Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG

PESTICIDES AND POVERTY 

Implementing Chemical conventions for Safe and 

Just Development 

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MULTI STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP 

CENTRE FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES 

SALAAM, DAR ES SALAAM, (03 – 05/08/2005) 

African Violet 

In collaboration with 

Supported by European Commission 

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TABLE OF CONTENT 

TABLE OF CONTENT .......................................................................................... ii 

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.................................................................. iv 

1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................1 

2.0 OPENING...................................................................................................1 

2.1 Welcome Remarks.....................................................................................1 

2.2 Opening Speech ........................................................................................2 

3.0 PAPER PRESENTATION ..........................................................................3 

3.1 THEME I: PROJECT OVERVIEW..............................................................4 

3.1.1 Introduction to the Project: Pesticides and Poverty: Implementing 

Chemical Conventions for Safe and Just Development: Mult-Stakeholder 

Meeting Tanzania.......................................................................................4 

3.2 THEME II: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL 

CONVENTIONS AND PROCESSES .........................................................7 

3.2.1 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): 

Overview and Implementation Status in Tanzania .....................................7 

3.2.2 Rotterdam Convention: Implementation Status in Tanzania ....................10 

3.2.3 Basel Convention /Bamako Conventions: Implementation Status in 

Tanzania ..................................................................................................11 

3.2.4 International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides: 

Implementation Status in Tanzania ..........................................................13 

3.3 THEME III: LINK OF CONVENTIONS TO NATIONAL PRIORITIES .......15 

3.3.1 Mainstreaming of Chemical Conventions in the Implementation of National 

Poverty Reduction Strategies...................................................................15 

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3.4 THEME IV: PROJECT DETAILS..............................................................17 

3.4.1 Pesticide and Poverty: Multistakeholder Mapping....................................17 

3.4.2 The African Stockpiles Project and Civil Society......................................18 

3.4.3 How International Agreements Can Prevent Local Pesticide Problems: A 

Consolidated Guide to the Chemical Codes & Conventions ....................19 

3.4.4 Community Pesticide Monitoring for Community Empowerment..............20 

3.4.5 Ecotoxicology: Monitoring the Impact of Pesticides .................................21 

3.4.6 Pesticides and Poverty: Case Studies .....................................................22 

4.0 GROUP WORK AND PRESENTATIONS ................................................24 

6.0. CLOSING REMARKS ..............................................................................40 

APPENDICES.....................................................................................................41 

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 

AAT 

AGENDA 

AP 

ASP 

BEPs 

BATs 

BICO 

CBO 

COP 

CPAM 

CPAK 

CPCT 

CRC - 

DDT 

DNAs 

DoE 

EIA 

EMA 

ENVIROCARE 

EU 

GCLA 

GEF 

GHS 

HIPC 

HZW 

IFCS 

IGO 

ILO 

IPM 

IVM 

LDCs 

LEAT 

MAFS 

MEAs 

MDGs 

MIT 

NSGRP (MKUKUTA) 

Agrochemical Association of Tanzania 

AGENDA for Environment and Responsible 

Development (a Non-Government Organisation) 

Action plan 

African Stockpile Programme 

Best Environmental Practices 

Best Available Techniques 

Bureau of Industrial Cooperation of University of Dar 

es Salaam 

Community Based Organisation 

Conference of Parties 

Community Pesticides Action Management 

Community Pesticide Action Kits) 

Cleaner Production centre of Tanzania 

Chemical Review Committee 

Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane 

Designated National Authorities 

Division of Environment 

Environmental Impact assessment 

Environment Management Act 

Environmental, Human Rights Care and Gender 

Organisation 

European Union 

Government Chemist Laboratory Agency 

Global Environmental Facility 

Global Harmonised System for Classification and 

Labelling of Chemicals 

High Indebted Poor Countries 

Hazardous Wastes 

Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety 

Inter-Government Organisation 

International Labour Organisation 

Integrated Pest Management 

Integrated Vector Management 

Least Developed Countries 

Lawyers Environmental Action Team 

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security 

Multilateral Environmental Agreements 

Millennium Development Goals 

Ministry of Industry and Trade 

National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of 

Poverty 

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MoH 

Ministry of Health 

MT 

Metric Tonne 

NEMC 

National Environment Management Council 

NGO 

Non-Government Organisation 

NIMR 

National Institute for Medical Research 

NIP 

National Implementation Plan 

NMCP 

National Malaria Control Programme 

ODS 

Ozone Depleting Substances 

PAN Africa 

Pesticides Action Network Africa 

PAN AP 

Pesticides Action Network Asia & Pacific 

PAN UK 

Pesticides Action Network United Kingdom 

PCBs 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls 

PCDD 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins 

PCDF 

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans 

POPs 

Persistent Organic Pollutants 

PO-RALG President’s Office Rural Authorities and Local 

Government 

PPA 

Plant Protection Act 

PRS 

Poverty Reduction Strategies 

PQRST 

Pesticide Quick Response and Surveillance Team 

SAICM 

Strategic Approach to International Chemical 

Management 

TBS 

Tanzania Bureau of Standards 

TPAWU 

Tanzania Plantation and Agricultural Workers 

Association 

IPEN 

International POPs Elimination Network 

IPEP 

International POPs Elimination Project 

TADATIS 

Tanzania Drug and Toxicology Information Service. 

TPRI 

Tropical Pesticides Research Institute 

TAWLAE 

Tanzania Association of Women Leaders in 

Agriculture and the Environment 

UCLAS 

University College of Land and Architectural Studies 

UDSM 

University of Dar es Salaam 

UNCED 

United Nations Conference on Environment and 

Development 

UNEP 

United Nations Environment Programme 

UNIDO 

United Nations Industrial Development Organisation 

UNDP 

United Nations Development Programme 

UNITAR 

United Nations Institute for Training and Research 

USD 

United States Dollar 

VPO 

Vice President’s Office 

WIOMSA 

Western Indian Ocean Marine Association 

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 

A three days workshop of stakeholders for the Pesticides and Poverty project 

was organised by AGENDA for Environment and Responsible Development 

(AGENDA) and Tanzania Plantation and Agricultural Workers Union (TPAWU). 

The workshop was held at the Centre for Continuing Education, University of Dar 

es Salaam from 03 – 05 August 2005. The main aim of the workshop was to 

build capacity and raise awareness among key stakeholders, and bringing them 

together into a dialogue and action so as to assist the effective implementation of 

the Chemical Conventions and Processes in Tanzania. This will help to integrate 

an environmental dimension into national development priorities and promote 

sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. This workshop is the initial activity in the 

implementation of the Pesticide and poverty project. The workshop was attended 

by 28 participants from government departments and agencies, academia, 

research institutions, NGOs and CBOs. 

The objectives of the first multistakeholders’ workshop were to: 

Disseminate the aims, objectives and activities of the project; 

Gather stakeholders’ inputs and to plan activities for three years; 

Present information on the current level of national implementation of the 

Chemical Conventions; 

Review needs of the participants and stakeholders for implementation of 

Chemical Conventions; 

Identify ways that Chemical Conventions and Processes could benefit 

stakeholders’ work and responsibilities; 

Identify areas of overlap at the level of national implementation for 

resource sharing; 

Identify possible joint initiatives between stakeholders; and 

Review and further develop the national stakeholders map. 

The workshop was structured into plenary session (paper presentation and 

discussion) and group work (refer to the workshop programme in appendix I). 

2.0 OPENING 

2.1 Welcome Remarks 

The welcome remarks were delivered by the Projects Manager of the AGENDA, 

Ms Saada K. Juma. In her remarks, she thanked the participants for availing time 

to attend the workshop and share their views on such important event. 

