Reduction Initiatives<br />
• Excessive use or misuse of hazardous chemical<br />
substances<br />
• Use of acutely toxic substances without adequate safety<br />
measures<br />
• Inappropriate use of pesticides (e.g. to catch fish)<br />
• Failure to use protective clothing<br />
• Lack of clean water for washing<br />
• Inability to afford protective clothing or equipment<br />
• Mixing of hazardous chemicals by hand<br />
• Re-use of pesticide containers for food or water storage<br />
• Use of beverage containers (bottles) for pesticide<br />
storage<br />
• Lack of care when transporting or handling chemical<br />
Law Currently Regulating hazardous Chemicals<br />
• Environmental Management Act (NEMA) 2004 - Hazardous<br />
chemical management is covered in the Act, parts V, VI, VIII and IX.<br />
• The Industrial and Consumer chemicals (management & control) Act<br />
2003; Section 10(h) states specifically that one responsibility of the<br />
Chief Government Chemist, as the Registrar of Chemicals is to<br />
conduct public educational campaigns on sound management of<br />
Chemicals.<br />
• The occupational health and safety Act, 2002; The Plant Protection<br />
Act 1997 and regulations of 1999; The pharmaceuticals and poisons<br />
Act of 1978 and the Petroleum exploration and production Act 1980;<br />
the Public Health Ordinance (1954); National Water Act of 1974 and<br />
its amendments of 1981, 1987 and 2000; the TPRI Act 1979 and its<br />
regulations of 1984; The National Industrial Licensing and<br />
Registration Act (1967),<br />
IPM in <strong>Tanzania</strong> (1992 – 2003)<br />
substances.<br />
11<br />
12<br />
132
Registration and Control<br />
• Responsibility for approval and registration of agricultural<br />
pesticides is given by law to the Ministry of Agriculture and<br />
Food Security and the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute<br />
(TPRI). A board takes the formal registration decisions.<br />
• TPRI’s responsibility includes also pesticide use directives,<br />
permits, quality control of pesticides (formulation analyses), and<br />
training activities.<br />
• TPRI, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, and regional<br />
research stations have the main responsibility for applied<br />
research regarding pesticide use<br />
• The National maximum limits for pesticide residues in food are<br />
established by Bureau of Standards and TPRI. Food residues are<br />
monitored by TPRI, <strong>Tanzania</strong> Bureau of Standards, the<br />
Government Chemist and the National Food Control Commission<br />
in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
• Quality control of pesticide products (formulation analysis) is<br />
Focal Points for Information Dissemination and<br />
International Liaison<br />
• National focal points for the Intergovernmental Forum on<br />
Chemical Safety (IFCS) is the Factories Inspectorate<br />
(Ministry of Labour and Youth Development) in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
• <strong>Tanzania</strong> also has a Poisons Centre, which is the<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong> Drug and Toxicology Information Service<br />
(TADATIS).<br />
• <strong>Tanzania</strong> has a national association of pesticide<br />
manufacturers and importers which is the Agrochemical<br />
Association of <strong>Tanzania</strong> (AAT).CropLife<br />
• POPs focal points for liaison with UNEP Chemicals’<br />
persistent organic pollutants programme: Division of<br />
Environment (Vice President’s Office), Cleaner<br />
Production Centre of <strong>Tanzania</strong>, and Department of Plant<br />
Protection (Ministry of Agriculture and food Security).<br />
performed by TPRI in <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
13<br />
14<br />
Table:<br />
NGOs and Trade Unions<br />
• ENVIROCARE<br />
• AGENDA for Environment and<br />
Responsible Development (AGENDA)<br />
• <strong>Tanzania</strong> Plantation and Agricultural<br />
Workers Union (TPAWU)<br />
• LEAT<br />
• TAWLAE<br />
• ASP (T) Network (capacity)<br />
15<br />
NGO Activities<br />
• Research on the pesticides<br />
• Awareness raising materials including brochures,<br />
news articles, leaflets, facts sheets preparation and<br />
dissemination to different stakeholders in both English<br />
and Kiswahili<br />
• Presentation of study reports to communities and<br />
other national stakeholders<br />
• Presentation of the solution and study reports at<br />
different fora<br />
• Holding workshops, press conferences and interviews<br />
with media<br />
• Production and release of newsletter on general<br />
chemical management and alternatives among other<br />
issues<br />
• Training of Trainers<br />