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Initially, she gave a brief history of AGENDA, which started as a DANIDA project 

and reconstituted to become an NGO on completion of the project to focus on the 

environment areas at national level, and as it grew it engage itself in International 

fora. AGENDA became member of the International POPS Elimination Network 

(IPEN) in the course of negations that led to adoption of the Stockholm 

Convention. AGENDA has organised a number of workshops on POPs and it is 

participating as an Anglophone Africa hub for the Global NGOs project: 

“International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP)” that promote active and effective 

CSOs/NGOs participation in implementation of the Stockholm Convention. She 

also outlined that the development of chemical conventions was brought about 

by the increasing global chemical problems, and the key problem is persistent 

organic pollutants (POPs). Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) 

conducted in depth study on POPs the result of which was the initiation of 

negotiation for a legally binding instrument, the Stockholm Convention, which 

was spearheaded by UNEP. International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN) was 

developed in 1998 by a group of NGOs around the world for lobbying for a strong 

Convention. 

Ms Saada emphasized further that, it is for the above reasons AGENDA came to 

know Pesticide Action Network (which is also a participating organisation in 

IPEN) and together they are now working on this project Pesticide and Poverty 

with the main objective of assisting developing countries to effectively implement 

International Chemical Conventions and Processes in order to integrate an 

environmental dimension into their development priorities and to promote 

sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. 

She pointing out that the expected outputs of the workshop are: increased 

stakeholders awareness on the project; current status of convention 

implementation at national level; plan of activities and stakeholder roles and 

responsibility in the project; complete National Stakeholders Map; capacity 

building needed for stakeholders and potential case studies identified. 

She concluded by expressing her sincere appreciation for the financial and 

technical support from PAN UK, PAN Africa, PAN AP, GEF and European Union. 

2.2 Opening Speech 

The director general of the National Environment Management Council (NEMC), 

Dr. Magnus Ngoile on behalf of the Senior Permanent Secretary, Vice Presidents 

office, officiated the opening ceremony of the workshop. In his opening speech, 

he started by recognised the presence of the media and praised the role played 

by AGENDA and TPAWU in issues related to environmental protection. He also 

highlighted the magnitude of the obsolete stocks of pesticides from the inventory 

carried out in 1997 and current efforts to clean up the stocks i.e. the African 

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Stockpile Programme (ASP). He informed the participants that there were about 

51,000 MT of obsolete stock of pesticides in Africa (which required about 150m- 

175m USD to clean), and the share for Tanzania was 1200 MT. He also outlined 

the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA). He said 

there was an increased use of pesticides in rural areas coupled with lack of 

information leading to unsafe and ineffective use. The use of banned products, 

which are hazardous, was also a point of concern. He said this situation was a 

cause of impairment of the rural poor, leading to sickness, non-productivity and 

endless poverty cycle. 

Dr. Ngoile pointed out that the issue of pesticide management is very grave so 

the financial support should go together with technical skills, good infrastructure 

and political commitment to ensure sustainability of the project, and that there 

must be a link between the initiative and the national struggle of poverty 

eradication. 

He concluded his remarks by commending the initiative and financial support 

provided by EU, PAN UK, GEF and other donors to conduct the project in the 

country and further recognized the role played by stakeholders but cautioned that 

these roles must be clear otherwise there will be chaos and duplication of 

activities. He promised personally to follow the implementation of this project and 

pointed out that the Government will be gratified to receive recommendations on 

how best to implement the chemical conventions. 

Mr. Jonathan Akhabuhaya, registrar of TPRI on behalf of participants, delivered a 

vote of thanks. 

3.0 PAPER PRESENTATION 

During the workshop, a total of 12 paper presentations were made in three 

themes as described below: 

Theme I: Project Overview 

i. Introduction to the Project: time frame, aims, objectives, activities, 

participant/ beneficiaries, financing etc - Bashiru Abdul - AGENDA 

Theme II: Introduction to International Chemical Conventions and 

Processes 

ii. 

Stockholm Convention - Ms. A. Madete and Mr. J. Enock – Vice 

President Office - Division of the Environment (DOE), 

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iii. Rotterdam Convention - Mr. A. Rwazo – Tropical Pesticides Research 

Institute (TPRI) 

iv. Basel Convention /Bamako Convention - Mr. I. Mangalili – DoE 

v. FAO Code of Conduct -Mr. Akhabuhaya – Registrar – TPRI 

Theme III: Link of Conventions to National Priorities 

vi. 

Mainstreaming of Chemical Conventions in the Implementation of 

National Poverty Reduction Strategies- Ms. Saada J and Prof. J. H. 

Katima - AGENDA 

Theme IV: Project Details 

vii. Presentation of the first results of the stakeholders mapping - Mr. 

Bashiru Abdul - AGENDA 

viii. Africa Stockpile Project Overview - Mr. Yahya Msangi - TPAWU and 

Mr. Silvani Mng’anya - AGENDA 

ix. Draft of the Ecosphere Guide - Ms. Gretta Goldenman - ECOSPHERE 

x. Community Monitoring Tools - Mr. Bashiru Abdul - AGENDA 

xi. Ecotoxicology Training Tools- Mr. Yahya Msangi – TPAWU and Mr. S. 

Mng’anya - AGENDA 

xii. Case studies objectives that are going to be led within the framework 

of this project - Mr. Yahya Msangi – TPAWU and Mr. S. Mng’anya - 

AGENDA 

The papers presented are contained in Annex III. A summary of the 

presentations follows hereunder. 

3.1 THEME I: PROJECT OVERVIEW 

3.1.1 Introduction to the Project: Pesticides and Poverty: Implementing 

Chemical Conventions for Safe and Just Development: Mult- 

Stakeholder Meeting Tanzania 

Mr. Bashiru Abdul, Pesticides and Poverty Project coordinator-AGENDA 

The presentation gave an overview of the project, which covered time frame, 

aims, objectives, activities, participant/ beneficiaries, financing. He mentioned 

that the project will run for three years (January 2005 – 2007) and the project is 

aimed at capacity building and awareness raising among key stakeholders and to 

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ing them together into dialogue and action so as to assist the effective 

implementation of the chemical conventions and processes in Tanzania. This will 

help to integrate an environmental dimension into national development priorities 

and promote sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. 

The project specific objectives are to assist and support the Tanzania 

government in implementing initiatives for local action (on environment and 

livelihood priorities) that enhances national regulations, synergism and share 

experiences nationally and internationally. Strengthen national regulatory 

environments and create new opportunities for collaboration between NGOs and 

government and other stakeholders to address the detrimental effects of 

hazardous pesticides. Raise awareness of the relevance of local application of 

international initiatives within the NGO community and civil society and 

demonstrate where sustainable alternatives are available and appropriate to 

reduce dependence on hazardous pesticides 

He highlighted that the project partners are Pesticide Action Network UK (PAN 

UK) which is the overall project coordinator, Pesticide Action Network Africa 

(PAN Africa) will provide information on outreach and NGO activities and also 

play the role of project coordinator in Africa and Pesticide Action Network Asia 

and the Pacific (PAN AP) will facilitate training in Tanzania on the implementation 

of community monitoring, provide community monitoring manual and tool kits and 

will provide training of trainers. Other partners of the project are Environmental 

Impact Ecologists from the Natural Resources Institute of the University of 

Greenwich, EcoSphere Law firm- based in Brussels and NGO partners in 

Ethiopia, Benin and Cameroon will participate in specific project activities. 

Mr Abdul further mentioned that the project target groups include NGOs, policy 

makers, pesticides regulators and customers, research institutions and 

academia, industries and media. He pointed out that the project activities are 

building multi-stakeholder involvement; community monitoring of health hazards; 

Eco-toxicological Monitoring - Documenting and communicating environmental 

impacts; African Stockpiles Programme – Opportunities and actions; 

Development of the Consolidated guide and checklist for implementation of 

conventions; Conducting Case Studies: to document gaps between regulation 

and the field – risk and mitigation; Integrated Pest Management - organise field 

visits for policy makers to demonstrate the benefits and appropriateness of 

sustainable strategies; and Communicating results- communication strategy. 

After the presentation, participants commended organisations for initiating this 

project. It was noted that the project had been designed such that it involves a 

range of different stakeholders. One participant noted further that one of the 

project activities is on ecotoxicological monitoring is similar to ecotoxicological 

training which is scheduled to take place in Zanzibar between 21 st Nov and 2 nd 

December 2005 organised by WIOMSA. He queried whether the organisers of 

5

this project are aware of this training, whether they will be taking part so as to 

maximise the benefits of these two initiatives. The reaction from the organisers 

were that they were not aware of the said training, however efforts will be made 

to contact the organisers of the training in Zanzibar to solicit for collaboration. 

One participant asked what are the objectives of the Ecotoxicological training and 

the reaction was that: the objectives are to train stakeholders on the use of 

ecotoxicologal monitoring tools to understand and increase awareness of the 

communities on the impacts of the pesticides. It was further commented that 

Ecotox is a study that enables people to analyse, assess the lifecycle of the 

pesticides. A manual is being developed by Greenwich University of Britain, the 

participants will be required to assess and comment on the suitability of the 

manual for Tanzania use. Further, it was queried that there is equally rampant 

misuse of pesticides in urban areas but why the project is not focussing on this 

segment of communities. The reaction was that the project will focus on generic 

problems and solutions, which will be relevant to all environmental settings. It 

was further commended that most of the projects usually focus only on capacity 

building, therefore we now have to think about capacity utilisation too. 

It was further contributed that it is a sad situation for exemption of using DDT on 

assumption that DDT is a silver bullet to fix malaria problems and neglecting the 

fact that there are other safe chemicals for malaria control. There are sad 

situation in South Africa where DDT spraying was done in poor areas only. 

Furthermore, WHO stringent application procedures cannot be met in African 

situation meaning that indoor DDT spraying would be more dangerous to human 

lives than Malaria itself. It was further noted that there are many alternatives for 

malaria control. In addition to that, it was highlighted that DDT targets adult 

mosquitoes, sustainable malaria control strategy should focus on killing even 

non-adult mosquitoes such as lavaes. It was then contributed that using DDT, we 

risk eligibility of exporting our agricultural products to developed countries due to 

potential high DDT residue content on agricultural products. Therefore it was 

commended that Tanzania applied for exemption and it has not used it at all. The 

exemption provide the right to use DDT especially during emergency situations 

e.g. during malaria epidemics and when other available and cheap alternatives 

fails. The application was necessitated by the fact that alternatives were more 

expensive than the DDT. Finally, it was commended that alternatives should be 

safe, effective, socially acceptable, available and easily applicable. 

It was further queried that, is the project focusing on a specific area of Tanzania 

and the reaction was that the project covers the whole country and it can be seen 

in this workshop that participants comes from different regions. It was then asked 

whether the project have a budget ceiling and which professionals will be 

involved and the reaction was that the whole project including other countries has 

the total budget of 1.3 m Euros for three years and collaborate with different 

professionals from international organisations such as Ecosphere, PAN UK, PAN 

Africa, PAN AP etc. therefore the project is well equipped in terms of funds and 

6

expertise. It was then commended that during carrying out case studies 

proposition we should not focus on this one project only but we can link it to other 

projects and activities of other projects that are ongoing and therefore let us open 

our minds to open other links that will provide funds. Let us bear in mind that the 

project has timeline and we should make sure that we deliver and meet the 

obligations of the funders. We should also think on the sustainability of the 

project after its completion. 

3.2 THEME II: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL 

CONVENTIONS AND PROCESSES 

3.2.1 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): 

Overview and Implementation Status in Tanzania 

Ms. A. E. Madete and Mr. J. Enock -Division of Environment – Vice 

President’s Office 

The presentation highlighted that the Stockholm Convention negotiation process 

started in 1992, during the United Nations Conference on Environment and 

Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro where it was agreed to address the 

problem of POPs and their associated problems. On May 23, 2001 a global, 

legally binding instrument called the “Stockholm Convention on Persistent 

Organic Pollutants (POPs)” was adopted in Stockholm Sweden. As of June 2005, 

the Stockholm Convention had 151 signatories and 102 Parties. The Convention 

entered into force on May 17, 2004. 

The objectives of the convention are to protect human health and the 

environment from the adverse effects of POPs, to reduce or eliminate releases 

from international production and use which is to prohibit or take legal and 

administrative measures necessary to eliminate the production and use of POPs 

listed in Annex A, restrict the production and use of DDT for disease vector 

control in accordance with WHO guidelines, to reduce or eliminate releases from 

unintentional production of chemicals listed in Annex C (PCBs, Dioxins and 

Furans and Hexachlorobenzene), to develop and endeavour to implement a plan 

for the implementation for POPs management. 

The presenters elaborated on articles 3,4,5,6,7,8, which are specifically focusing 

on the use of pesticides, which includes stockpiles chemicals, implementations 

plans, review and update, procedure for adding POPs in the list etc. 

7

On in implementation part the presenters reported that currently the POP 

Pesticides are controlled by the Plant Protection Act (1997) and Plant Protection 

Regulations (1999). The Plant Protection Act (1997) controls all plant protection 

substances including POP Pesticides throughout their life cycle. The Plant 

Protection Regulations (1999) provides for restricted use of pesticides that are 

highly toxic including those which are controlled by the Rotterdam Convention. 

Implementation of the Stockholm Convention in Tanzania Development of the 

National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention (2005-2020). 

The NIP is in the final stages of fine-tuning prior to endorsement by stakeholders. 

Strengthening Regulatory Regime (Enactment of Principal Environmental 

Legislation) Section 77 of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) (2004) 

deals with the issues of POPs in detail. 

The NIP elaborates on roles of different stakeholders. The key stakeholders 

include Government: Ministries, agencies (policy development and 

implementation, planning and coordination). Public Sector and Media (training 

and research) public awareness, and technical backstopping). Private sector 

(Public-private partnership) NGOs and CBOs (Promoting wider public 

participation and awareness and advocacy). Local Government Authorities 

(promoting local level (bottom-up) participation). Farmers and Consumers 

(participate in the production of food and agricultural produce). Development 

partners (Provide financial and technical assistance and may assist in planning 

and implementation of relevant programmes). 

On the institutional arrangement, The Vice President’s Office is responsible for 

environment management in the country. The Environmental Management Act 

(2004) empowers the Director of Environment to prepare and oversee 

implementation of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm 

Convention. National Environment Management Council (NEMC) is responsible 

for enforcement, compliance. The Environmental Management Act (EMA) (2004) 

establishes environmental sections in each sector Ministry whose function 

include to ensure all environmental matters falling under sector Ministry are 

implemented and submit annual reports on implementation of the NIP. Local 

Government Authorities: The Environmental Management Act (2004) requires 

local authorities to mainstream respective parts of the NIP into their policies, 

legislation, plans and programmes and submit annual reporting to VPO on the 

implementation progress. 

Challenges in Implementation of the Stockholm Convention include limited scope 

of the legislation governing POPs and waste management, there is Weak 

enforcement of the existing legislation, environmental pollution by POPs 

chemicals through spillage, improper storage and disposal, and illegal use, there 

is also very low awareness by the general public on environmental and human 

health effects when exposed to POPs, inadequate technical and financial 

8

capacity. The presenters propose a list of remedies, which may be found in their 

paper. 

Planned Efforts in Implementation of the Stockholm Convention are Completion 

and adoption of the NIP for the Stockholm Convention and its implementation; 

Disposal of the existing stock of POPs Pesticides through the Africa Stockpile 

Programme (ASP) and Operationalisation of the Environmental Management Act 

(2004) that will facilitate promulgation of various regulations, guidelines and rules 

including those covering POPs Pesticides, DDT and contaminated sites. 

Stockholm Convention is linked to Poverty Reduction through the povertyenvironmental 

management is linked in fundamental ways to human well-being in 

terms of three key dimensions of human poverty, Health and Vulnerability. 

The presenter suggested that interventions to strengthen linkage of the 

Stockholm Convention to Poverty Reduction can be achieved through Policy 

Interventions and Capacity Building. The integration will make it possible to 

achieve synergies between diverse interventions across many sectors and 

ensure resources are being allocated and effectively targeted. 