16<br />
International Agencies<br />
International Convention Status<br />
• Food and Agriculture Organisation<br />
of the United Nations (FAO)<br />
• Intergovernmental Forum on<br />
Chemical Safety (IFCS)<br />
• UNEP<br />
• UNDP and<br />
• World Bank,<br />
• The <strong>Stakeholder</strong> Convention<br />
• The Rotterdam Convention<br />
• The Basel Convention<br />
• The Bamako Convention<br />
• International Code of Conduct (FAO Code)<br />
17<br />
18<br />
133
Options for Collaborative Initiatives<br />
to Reduce Pesticide Exposure<br />
•<br />
19<br />
134
THE ASP AND CIVIL SOCIETY<br />
• The ASP - What it is<br />
It is an international initiative to address the<br />
problem of obsolete stocks in Africa<br />
. It aims at clearing obsolete stocks (estimated<br />
to be 50,000 tonnes) and put in place<br />
preventive measures<br />
The ASP - What it is cont’d<br />
Guiding principles:<br />
- Attainment of basic sustainable development<br />
criteria<br />
- Country driven process<br />
- Conjunction with existing activities<br />
- Prevention of future accumulation<br />
- Compliancy with international standards –<br />
destruction technologies<br />
- <strong>Multi</strong> - stakeholder Approach<br />
1<br />
2<br />
The ASP - What it is cont’d<br />
The implementation process<br />
- A phased – long approach, at least 3 phases<br />
spread over 12 – 15 yrs<br />
- First phase of 3 years to be implemented<br />
through strategic partnership involving multiple<br />
stakeholders<br />
- Phase I: Botswana, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire,<br />
Ethiopia, Morocco, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia,<br />
Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia<br />
& <strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
3<br />
The ASP - What it is cont’d<br />
Funding<br />
• GEF USD 25 million approved by GEF<br />
Council in October 2002<br />
• Co Funding: GEF commitment was made on<br />
understanding that USD 45 million will be<br />
contributed by governments aid agencies, the<br />
private sector, and other donors and that<br />
participating countries will ratify the<br />
Stockholm Convention. The WB has the lead<br />
role in raising co – fund.<br />
4<br />
The ASP - What it is cont’d<br />
• By 2003, about ¾ of co – financing for Phase I<br />
was committed by Bilateral Aid Agencies, EU &<br />
CLI (though CropLife is yet to honor its<br />
commitment).<br />
• Cost of waste destruction estaimated at USD<br />
3,500 per tonne.<br />
5<br />
The ASP - What it is cont’d<br />
ASP PARTNERS<br />
Africa Union (fadaybojang@yahoo.com)<br />
CropLife International (chris.waller@obstocks.co.uk)<br />
Economic Commission for Africa (ktutu@uneca.org)<br />
FAO (davis.mark@fao.org<br />
GEF (Igranier@worldbank.org)<br />
NEPAD (hesphinar@nepad.org<br />
PAN-Africa (abouthiam@pan-africa.sn)<br />
PAN-UK<br />
Basel Secretariat (pierre.portas@unep.ch)<br />
UNEP (mgubb@chemicals.unep.ch)<br />
UNIDO (meisa@unido.org<br />
UNITAR (craig.boljkovac@unitar.org<br />
6<br />
135
The ASP - What it is cont’d<br />
• World Bank<br />
(jperumalpillaires@worldbank.org)<br />
• WHO (besbellin@who.int)<br />
• WWF (clifton.curtis@wwfus.org)<br />
The ASP - What it is cont’d<br />
COUNTRY PARTICIPATION<br />
• Ownership: countries will have to demonstrate<br />
ownership of, and commitment to the objectives of<br />
the programme<br />
• Collaboration with other stakeholders<br />
• Preparation: assessment or inventory of the scale<br />
and scope of the problem<br />
• Prevention – regulation, extension advice, policies,<br />
import controls.<br />
• Participation in international initiatives – POPs, PIC,<br />
Basel, International Dangerous Goods Maritime<br />
Code, Bamako<br />
7<br />
8<br />
136
Coordination of NGOs<br />
• Use existing structures<br />
• Confirm involvement of ASP NGO forum<br />
• They should elect a representative for the<br />
<strong>Stakeholder</strong> forum<br />
• They should coordinate the identification of<br />
NGO partners<br />
22<br />
Coordination of NGOs<br />
Integration of NGOs<br />
• They should work in close cooperation /<br />
consultation with the PMU<br />
• They remain independent as far as possible<br />
• M&E must be totally independent<br />
• Involvement must be encouraged<br />
• Integration into the Task Team must be<br />
seemless<br />
• Will require planning on both sides<br />
• First step appoint NGO Focal Point<br />
23<br />
24<br />
137
Integration of NGOs<br />
Summary<br />
• Must then review members<br />
• Identify key NGOs at national and zonal level<br />
• Identify partner NGO for each role<br />
• Must avoid potential conflict of interest<br />
– NGO for M&E can’t also be involved in inventory<br />
• Statement to be included in the country plan<br />
for inventory<br />
• End users have a role<br />
• Civil society has a role<br />
• NGOs have a number of potential roles<br />
• All involvement based on comparative<br />
advantage<br />
• Must be linked to competence<br />
• Must be coordinated and integrated into the<br />
task<br />
25<br />
26<br />
138
How International Agreements Can<br />
Prevent Local Pesticide Problems:<br />
A Consolidated Guide to the Chemical Codes & Conventions<br />
Gretta Goldenman<br />
Pesticides and Poverty <strong>Multi</strong>-<strong>Stakeholder</strong> Workshop<br />
Dar es Salaam, 3 - 5.08.2005<br />
Ecosphere & its connection to PAN<br />
• European Centre on Sustainable Policies on Human<br />
& Environmental Rights<br />
• Founded two years ago in Brussels as a think tank<br />
• Organised workshop with PAN UK in London when<br />
the Rotterdam Convention came into force, & again<br />
in Brussels for coming into force of the Stockholm<br />
Convention<br />
• Several founding members with very close ties to<br />
PAN (Abou Thiam, Marc Pallemaerts, Catherine<br />
Wattiez, Gretta Goldenman)<br />
1<br />
2<br />
My connection to PAN<br />
Objectives for the Consolidated Guide<br />
• 1981 – Circle of Poison published by Institute for Food &<br />
Development Policy in San Francisco<br />
• 1982 – founding of PAN by representatives from around the<br />
world at meeting in Penang, Malaysia; helped set up PAN NA<br />
• 1986 – helped PAN Asia/Pacific monitor pesticide use in SE<br />
Asia; wrote first edition of Citizens Guide to FAO Code<br />
• 1987 – lobbying at FAO Conference for principle of PIC<br />
• 1988 – second edition of Citizens Guide to FAO Code<br />
• 1999-2005 – support for PAN Europe’s PURE (Pesticide Use<br />
Reduction in Europe) campaign<br />
• To increase understanding of the Chemical Codes &<br />
Conventions and their processes<br />
• To provide a practical guide for countries still building<br />
chemicals management capacity<br />
• To ease the burden of implementation by simplifying<br />
obligations and highlighting synergies<br />
• To create new opportunities for collaboration between NGOs<br />
& government for joint strengthening of the regulatory regime<br />
for controlling hazardous pesticides<br />
3<br />
4<br />
Timetable<br />
• September 2005 – first draft to PAN UK & PAN<br />
Africa partners for local consultation & feedback<br />
• Oct, Nov, Dec 2005 – 3 month period for testing<br />
• December 2005 – revision of draft Guide on basis of<br />
comments received<br />
• Jan 2006 – peer review by international agencies &<br />
regulators<br />
• March 2006 – revision of draft Guide on basis of<br />
peer review comments<br />
• April, May, June 2006 – local implementation of the<br />
Guide, by PAN Africa partners<br />
5<br />
Outline of the Consolidated Guide<br />
1. Introduction: Why a Consolidated Guide?<br />
2. How to Use the Guide<br />
3. An Overview of the Codes & Conventions Covered<br />
4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions to Prevent<br />
Pesticide Problems<br />
5. Checklists for Implementation<br />
6. Phasing in the International Chemicals Requirements<br />
7. Where to Get Assistance for National Efforts<br />
Annex: Source Guide<br />
6<br />
139
2. How to use the Guide<br />
This section will provide suggestions for:<br />
• Government officials<br />
• The pesticide industry, including commercial users<br />
• Farmers & agricultural workers<br />
• The public health community<br />
• Community groups, including environmental NGOs<br />
• Journalists<br />
3. Overview of the Codes & Conventions<br />
• Brief history of development of international legal<br />
agreements on chemicals management, including pesticides<br />
• FAO Code of Conduct, UNEP London Guidelines<br />
• Agenda 21, Chapter 19 -- Global Harmonised<br />
System (GHS)<br />
• General chemical safety efforts (Intergovernmental Forum<br />
for Chemical Safety, GHS, SAICM, UN Recommendations<br />
on Transport of Dangerous Goods)<br />
• Management of chemical pesticides in particular<br />
– FAO Code of Conduct<br />
– Draft WHO Guidelines on the Management of Public<br />
Health Pesticides<br />
7<br />
8<br />
3. Overview of the Codes & Conventions<br />
[continued]<br />
• Restrictions on specific chemical pesticides<br />
– Rotterdam (PIC)<br />
– Stockholm (POPs)<br />
– Montreal Protocol (e.g. methyl bromide)<br />
• Controls over import/export/transport of waste<br />
– Basel<br />
– Bamako<br />
• Protection of workers (ILO Chemicals Convention,<br />
Convention on Agricultural Workers)<br />
• Protection of biodiversity (Biosafety, Ramsar Protocol)<br />