They concluded that the Stockholm Convention aims to protect human health 

and the environment from POPs by establishment of a systematic and sustained 

programme of action to eliminate POPs and their sources, with potential to 

contribute in some manner to poverty reduction and sustainable development. It 

is the intention of the Government to undertake review of its policies and 

legislative framework relevant to the implementation of the Stockholm 

Convention to strengthen capacity of institutions that deal with POPs. The 

Government realizes the importance of generating and disseminating public 

information and creating public awareness at all levels to tackle the issues of 

POPs. The Government within its limited capacity shall make deliberate efforts to 

implement its obligations under the Stockholm Convention and hence eliminate 

POPs as scheduled. To achieve the NIP objectives, Tanzania will seek 

cooperation of the international community in dealing with problems of POPs. 

After the presentation participants asked whether the inventory data presented 

credible enough to be used in the ASP project and the reaction was that literary 

speaking inventory data are valid only during its conduction due to the fact that 

after the inventory, stocks could be stolen or tempered with. Furthermore, the 

inventory was conducted on severely affected areas only due to limited financial 

resources at that time. If other areas of concern are discovered during the ASP 

programme, a short research might be conducted for the area. In addition to that, 

during the ASP programme, a small survey would be conducted to validate the 

available data on obsolete stocks. It was further asked whether there is a 

mechanism that requires each government sector related to Chemical 

Conventions to submit annual report to the Director of Environment Vice 

President’s Office as required and the reaction was that there are no regulations 

9

to that effect, however, EMA requires annual reporting in the context of EIA and 

Audits requirements. It was then commended that to hasten the process of 

producing all the regulations of the EMA there is a need to hire consultants to 

prepare draft regulations, which should be sent to stakeholders for comments. 

Implementation of the EMA needs all package of regulation. 

3.2.2 Rotterdam Convention: Implementation Status in Tanzania 

Mr. Alcheraus Rwazo- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute 

The presentation highlighted that the convention was Adopted on 10th 

September 1998 and entered into force on 24th February 2004. Now the 

convention is legally binding for its parties. It covers pesticides and industrial 

chemicals banned or severely restricted by Parties for health or environmental 

reasons. 29 hazardous pesticides and 9 industrial chemicals are currently 

covered by PIC. The convention has 30 articles and 6 annexes. The Objectives 

of the convention are to promote shared responsibility, to protect human health 

and the environment, to facilitate information exchange and to provide for a 

decision making process. Key Players are Parties and Designated National 

Authorities (DNAs), Conference of Parties (COP), Chemical Review Committee 

(CRC) and Secretariat. The convention works through Prior Informed Consent 

(PIC), Information Exchange and Inclusion of a chemical. 

Under PIC, A chemical covered by the convention can be only exported with PIC 

of the importing party. Countries requested to indicate whether they accept 

import, refuse or allow under conditions. Import decisions must be trade neutral. 

Chemicals under PIC are subject to information exchange and need priority 

attention for national decisions about import. There are obligations related to 

export control. For a chemical to be included in PIC requires Notification to the 

Secretariat of final regulatory action to ban or severely restrict a chemical. A 

process is initiated after the Secretariat has received notification from two parties. 

Notifications for a nominated chemical are submitted to the CRC. DGDs are 

prepared by the CRC, Recommendation to the COP by CRC and Transparency 

and openness is essential 

Tanzania signed the Convention in 1998, and ratified it in 2002. Vice President’s 

Office, Department of Environment is the National Focal Point. Two DNAs are 

TPRI (for pesticides) and GCLA (for Industrial and Consumer Chemicals). Some 

provisions of the Convention are incorporated in national laws such as the 

Environmental Management Act (2004), Plant Protection Act (1997), Industrial 

and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control) Act (2003). 

10

It was highlighted that the challenges are Irregular meetings for the constituted 

committees, non-involvement of all stakeholders in decision making, low 

knowledge and awareness to important stakeholders, inadequate coordination 

among ministries, DNAs and other stakeholders, lack of feedback mechanism 

from international meetings, inadequate dissemination of information to 

stakeholders, inadequate human and financial resources, lack of networking and 

collaboration at the regional level and lack of experience in preparing and 

submitting import responses. In order to overcoming these challenges there is a 

need to publicising the convention in a simplified language, sensitization and 

awareness raising at all levels, create a forum for dissemination of information, 

identify a proper and sustainable funding mechanism, build capacity of 

stakeholders and enhance regional cooperation by sharing available resources. 

The presenter elaborated on the link between the Convention, Poverty Reduction 

strategy. For example an early warning system will save resources, promote 

sustainable agriculture and industrial production. Increase production will combat 

hunger, disease and poverty. He concluded that Government has a responsibility 

of implementing the provisions of the Convention by involving other key and 

proper players (well trained, informed and committed). 

3.2.3 Basel Convention /Bamako Conventions: Implementation Status in 

Tanzania 

Mr. Issaria Mangalili – Vice President Office –Division of Environment 

Basel Convention is a Global Environmental Treaty and has 165 States and EU- 

Signatories. It was adopted (22 March 1989) and came into force (5 May 1992). 

Tanzania is a Party to the Convention since 1993. Several technical guidelines 

on management of various streams of Hazardous Waste (HZW) have been 

developed to assist Parties on management of HZW. Objective of the Basel 

Convention are to reduce trans-boundary movement of HZW, prohibit HZW 

shipments to countries without capacity, treat HZW at source, minimize HZW 

generation and assist Developing / Countries with Economies in Transition. Key 

issues of the Basel Convention are notification, prior consent, and duty for reimport 

and legal responsibility of states. General obligations are to take 

appropriate legal, administrative and other measures to implement the 

Convention, ensure management of wastes in an environmentally sound manner, 

meet the requirements of the notification procedure before any transboundary 

movement and transmit information regarding quantities of hazardous wastes 

produced and measures taken to implement provisions of the Convention. 

The presenter informed participants on the amendments of the Basel 

Convention, which were done in September 1995, where Parties adopted a 

11

decision to prohibit transboundary movements of HZW destined for disposal from 

developed countries referred to as Annex VII countries (OECD countries, 

European Community and Liechtenstain) to developing countries. In 1998, 

Parties adopted a decision to amend Annex I of the Convention by breaking it 

into Annex VIII (list of HZW and Annex IX (list B of non-HZW). 

Bamako Convention is a regional agreement for Africa, which aims at addressing 

inadequacies of the Basel Convention especially prohibition of transboundary 

movement of HZW and other waste to developing countries. Bamako Convention 

was adopted in January 1991 in Bamako, Mali. It came into force in 1998. 

Objectives of the Bamako Convention are to ban the importation of HZW and 

other wastes into Africa, minimize generation of HZW in terms of both quantity 

and hazard potential, treatment and disposal of HZW as close as possible to their 

source of generation in an environmental sound manner and ensure movement 

of HZW and their disposal are carried out in an environmentally safe Manner 

(ESM). 

The presenter highlighted possible synergies that can be promoted through 

collaboration between key stakeholders, national focal points, Designated 

National Authorities, setting up of national multi stakeholders committees on 

chemicals and chemical wastes, review institutional arrangements, infrastructure 

and human resources, involve all stakeholders to increase awareness, develop 

the best mechanisms for domestication through review/ promulgation / 

harmonization / amendment of legislation. Institutions and sectors involved in 

implementation of Basel and Bamako Conventions are VPO (DoE), NEMC, 

UDSM (BICO- linkage institute), UCLAS, MoH, CPCT, MIT, MAFS, GCLA, PO- 

RALG (Urban and Local authorities) and NGOs. 

In an effort to implement the Basel Convention several policies have been 

developed; these policies include the National Environmental policy (1997), the 

Sustainable Industrial Development Policy (1997), Mineral Policy (1997) Water 

Policy (2003) and Energy Policy (2002), Health Policy (1990) (currently under 

review) and Human Settlement Policy (2000). All new legislation incorporate 

provisions for the implementation of the Convention. Such legislation include the 

Environmental Management Act of 2004; The Industrial and Consumer 

chemicals (management & control) Act 2003; The Occupational Health and 

Safety Act, 2002; The Plant Protection Act 1997 and regulations of 1999. 