• Food safety (Codex?)<br />
4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions (1)<br />
This section will be a type of operational guide<br />
• Core obligations / scope<br />
• Designation of competent authorities (importance of<br />
cooperating nationally, regionally)<br />
• Basic chemicals management requirements<br />
– Assessment & classification of chemicals (GHS, Code)<br />
– Data collection / register<br />
– Hazard communication (GHS labelling, safety data<br />
sheets)<br />
9<br />
10<br />
4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions (2)<br />
4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions (3)<br />
• Basic requirements for safe management of pesticides<br />
– Information on pesticide efficacy, hazards & risks, etc.<br />
– System for authorisation & de-authorisation [e.g. bans]<br />
of pesticides<br />
– Trained users (e.g. through agricultural extension)<br />
– Tracking of impacts from use (monitoring)<br />
• Protection against unwanted trade (imports/exports)<br />
– Basel & Rotterdam Conventions<br />
– International Customs Codes<br />
• Controls over manufacturing/formulation, distribution/sales<br />
– ‘Responsible Care’ & BAT in manufacturing/formulat’n<br />
– Phase-outs of production & release of POPs (Stockholm)<br />
– Packaging & labelling, including in transit (UN RTDG)<br />
– Advertising; information delivered at point of sale<br />
• Controls against improper use<br />
– Best Environmental Practice (BEP), incl. vector control<br />
– IPM / ICM & Good Agricultural Practice<br />
– Farm-level recordkeeping / reporting<br />
– Replacement & alternatives<br />
11<br />
12<br />
140
4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions (4)<br />
• Protection of workers’ health<br />
– Information to & training of workers<br />
– Right to protective clothing & safety equipment<br />
– Right to say no to unsafe practices<br />
• Controls over obsolete pesticides & other chemicals waste<br />
– Management & disposal of stockpiles<br />
– Clean-up of contaminated sites<br />
• Protection of environmental quality<br />
– Monitoring<br />
– Taking regulatory & other measures when needed<br />
4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions (5)<br />
• Inspection and enforcement<br />
– At the borders & at the point of manufacture<br />
– In the marketplace<br />
– Sanctions<br />
• Information exchange<br />
– Regulatory transparency (e.g. publication of list of<br />
pesticides awaiting approval)<br />
– Monitoring of compliance<br />
– Reporting to international fora<br />
• <strong>Stakeholder</strong> involvement<br />
– Access to information<br />
– Public participation<br />
13<br />
14<br />
5. Checklists for Implementation<br />
• Legal & admin. structures for basic chemicals management<br />
• Legal & admin. structures for safe management of pesticides<br />
• Legal & admin. structures for preventing unwanted trade<br />
• Controls over manufacturing / formulation<br />
• …<br />
• Technical capacity<br />
– Chemicals assessment capacity<br />
– etc.<br />
• Information disclosure; right to know<br />
Outline of the Consolidated Guide<br />
1. Introduction: Why a Consolidated Guide?<br />
2. How to Use the Guide<br />
3. An Overview of the Codes & Conventions Covered<br />
4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions to Prevent<br />
Pesticide Problems<br />
5. Checklists for Implementation<br />
6. Phasing in the International Chemicals Requirements<br />
7. Where to Get Assistance for National Efforts<br />
Annex: Source Guide<br />
15<br />
16<br />
How will the Guide be available?<br />
• Drafts will be sent in electronic form<br />
• Final version will be<br />
– posted on the project website<br />
– published as a manual<br />
– translated into French & Spanish<br />
17<br />
141
Pesticides and poverty workshop: implementing<br />
the conventions to address pesticide hazards and<br />
promote sustainable alternatives to address<br />
poverty and livelihoods<br />
Community Pesticide Monitoring for Community<br />
Empowerment<br />
What is Community<br />
Monitoring?<br />
is a systematic method of participatory<br />
action documentation on the impact of<br />
pesticides on health and the environment<br />
at the community level by the community<br />
Bashiru Abdul<br />
AGENDA<br />
8/23/2005 1<br />
8/23/2005 2<br />
Why community Monitoring<br />
1. If there have been complains of health problems in<br />
the community.<br />
2. If huge amounts of pesticides are used and there is a<br />
high frequency of spray operations.<br />
3. If there may be serious pesticide poisoning incidents.<br />
4. If there may be pesticides used that have been<br />
banned in other countries.e.g DDT use<br />
5. If there may be pesticides used that are suspected to<br />
cause chronic effects.<br />
6. Presence of stockpiles<br />
7. To fill the information gap. Data<br />
Objectives of Community Pesticide<br />
Action Monitoring are:<br />
1) To empower communities to tackle the hazards of<br />
pesticides.<br />
2) To ensure safe food and foods free from pesticides.<br />
3) To build a consensus to eliminate the health and<br />
environmental hazards of pesticides.<br />
4) To counter the influence of agrochemical and seed<br />
company in order to benefit small-scale farmers in<br />
<strong>Tanzania</strong>.<br />
5) Support and promote the development of ecological,<br />
locally appropriate agriculture, which brings food<br />
security and other benefits.<br />
8/23/2005 3<br />
8/23/2005 4<br />
Ethics of monitoring<br />
Prior informed consent of communities<br />
Must be participatory<br />
Must benefit community<br />
Responsible and accountable to communities<br />
Ownership of monitoring information is with the<br />
communities,<br />
Capacity to meet consequences - Provide<br />
support to community if needed - medical or<br />
legal support<br />
Methodology of Monitoring<br />
1. People-centred approach / community-centred approach<br />
such as<br />
consultative approach<br />
community helps design and conduct study<br />
community involved in developing in strategies and actions<br />
organising an important component<br />
2. Methodology is part of the process of empowerment<br />
3. Gender balance with gender perspective<br />
4. Shares alternatives including organic agriculture<br />
8/23/2005 5<br />
8/23/2005 6<br />
142
CPAM MONITORING TOOLS<br />
1. Community Pesticide Action Kits - CPAK<br />
*Note: CPAK is a series of CBM modules prepared by Pesticide Action Network<br />
Asia and the Pacific.<br />
2. Survey-based interviews using a standard questionnaire<br />
3. Documentation of observations (those not included in the<br />
questionnaire)<br />
4. Survey of socio-economic situation and gender positioning<br />
5. Promote self-surveillance amongst the community<br />
6. Testing of pesticide poisoning and medical investigation<br />
7. Pesticide poisoning documentation<br />
8. Constant involvement, feedback and consultation with the<br />
community<br />
Formation of the PQRST<br />
• PQRST is Pesticide Quick Response and<br />
Surveillance Team<br />
• Highly trained anti-pesticide advocates who<br />
are able to respond to reports of adverse<br />
events related to pesticides within a<br />
reasonable period of time<br />
• The purpose of PQRST is to - provide a support<br />
mechanism to communities which are likely to be<br />
victims of pesticide poisoning<br />
8/23/2005 7<br />
8/23/2005 8<br />
Functions of the PQRST<br />
• to determine the veracity of the report<br />
• gather relevant data<br />
• properly document the incident/ adverse event<br />
• make an initial evaluation the association of the<br />
observed adverse event and pesticide exposure<br />
• undertake initial response measures and make<br />
appropriate recommendations for further action<br />
Community PQRST<br />
• To be established in community areas participating in<br />
CPAM. The local participating organisation shall identify<br />
qualified members for the team.<br />
• At least 3 members:<br />
1. with training on community health work, including<br />
administering first aid to poisoning cases<br />
2. One with experience as coordinator or community<br />
organiser, acts mainly as liaison officer<br />
3. Support staff, acts mainly as documenter.<br />
• The team members should have undergone CPAM training<br />
• Specific tasks shall be defined by the team members in<br />
consultation with the CPAM participating organisation<br />
8/23/2005 9<br />
8/23/2005 10<br />
HEALTH MODULE<br />
• MODULE PREPARATION<br />
• PAN AP<br />
Case studies<br />
• Women workers in agriculture sector<br />
• Women pesticide sprayers<br />
• Food poisoning cases involving children<br />
• Children's exposure to pesticide<br />
• Identifying most common health effect of pesticide suffered by the<br />
people (e.g. skin diseases etc)<br />
• Farm worker's have problems with supervisor<br />
Illustration<br />
• Keep an eye out - local agricultural activity scene<br />
• Gathering of local workers<br />
8/23/2005 11<br />
8/23/2005 12<br />
143
ENVIRONMENT MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
• Death of pets/reared animals because of consuming pesticide<br />
contaminated food and/or water<br />
• Land right issues - agricultural land converted to other uses<br />
• Pesticide eradication of natural predators and beneficial/native<br />
insect species<br />
• Floriculture and pesticide exposure<br />