Initiatives to promote adoption of cleaner production have benefited 69 industries 

in Tanzania. Assessments to determine feasibility of using cement kilns for 

disposing HZW have been undertaken. National inventory of obsolete pesticides 

and veterinary waste was carried in 1997 and 1998. 

Mr Mangalili highlighted the following challenges: majority of government and 

political leaders, customs officers, industrialists, chemical store-keepers, 

agricultural extension workers and community at large are unaware of 

12

environmental and human health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals 

and wastes they are exposed to; lack of financial mechanism; management and 

disposal of obsolete electronic equipment; inadequate capacity to monitor 

transboundary movement of HZW and other. Accumulation of obsolete pesticides 

and veterinary drugs; lack of proper treatment and disposal facilities for 

hazardous wastes e.g. incinerators and containment in sanitary landfills; 

reclamation of valuable material is done in open dumping sites; lack of technical 

know how on proper waste management and weak enforcement of the existing 

legislation. He proposed the following measures: to develop guidelines for 

management of HZW and other wastes; develop specific regulations for HZW 

and other wastes; promote law enforcement; create awareness on matter related 

to HZW. 

After the presentation participants asked that how rat-routes (i.e. illegal traffic) 

are controlled by the Basel Convention and the reaction was Basel Convention 

deals with legal movement only. The problem is with the chemicals and 

equipments that are brought in the country during the last phase of their life circle 

and hence become waste soon after. An inventory is underway for the nonworking 

electronic wastes in Tanzania. The custom officials at the borders are 

responsible to ensure that importation of articles is not on the last phase of their 

life cycle. It was further commended that issues of the porous borders is still a 

problem and therefore we need to educate and raise awareness to the local 

government leaders and people to watch out for that. The reasons for the 

obsolete pesticides were over importation, oversize donation during various 

epidemics, poor storage and poor storage practices. 70% of the stock belongs to 

the government and the remaining part belongs to private sector mainly the 

Cooperative Societies. Based on Basel Convention perspective, when you buy a 

product near its end of life and expire on your hands you become the waste 

producer. It was further queried that why pointing fingers to only customs officials 

only and the reaction was that they are government eyes on border points. 

It was asked that one objective of the Basel convention is to regulate and control 

importation of hazardous wastes. Has the Convention covered the grass-root 

level on its implementation and the reaction was that the principle of reducing 

waste from the source also applies with the Bamako Convention but the problem 

is the Convention has not been operational. It was contributed further that in 

principle, the government should enact local laws to comply with the articles of all 

Conventions it has signed, e.g. EMA incorporates most of Conventions with 

environmental orientation. 

3.2.4 International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of 

Pesticides: Implementation Status in Tanzania 

13

Mr. Akhabuhaya – Registrar of Pesticides, Tropical Pesticides Research 

Institute 

The presentation gave a brief history of the International Code of Conduct on the 

distribution and use of pesticides. 

The objectives of the code are to establish voluntary standards and shared 

responsibilities to all stakeholders with respect to the distribution and use of 

pesticides (especially where there is inadequate or no legislation) so as to ensure 

effective and safe use of pesticides. Major stakeholders are Governments 

(importers and exporters), international organization, pesticides industries 

including manufacturers, traders, exporters, distributor etc. other stakeholders 

are Farmers, Food industry, Consumers, Environmentalists, Crop consultants, 

NGOs etc. 

The presenter noted the following challenges hampering full implementation of 

the Code: Lack of funds, personnel, poor infrastructure etc; poor planning of 

activities; and ignorance of roles and activities; Deficient laws and regulations 

(PPA and regulations are being reviewed); Uninformed and unwilling 

stakeholders and not all stakeholders know their role; and some who know are 

reluctant. In order to meet these challenges there is a need to update laws and 

regulations (incorporate the Code articles; introduce penalties etc.); create 

sustainable capacity building activities; adequate staff and laboratories; have 

enough technical training; conduct common workshops and meetings; effective 

information exchange mechanism (publications, websites etc); adequate 

sensitisation on the CODE to all stakeholders and the general public; pressure 

from stakeholders such as NGOs; individuals; and through mass media etc. 

The presenter elaborated on how observance of the code would contribute to 

poverty alleviation. Minimizing pesticides use (through IPM, minimal imports, 

judicious uses etc) will save foreign exchange and minimize health & 

environmental risks; minimise obsolete and other unwanted stocks; increase 

exports through minimal residues, and high quality products; increase 

productivity through use of quality and recommended products use; and save 

farmer and country’s money through elimination of “fake pesticides”, elimination 

of illegal distributors, importers etc. 

After the presentation, participants asked that FAO Code of conduct is a 

voluntary mechanism as presented. Being voluntary code without a legal or 

enforcing mechanism, how its implementation could be ensured, and the reaction 

was that it is really voluntary but also it has been a good source of other chemical 

conventions such as PIC (Basel), Rotterdam, etc. Implementation of these 

Conventions will indirectly mean complying with the Code of conduct. It was 

further commended that FAO code is broad in nature, it is difficulty to make 

mandatory due to a lot of activities put in place and there are so many topics to 

14

e legally binding which is not possible. Visibly it seems voluntary but in real life it 

is not voluntary. It has assisted developing countries, which did not have 

institutional framework for controlling the use of pesticides and other chemicals. It 

was voluntary but did a great job and brought responsibility to other players such 

as industries and marketing companies. A sense of voluntarism is a good thing in 

a sense that there will be commitment from parties. 

3.3 THEME III: LINK OF CONVENTIONS TO NATIONAL 

PRIORITIES 

3.3.1 Mainstreaming of Chemical Conventions in the Implementation of 

National Poverty Reduction Strategies 

Prof. J. H.Y. Katima and Ms. Saada Juma- AGENDA 

The presentation started by highlighting poverty levels in Tanzania and that it is 

highest among household, which depend on agriculture. Initiatives to address the 

poverty problem undertaken include: structural adjustment programmes; Poverty 

Reduction Strategies (PRS), which was linked to debt relief under the enhanced 

High Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative; National Strategy for Growth and 

Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) (MKUKUTA), which was designed using 

“outcomes-approach”. These are guided by the National Vision 2025. Currently 

there is also Mini-Tiger initiative, which is aimed at emulating the successes of 

the Asian Tigers. Internationally there is the Millennium Development Goals 

(WSSD 2002), which reinforces the aspirations of the NSGRP. From that point it 

could be seen that there is strong linkage between the NSGRP, MDGs and the 

Vision 2025. 

The presenters elaborated on broader goals of development which are protection 

of human health; economic benefits of a cleaner environment for attracting 

investment within the country; fostering sustainable agriculture for the internal 

market and complying with agricultural and other export requirements for external 

markets; and contribution that the sound management of chemicals can make to 

reinforce the legislative and policy framework of a country. The NSGRP, MDGs 

and the Vision 2025 may provide indication on how chemical safety in general 

and pesticide use in particular might be linked to the general development 

picture. 

Challenges for linking pesticide use and NSGRP, vision 2025 and MDGS are 

The NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs are very general and overriding. National 

chemical safety or pesticide use and control planners tend to look at their 

activities in isolation and not identifying synergies with other areas of chemical 

safety or pesticide use and control. Also, national sector planners or politicians 

tend to look at one sector at a time and miss that chemical safety issues occur 

15

over a broad range of sectors, having a combined impact far beyond the impact 

for any one sector. Challenges may be reduced by integral implementation of the 

NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDG Goals by mainstreaming their implementation in 

national action plan for economic development. It is repeated in world fora, that 

donors are not providing financial assistance for chemical safety because this is 

not seen as a priority to recipient countries. This is attributed to the fact that 

chemicals safety is not integrated in requests for development assistance. 