• Lack of insects/animal in floriculture area as compared to natural<br />
farming area<br />
• Loss of biodiversity - identify lost of indigenous plant species<br />
• Effects of DDT on the environment<br />
• Genetic Engineering crops in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• ………….. continue<br />
8/23/2005 13<br />
ENVIRONMENT MODULE<br />
Illustration<br />
• Local scene of healthy natural farmland and pesticide<br />
using farms<br />
• Insert in pesticide using farm pictures of different ways<br />
of using pesticide (e.g. manual spraying, aerial<br />
spraying etc)<br />
• Local workers engaged in spraying<br />
• Local farm/ agriculture land<br />
• Flow chart of pesticide destruction on the local<br />
ecosystem (death cycle of local species)<br />
• Lack of insects/animal in floriculture area as compared<br />
to natural farming area<br />
8/23/2005 14<br />
INDUSTRY MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
• Identify the Transnational Cooperation's in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• Local farmers and TNCs<br />
• To identify seeds sold by TNCs - cotton, etc<br />
• Genetic Engineering in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• Local resistance to Genetic Engineering crops in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• Identify Food related TNCs and their activity<br />
• Contract farming in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• Local/government alliances with the TNC<br />
• Dumping of Genetic Engineering food as food aid<br />
Illustration<br />
• Misleading information/advertisement on pesticide<br />
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE<br />
MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
• IPM success story in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• Farmer conversion from chemical based farming to natural<br />
practices (e.g. organic, alternative pest management APM etc)<br />
• IPM and government policies in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• Local examples/traditional practices of alternative pest<br />
management (APM)<br />
• Local cultural methods of pest control<br />
• Crop rotation and other farming systems practiced in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
8/23/2005 15<br />
8/23/2005 16<br />
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE<br />
MODULE<br />
Illustration<br />
• Local examples/traditional practices of alternative pest<br />
management (APM)<br />
• Local cultural methods of pest control<br />
• Crop rotation and other farming systems practiced in<br />
Africa<br />
PLANTATION MODULE<br />
Case studies<br />
• Health problems of workers<br />
• Growth and development of the local plantation sector<br />
• Plantation systems and practices in <strong>Tanzania</strong><br />
• Uses of pesticides and types of pesticide<br />
• Poisoning of plantation workers<br />
• Misconduct by the management<br />
• Issues/problems faced by women<br />
• Local law for workers<br />
• Local NGOs/organizations that deal with workers union/problems<br />
Illustration<br />
• Protective clothing provided by the management<br />
• Common symptoms of pesticides<br />
8/23/2005 17<br />
8/23/2005 18<br />
144
AGENDA Experience<br />
• Visits the village and discussed with the farmers<br />
• Most villagers thought that pesticides are the cause of their<br />
health problem and death to their relatives<br />
• Visits health centre to get names of affected individuals<br />
• Identify the relationship between how the pesticides were<br />
used<br />
• Most people are willing to talk about pesticide.<br />
• It is likely that the communities would be keen to<br />
collaborate<br />
• All fish disappeared from the river.<br />
• Reporting back to the community<br />
8/23/2005 19<br />
145
PESTICIDES AND POVERTY<br />
WHAT IS ECOTOXICOLOGY?<br />
ECOTOXICOLOGY: MONITORING<br />
THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDES<br />
Yahya Msangi / Silvani Mng’anya<br />
August 2005<br />
• Relatively a new discipline<br />
• Combines 3 disciplines: chemistry, toxicology,<br />
ecology<br />
• The science is not yet sufficiently developed to<br />
allow accurate predictions but methodological<br />
frameworks & databases are available and these<br />
can assist in risk assessment<br />
• Risk assessment is a TOOL that provide useful<br />
assistance in decision making<br />
• Involves a team of people & range of equipment<br />
1<br />
2<br />
RISK ASSESSMENT<br />
• Predictive exercise about a change or an<br />
intervention (such as pesticide use) that is based on<br />
scientific data, judgements and assumptions<br />
• Identifies significant hazard and estimates the<br />
likelihood of harm to individuals or the environment<br />
• Enables decision to be made about ways to reduce<br />
or eliminate risk (risk management)<br />
• Determine objectively the least damaging and<br />
reasonable option<br />
• Balance of risk against benefit must be ascertained<br />
WHY MONITOR THE ECOLOGY?<br />
• The amount of pesticides that actually<br />
reaches the target is frequently small, much<br />
ends in the environment<br />
• The behaviour of pesticides and their<br />
environmental impact has mainly been<br />
studied in temperate climates, need for<br />
studies in tropical climates<br />
• As CSO / NGO we need ecotoxicological<br />
monitoring skills for the ASP<br />
3<br />
4<br />
DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAMME<br />
A. THE AIMS OF AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING<br />
PROGRAMME ARE:<br />
• Assessing pesticide impacts<br />
• Selecting ecological processes or wildlife groups to<br />
monitor<br />
• Selecting appropriate sampling or monitoring<br />
methods<br />
• Processing and analysing the data collected<br />
• Interpreting the information<br />
DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Cont’d<br />
B<br />
STAGES IN DEVELOPING AN ECOLOGICAL<br />
MONITORING PROGRAMME<br />
• PHASE I: PLANNING PHASE & RISK ASSESSMENT<br />
Desk Review<br />
Screening i.e. making hazards more explicit:<br />
? identification of the chemical i.e. the physicochemical<br />
& other properties of the pesticide and its<br />
formulation, including its water / oil solubility,<br />
persistence, and its tendency to bio-accumulate in<br />
soil, water, plant or animal tissue.<br />
5<br />
6<br />
146
DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING<br />
PROGRAMME Cont’d<br />
• The ecology of the area - identification of<br />
affected species - ecological importance<br />
(keystone, significant, less significant), population<br />
status (i.e. endemic, rare, or protected), cultural<br />
importance (Flagship, valued, not significant to any<br />
cultural group), Economic importance (Imperative,<br />
High, Moderate, Low)<br />
• The ecotoxicology of the pesticide in the<br />
same or similar type of environments –<br />
background ecotoxicology studies<br />
• The magnitude of exposure - dose/rate, duration,<br />
timing<br />
7<br />
8<br />
Factors for consideration in assessing the need to monitor potential<br />
tial<br />
impacts on wildlife<br />
Population Status Ecological<br />
Cultural Economic Potential<br />
importance Importance Importance Impact<br />
Critically endangered<br />
facing an extremely high<br />
risk of extinction in the<br />
wild in the immediate<br />
future<br />
Endangered facing high<br />
risk of extinction in the<br />
wild in the near future<br />
Vulnerable likely to move<br />
into endangered category<br />
in the medium term future<br />
Near – threatened close<br />
to qualifying as<br />
vulnerable<br />
Rare not at present<br />
vulnerable, but with small<br />
world populations,<br />
therefore at risk<br />
Unthreatened, at no risk of<br />
extension in the medium term<br />
Keystone species<br />
important to the<br />
ecology of many<br />
other species OR<br />
crucial to key eco<br />
processes<br />
Significant, important<br />
to a number of other<br />
species OR to eco<br />
functions<br />
Unimportant, less<br />
significant to species<br />
composition of<br />
habitat & to<br />
ecological functions<br />
Unknown<br />
Flagship -<br />
species which<br />
are well known<br />
& of high<br />
cultural values<br />
Valuedimportant<br />
to<br />
some aspects<br />
of human<br />
culture<br />
Unimportant –<br />
of no<br />
significance to<br />
any major<br />
group<br />
Imperative<br />
High<br />
Moderate<br />
Low<br />
Extinction<br />
Population decline<br />
Adult deaths,<br />
Immature Deaths,<br />
Breeding Failure<br />
Health impairment,<br />
Growth retarded<br />
Physiological<br />
charge,<br />
Behavioural<br />
change<br />
Risk of acute toxicity: 0 = No risk, + = Low risk, ++ = Moderate risk, +++ = High risk, ? = Unknown risks<br />
Pesticide<br />
Group<br />
Organochlori<br />
ne<br />
Organophos<br />
phate<br />
Carbamate<br />
Pyrethroid<br />
IGR –Insect<br />
growth<br />
regulator<br />
Phenyl<br />
pyrazoles<br />
Biologicals<br />
Herbicide<br />
Fungicide<br />
Aquatic<br />
Invertebra<br />
tes<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
0 - +<br />
Amphibians/<br />
Chelonians<br />
+ +<br />
0 - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
0<br />
++ +<br />
0<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
Fish<br />
+ +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+<br />
+ + - + +<br />
+<br />
0<br />