The presenter recommended that there is a need for capacity building with the 

following key elements: Ownership involving stakeholders from the beginning; 

Integration and taking full account of ongoing actions; Cross-sectoral 

harmonization between donors and recipients; Increased use of modern 

technology and communication; and Development of new forms of cooperation 

such as decentralized cooperation among local authorities. It was further 

recommended that activities addressing chemical safety should be 

mainstreamed more readily with ongoing development assistance programmes 

and projects. 

After presentation of all papers of theme two, there was a general panel 

discussion which involved the following; 

One participant asked that we have one project linking three acts of PPA, EMA 

and Chemicals & Consumer products, therefore three players coordinating one 

project, how will the implementation be then. The reaction was that in 

government system there is no conflict, there is partition for facilitation. The aim 

of this project is to find linkages in effective implementation of chemical 

conventions and these Acts. It was commended that this project will help build 

capacity to the implementers of the Conventions and the Acts for proper 

implementation of the Acts and Conventions. The project’s first activity was 

stakeholders’ mapping to see how we can work with different stakeholders with 

different responsibilities and to assess synergies that can be used in proper 

implementation of Chemical Conventions. Under POPs Convention, there is a 

requirement to prepare the NIP. Stakeholders should look at what they can offer 

for an efficient implementation of the NIP, consequently the Convention within 

the specified timelines. 

There was a general challenge that linkage between poverty and environment 

shows that poor people are mostly affected but also are the source of pollution 

due to the fact that they can afford cheap technologies, chemicals, objects which 

are near to their expiry dates, and crude methods. 

It was asked that lack of enough incinerators lead to open burning of materials 

and chemicals. What are the government initiatives to address the problem 

generation of dioxins and furans from open burning and the incinerators we have 

which are not very effective according to the studies already conducted, and the 

reaction was that before permit for construction of incinerators, there must be 

some consideration to be made which include its size and it should be located in 

16

an isolated area. The GCLA do coordinate with different stakeholders who have 

knowledge of incinerators for which type of incinerator fits for specific type of 

chemicals to be incinerated. It was further contributed that for construction of 

incinerators, there is adequate considerations to be made because, we can not 

live without them due to the reason that we can not reach a stage that we are 

well developed and well equipped for destruction of hazardous chemicals. It 

takes time for us to reach that stage and we still have the wastes to dispose. 

However, initiatives are underway worldwide to develop non-combustion 

destruction methods. 

3.4 THEME IV: PROJECT DETAILS 

3.4.1 Pesticide and Poverty: Multistakeholder Mapping 

Mr. Bashiru Abdul, Pesticides and Poverty project coordinator- AGENDA 

The presentation highlighted that stakeholder mapping was a first crucial activity 

for the Pesticide and poverty project and the involvement of each and every 

stakeholder is clearly connected with roles they play in respect to the 

implementation of the Chemical Conventions in Tanzania. Stakeholders were 

identified from their involvement in other national activities such as Stockholm 

Convention-National Implementation Plans (NIPs), the ASP, National Chemical 

Profiles of IFCS, and others. Stakeholders included Conventions’ Focal Points, 

regulators and other relevant government authorities, representatives of NGOs 

and civil society organisations working in rural areas or public health, 

representatives of key industries. 

The main aim of the mapping exercise is to identify all actors involved in 

pesticide use and management, including obsolete pesticides. Specific objectives 

of the mapping are to details ongoing relevant initiatives in Tanzania: what is 

working positively and what is preventing change; to identify different activities 

implemented by stakeholders, to devise means how the project could assist the 

stakeholder’s interests; to identify gaps and who could be taking responsibility; to 

enhance collaboration and ensure maximum value for core stakeholders; and to 

provide possible synergies between different national activities. 

The initial mapping exercise has identified major concerns regarding pesticides 

use. These include lack of an appropriate pesticide control legislation and lack of 

a modern pesticides approval/registration procedure; high rates of illiteracy and 

inability to read complex label instructions; use of foreign languages on labels; 

lack of monitoring of pollutants; easy access to acutely toxic substances; lack of 

capacity (manpower and financial resources) to advise on and enforce national 

17

laws, approved codes of conduct, etc; lack of information provision and 

awareness raising aiming at the small enterprise level on rational storage, 

handling, use of pesticides and disposal of waste pesticides and empty 

containers and virtual impossibility of wearing protective clothing in hot & humid 

climates. Also absence of medical facilities and lack of antidotes; poor 

information provisions leading to a lack of knowledge about risks involved; use of 

cheap, often more dangerous substances and faulty equipment, Inadequate 

management and storage of obsolete stocks and used packaging materials and 

lack of facilities for proper waste management. 

Mr. Abdul gave a long list of stakeholders and their roles (Refer to the paper on 

Appendix III). 

3.4.2 The African Stockpiles Project and Civil Society 

Mr. Yahya Msangi – TPAWU and Silvani Mng’anya - AGENDA 

The presentation gave a brief account of the African Stockpile Project (ASP). 

The project aims at clearing obsolete stocks (estimated to be 50,000 tonnes) and 

put in place preventive measures. Guiding principles of ASP are attainment of 

basic sustainable development criteria, to be country driven process, conjunction 

with existing activities, prevention of future accumulation, compliancy with 

international standards, destruction technologies and multi - stakeholder 

approach. The project will be implemented over 12 – 15 years and to be 

implemented through strategic partnership involving multiple stakeholders. Phase 

one involves Botswana, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Morocco, Mali, 

Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia and 

Tanzania. 

The presenters informed workshop participants that the participating country 

should demonstrate ownership and commitment to the objectives of the 

programme, collaboration with other stakeholders, preparation: assessment or 

inventory of the scale and scope of the problem, prevention – regulation, 

extension advice, policies, import controls, participation in international initiatives 

– POPs, PIC, Basel, International Dangerous Goods Maritime Code, Bamako. 

The implementation process of ASP will involve three major stages, namely 

Inventorying, Removal / Disposal, Preventive Measures. 

After the presentation, one participant asked whether the stockpile inventory 

were conducted involving different stakeholders supervised by NEMC. Isn’t true 

that the planned inventory under ASP will be reinventing the wheel, and the 

reaction was that the planned inventory is to validate the data and to correct the 

18

inadequacies found in the previous inventory, which covered wastes under the 

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security’s stocks. This inventory will take on 

board wastes under the army, prisons and large farms. Furthermore, some of the 

identified stocks from the previous inventory had vanished, case example is 

stocks that were found at Mtibwa Sugar Company. The ASP will deal with stocks 

and spillages only but not contaminated soils. It was then contributed that the 

zonal managers of Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security will deal with 

government stocks and NGOs will deal with small and large farms stocks, this 

separation will have major positive impacts. 

3.4.3 How International Agreements Can Prevent Local Pesticide 

Problems: A Consolidated Guide to the Chemical Codes & 

Conventions 

Ms. Gretta Goldenman-ECOSPHERE 

The presentation highlighted the history of Ecosphere and how it is connected to 

PAN. The objectives for the Consolidated Guide are to increase understanding of 

the Chemical Codes & Conventions and their processes, to provide a practical 

guide for countries still building chemicals management capacity, to ease the 

burden of implementation by simplifying obligations and highlighting synergies 

and to create new opportunities for collaboration between NGOs & government 

for joint strengthening of the regulatory regime for controlling hazardous 

pesticides. 

She informed the participants that the draft consolidated guide will be sent to 

PAN UK & PAN Africa partners for local consultation and feedback in September 

2005, the guide will then be tested during October to December 2005. The 

revision of draft guide will be done on the basis of comments received. Peer 

review will be done by international agencies and regulators in January 2006. 

Revision of draft Guide will be done on the basis of peer review comments in 

March 2006. Local implementation of the Guide will be conducted by PAN Africa 

partners in April, May, and June 2006. She gave an outline of the guideline, 

which is shown, in her paper on Appendix III. 