0 - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
Soil<br />
Processe<br />
s<br />
+ +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
Terrestrial<br />
invertebrates<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ + - + + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
0 - + +<br />
Lizards<br />
+ +<br />
0 - + + +<br />
?<br />
+ + - + +<br />
+<br />
0?<br />
+ + +<br />
0<br />
0 - + +<br />
?<br />
Birds<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
0 - + + +<br />
0 - +<br />
0<br />
0 - + + +<br />
0<br />
0 - +<br />
0 - + +<br />
Mammals<br />
+ +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+<br />
0<br />
+ +<br />
0<br />
0 - +<br />
0 - +<br />
Abundant widespread &<br />
common<br />
9<br />
10<br />
Risk by application method<br />
Application<br />
method<br />
Aerial –<br />
exhaust<br />
Aquati<br />
c<br />
invert<br />
ebrate<br />
+ + +<br />
Amphibian<br />
s /<br />
Chelonians<br />
+ + +<br />
Fish<br />
+ + +<br />
Soil<br />
process<br />
es<br />
+ +<br />
Terrestrial<br />
invertebrate<br />
s<br />
+ + +<br />
Reptile<br />
s<br />
+ + +<br />
Birds<br />
+ + +<br />
Mammal<br />
s<br />
+ + +<br />
DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Cont’d<br />
Aerial – ULV<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS<br />
Ground<br />
conventional<br />
Ground – ULV<br />
Fogging<br />
Dusting<br />
Baiting<br />
Granules<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+<br />
0 - +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+ +<br />
+<br />
+<br />
0 - +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ - + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ + +<br />
+ +<br />
+ + +<br />
Formulate the hypothesis based on knowledge<br />
obtained via desk review – it should state the<br />
possible (perceived) impact of the pesticide(s). This<br />
hypothesis should then be turned ‘upside down’ to<br />
produce the ‘null hypothesis’ . Before planning the<br />
fieldwork double check your analysis of the<br />
problem, this may save you from collecting useless<br />
data.<br />
Dips/pour-ons<br />
+<br />
0<br />
0<br />
+ +<br />
+ +<br />
0<br />
0 - + +<br />
0 - +<br />
11<br />
12<br />
147
PHASE II: IMPLEMENTATION PHASE<br />
(FIELD WORK)<br />
• Study design & Site Selection : Use assembled<br />
maps, operational & biological info to position<br />
comparable untreated plots. Consider scale / size,<br />
homogenity of habitat, subject of interest i.e species<br />
of interest (bioindicators), influence of spraying<br />
technique, replication.<br />
13<br />
PHASE III: ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT PHASE<br />
•Presentation of results<br />
? Measuring specie abundance (population of a<br />
particular species) & richness (number of<br />
species)<br />
? Use of ecological yardsticks to determine if<br />
significant findings are biologically consequential,<br />
acceptable or critical.<br />
• Results interpretation & Drawing of conclusions<br />
? Need to have professional advice from<br />
experienced Ecotoxicologists<br />
14<br />
THANK YOU<br />
15<br />
148
PESTICIDES AND<br />
POVERTY<br />
CASE STUDIES<br />
Yahya Msangi / Silvani Mng’anya<br />
Case study objectives<br />
‣ Demonstrating the need for action under<br />
international chemical conventions (Stockholm,<br />
Rotterdam, Basel, Bamako, ILO), national<br />
programmes (NIP and ASP)<br />
‣ Identify pesticide problems – poisoning,<br />
environmental impact<br />
‣ Determine type and extent of intervention<br />
required<br />
‣ Influence policy changes<br />
‣ Plan for awareness raising and<br />
‣ Advocacy and lobbying<br />
Criteria for case studies<br />
‣ Relevance to chemical conventions and<br />
national programmes i.e. ASP, NIP<br />
‣ Problem solving – identify the pesticides<br />
concerned, health and environmental<br />
impacts<br />
‣ Make use of PIC reporting form in case of<br />
poisoning<br />
‣ Allow for completion within short period of<br />
time with available (limited) resources<br />
Criteria for case studies cont’d<br />
‣ Must reflect the concept of the project i.e.<br />
pesticides and poverty, health and safety<br />
etc.<br />
Focus areas<br />
‣ Poisoning incidences<br />
‣ Integrated Pest/ Vector Mang’t (IPM / IVM)<br />
‣ Organic farming & Indigenous knowledge<br />
‣ Obsolete stocks of pesticides<br />
‣ Labelling and empty containers<br />
‣ Spray equipment and PPE<br />
‣ Vulnerable groups – women, children<br />
‣ Industry advertisement<br />
Implementation of case studies<br />
‣ Contracting NGOs – ToR to be developed<br />
‣ Sectoral: : communities, farmers, workers,<br />
households – relevant CSOs/NGOs to be<br />
identified in each region<br />
149