After the presentation, one participant asked that the Guide that is developed by 

Ecosphere will have impact with the present institutional infrastructure. Will the 

guide include examples of Tanzania, and the reaction was that the guide will 

include examples from Tanzania. It was then commended that pesticide can 

assist in poverty alleviation only if it is a right chemical, applied in the right dose 

in right manner and it is safe. The effects of DDT can be included in the case 

studies while in the ASP inventory DDT will be included to evaluate its impacts if 

found high DDT will be taken into account if not DDT subject will be dropped. On 

19

work plan preparation, there is a need for creation of activities that will require 

collaboration between different stakeholders including government institutions. 

Furthermore, this workshop intended to bring to bring together multi-stakeholder, 

including government, and to initiate collaboration efforts. Labelling of pesticides 

and handling empty containers may be taken as a case study in its own right. In 

the action plan there is a need to put more emphasis on media collaboration 

even though there is a planned media-training workshop. Community monitoring 

approach is trying to avoid laymen statement by using developed tools by PAN 

Africa, PAN AP and PAN UK 

3.4.4 Community Pesticide Monitoring for Community Empowerment 

Mr. Bashiru Abdul, Pesticides and Poverty project coordinator 

The presentation gave a definition of community monitoring as a systematic 

method of participatory action documentation on the impact of pesticides on 

health and the environment at the community level by the community. 

Community monitoring is done when there have been complaints of health 

problems in the community, huge amounts of pesticides are used and there is a 

high frequency of spray operations, serious pesticide poisoning incidents, 

pesticides used that have been banned in other countries e.g. DDT use, 

pesticides used that are suspected to cause chronic effects and presence of 

stockpiles and information gap. 

The objectives of community monitoring are to empower communities to tackle 

the hazards of pesticides, ensuring safe food and foods free from pesticides, 

building a consensus to eliminate the health and environmental hazards of 

pesticides. Ethics of community pesticide action monitoring are Prior informed 

consent of communities, participatory, benefit to community, responsible and 

accountable to communities, ownership of monitoring information is with the 

communities and capacity to meet consequences. 

Monitoring should be people-centred or community-centred. He presented a 

Community Pesticides Action Management (CPAM) monitoring tools (developed 

by PAN AP) which include Community Pesticide Action Kits (CPAK), Surveybased 

interviews using a standard questionnaire, documentation of observations, 

survey of socio-economic situation and gender positioning, promote selfsurveillance 

amongst the community, testing of pesticide poisoning and medical 

investigation, pesticide poisoning documentation and constant involvement, 

feedback and consultation with the community. Pesticide Quick Response and 

Surveillance Team (PQRST) involve trained anti-pesticide advocates who are 

able to respond to reports of adverse events related to pesticides within a 

reasonable period of time. The purpose of PQRST is to - provide a support 

20

mechanism to communities, which are likely to be victims of pesticide poisoning. 

The functions of PQRST are to determine the veracity of the report, gather 

relevant data, properly document the incident/ adverse event, make an initial 

evaluation the association of the observed adverse event and pesticide 

exposure, undertake initial response measures and make appropriate 

recommendations for further action. Community PQRST are to be established in 

community areas participating in CPAM and the team members should have 

undergone CPAM training Specific tasks shall be defined by the team members 

in consultation with the CPAM participating organisation. 

3.4.5 Ecotoxicology: Monitoring the Impact of Pesticides 

Mr. Yahya Msangi- TPAWU and Mr. S. Mng’anya -AGENDA 

The presentation gave the definition of ecotoxicology which is a combination of 

three disciplines namely chemistry, toxicology and ecology. The science is not 

yet sufficiently developed to allow accurate predictions but methodological 

frameworks and databases are available and these can assist in risk 

assessment. Risk assessment is a tool that provides useful assistance in 

decision-making. 

Risk assessments do predictive exercise about a change or an intervention (such 

as pesticide use) that is based on scientific data, judgments and assumptions. It 

identifies significant hazard and estimates the likelihood of harm to individuals or 

the environment. It also enables decision to be made about ways to reduce or 

eliminate risk (risk management). Furthermore it determines objectively the least 

damaging and reasonable option and therefore balance of risk against benefit 

must be ascertained. 

Conducting ecology monitoring is important because the amount of pesticides 

that actually reaches the target is frequently small, and much of it ends up in the 

environment. Furthermore, the behaviour of pesticides and their environmental 

impact has mainly been studied in temperate climates, therefore there is a need 

for studies in tropical climates and therefore skills for ecotoxicological monitoring 

need to be developed. 

The aims of the ecological monitoring programme are assessing pesticide 

impacts, selecting ecological processes or wildlife groups to monitor, selecting 

appropriate sampling or monitoring methods, processing and analysing the data 

collected and interpreting the information. 

21

After the presentation it was asked that what are the tools for assessing the 

ecotoxicological risks and the reaction was that risk assessment itself is a tool. 

There will be training on how to apply the tools to come out with the result. 

3.4.6 Pesticides and Poverty: Case Studies 

Mr. Yahya Msangi- TPAWU and Mr. S. Mng’anya-AGENDA 

The presentation gave explanation on case studies that will be undertaken as 

part of the project activities. The objectives of the case studies are to 

demonstrate the need for action under international chemical conventions 

(Stockholm, Rotterdam, Basel, Bamako, ILO) and national programmes (NIP and 

ASP); to identify pesticide problems including poisoning and environmental 

impact; to determine type and extent of interventions required; how to influence 

policy changes; plan for awareness raising; and advocacy and lobbying. 

The criteria for selecting case studies are that they should be relevant to 

chemical conventions and national programmes i.e. ASP, NIP; problem solving 

specifically by identifying the pesticides of concern, health and environmental 

impacts; make use of PIC reporting form in case of poisoning; allow for 

completion within short period of time with available (limited) resources; and must 

focus on the overall concept of this project i.e. pesticides and poverty, health and 

safety etc. The case studies should address issues of poisoning incidences; 

Integrated Pest/ Vector Management (IPM/IVM); Organic farming & Indigenous 

knowledge; Obsolete stocks of pesticides; Labelling and empty containers 

management; Spray equipment and PPE; Vulnerable groups – women, children; 

and Industry advertisement. 

Implementation of the case studies will be done by contracting local NGOs, 

which have interest on pesticides, and the terms of reference will be developed 

by the secretariat. Furthermore, the case studies will be conducted in sectoral 

form such as communities, farmers, workers, and households. 

During panel discussion after the presentations of papers of this theme, the 

following were asked from presentations, it seems this project will be carried out 

with NGOs and CBOs, what are the roles of other stakeholders and the reaction 

was that there are specific activities to be carried by NGOs and CBOs but there 

are some other activities for other stakeholders. It was then commended that this 

project is aimed to strengthen NGOs before launch of the ASP therefore it is 

funded from PAN UK separately from the ASP project itself. Government usually 

involves NGOs and CSOs in all donor-funded projects. 

22

During the panel discussion after paper presentations, there was a challenge to 

all participants to discuss which was that what are the strategies in place to 

promote agro-products produced from pesticides alternatives. Participants 

contributed that more research is needed to demonstrate efficacy of pesticides 

alternatives and their cost. For example the cost of IPM, Organic farming etc. has 

to be lower than use of pesticides otherwise alternatives will not work. The 

groundwork has to be carried out because most of these alternatives can be 

more expensive and there might be a need for government to subsidise them in 

order to promote the technology and the market. Market development strategy is 

very important. At the end of this project we need to have facts and figures for 

demonstration purposes. 

It was then asked that who is going to oversee the implementation of project 

activities in Tanzania and the reaction was that overall coordination of the project 

is the responsibility of PAN UK, PAN AFRICA is coordinating the Africa region 

and AGENDA and TPAWU are coordinating the project in Tanzania. It was then 

suggested that Stakeholders review meetings is enough to oversee the 

implementation of the project, no need of specific stakeholders forum. 

23

4.0 GROUP WORK AND PRESENTATIONS 

4.1. Theme II group discussion activities 

During breakout groups each group was given a task to review the proposed activities of the project and 

add/delete/modify sub-activities. Group 1 reviewed activities 1 to 3, Group 2 reviewed activities 4 to 6 and Group 3 

reviewed activities 7 to 8. The results from group discussion are as follows: 

Sub activity Convention Indicator Time frame Responsible institution 

GROUP 1 

ACTIVITY 1: MULTISTAKEHOLDER SUPPORT 

1.1. Mapping • Stockholm Convention 

exercise: • Rotterdam Convention 

stakeholders • Basel & Bamako 

identification Conventions 

• Chemical Weapons 

Convention (precursor 

chemicals) 

To have a list of identified 

stakeholders: 

• Research institutions 

• Policy makers 

• NGOs 

• Regulators i.e. MAFS, 

Ministry of Health, 

• VPO: i.e. NEMC, DOE, 

DPE 

• TPAWU 

• Tanzania chemical 

society 

• Africa network for the 

chemical analysis of 

Pesticides 

August 2005 

Workshop participants 

24

Other identified list of stakeholders 

• Tanzania Entomological Society 

• Representatives of International Organisations i.e.. FAO, WHO, ILO 

• LEAT 

• JET 

• TAWLAE 

• Local Govt Authority 

• Ministry of Industry and Trade 

• Confederation of Industries (CIT) 

• Tanzania Chambers of Commerce, Industries and Agriculture 

1.2. 

Assessment of 

identified 

stakeholders 

(on willingness 

and capacity to 

participate in 

the project) 

1.3. Three 

national 

stakeholders 

workshops 

-do- 

-do- 

A list of competent identified 

stakeholders 

Number of national 

stakeholders workshops 

organised 

September 

2005 

1 st august 

2005, 

2 nd July 

2006, 

3 rd July 2007 

AGENDA + TPAWU 

AGENDA +TPAWU 

Remarks: Feed back mechanism has to be well strengthened and the stakeholders have to be provided with a 

progressive report after every 6 months. 

Sustainability: Develop an ongoing collaboration mechanisms among stakeholders 

ACTIVITY 2: COMMUNITY MONITORING ON HEALTH HAZARDS. 

2.1. Training of 

trainers 

-do- Number of trained trainers September 

2005 

As PAN AP & AGENDA 

and Government 

institution with 

25

2.2. Training 

individuals with 

trainers 

2.3. 

Identification of 

individual to be 

trained 

2.4. 

development of 

new learning 

materials 

2.5. Pre-testing 

of learning 

-do- 

-do- 

-do- 

Number of individuals to be 

trained 

Have a list of identified 

individuals 

Learning materials 

developed 

competency 

2005 AGENDA & other NGOs 

2005 AGENDA & trainers and 

other relevant 

stakeholders 

2005 AGENDA + TPAWU + 

trained NGOs 

-do- Approved learning materials 2005 AGENDA + TPAWU + 

trained NGOs 

materials 

2.6. DELETED PILOT STUDY 

2.7. Field work -do- Field data January 

2006 

2.8. National 

workshop of the 

trainers 

-do- 

National workshop 

conducted and report 

available 

Trained individuals 

2006 AGENDA + TPAWU 

Sustainability: Develop an ongoing follow-up mechanism to monitor the trainers and trainees 

ACTIVITY 3: ECOTOXICOLOGICAL MONITORING 

3.1. Training of 

trainers 

-do- 

Trainees identified: 

Proposed trainees: 

2006 AGENDA +TPAWU 

• Identification 

• NGOs 

of trainees 

• Government institutions 

3.2. Indoor 

training 

• Academia 

-do- -do- 3 days -do- 

26

field training 

2 days 

3.3. Follow up 

-do- -do- AGENDA 

of activities 

Sustainability: Develop an ongoing follow-up mechanism 

GROUP 2 

ACTIVITY 4: AFRICAN STOCKPILES PROGRAMME 

4.1 To develop 

manual for ASP 

implementation 

process in 


Stockholm Number of 

copies 

produced 

4.2 Training of 

the 

stakeholders 

should include 

NGOs, 

commercial 

farmers, CBOs, 

and 

government 

institution 

4.3 Preparation 

of publicity 

materials 

Posters 

Newsletters 

Stockholm Number of 

trained 

personnel 

Stockholm 

Number and 

types of 

materials 

produced 

The first 6 

months 

Continuous 

after developing 

the manual 

The first 6 

months 

AGENDA, TPAWU, NEMC, TPRI 

All the above + government chemical institution, 

MVIWATA, cleaner production centre, 

Agricultural institution 

AGENDA + ASP 

27

4.4 To 

introduce and 

promote new 

strategies of 

collaboration 

between 

government 

and NGOs 

All conventions • Number of 

new 

strategies 

introduced 

e.g.: e-mails 

• Number of 

collaborative 

contacts 

Continuous 

All stakeholders and others 

Sustainability: Continuous community monitoring and reporting activities (refer project activity 2) 

ACTIVITY 5: CONSOLIDATED GUIDE AND CHECKLIST FOR IMPLEMENTATION 

5.1 Preparation Relevant 

Ecosphere + AGENDA 

of master guide convention will 

(for Africa) be identified 

5.2 

Development of 

strategies for 

communication 

and 

dissemination 

of the guide 

Relevant 

convention 

• Draft guide 

• Comments 

from 

stakeholders 

Final guide 

• Number of 

copies 

distributed 

or sold 

Number of 

hits in the 

internet 

• 1 st draft to 

be 

completed 

by 

September 

2005 

• Final draft to 

be 

completed 

by march 

2006 

From march 

2006 onwards 

Ecosphere + AGENDA 

28

5.3 To develop 

national guide 

for Tanzania 

All international 

Convention + 

National 

legislation 

Number 

copies 

produced 

of 

Dec 2005 to 

April 2006 

Sustainability: 

• Develop feedback mechanism from users 

• Regular updates of the guide 

ACTIVITY 6: DOCUMENTING GAPS BETWEEN REGULATION AND FIELD 

6.1 To carry out 

case study to 

evaluate 

situation/policie 

s which 

illustrate the 

need of 

institutions 

related to 

chemical 

conventions 

All international 

conventions 

Report of the 

case study 

2 case studies 

every 6 months 


• Develop feedback mechanism from the case studies 

• Mainstreaming the lessons in the policy, legal framework and practices. 

GROUP 3 

Ecosphere, AGENDA, National Convention 

focal points 

AGENDA + NGOs to be selected 

ACTIVITY 7: PILOT ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF POLICIES FOR IPM AND PESTICIDE RISK REDUCTION 

29

7.1. Identify 

effective ways 

to promote IPM 

7.2. Training in 

IPM for farmers, 

extension 

workers, 

agricultural 

researchers 

and agricultural 

input suppliers 

7.3. Promoting 

organic farming 

for small scale 

farmers 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Reduced use of 

pesticides 

Number of 

farmers 

practising IPM 

Number of 

trainees 

Increased # of 

farmers 

practising 


1 st year 

2 nd year 

2 nd to 3 rd year 

MAFS – Plant Health Services, TPRI, NEMC, 

NGOs/CBOs, academic and research 

institutions 

ARIs, MAFS, NGOs, Cooperative Unions, 

Farmers Associations, Academic institutions 

ARIs, MAFS, NGOs, Cooperative Unions, 

Farmers Associations, Academic institutions, 

Media 

Number of 

organic 

products in the 

market 

Sales of 

pesticides 

30

7.4. Organizing 

field visits for 

policy makers 

(Parliamentary 

committees- 

Environment 

and Natural 

Resources and 

Agriculture and 

Land Dept.), PS 

and Directors 

(VPO, MAFS, 

MoH, PO- 

RALG), Media, 

NGOs 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Frequency of 

media coverage 

Number of 

policy makers 

aware of 

benefits of IPM 

and organic 

farming 

3 rd year 

AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS, DoE, PORALG 


• Building a link with cooperative unions and farmers associations and local government during planning and 

implementation of IPM and organic farming activities for cost sharing 

• Building capacity at local level on IPM and organic farming – training of trainers (para-professionals) 

• Training to be sub-contracted within the existing institutions so that at the end of the project, the respective institutions 

own courses as part of their activities. 

Remark: 

This will be facilitated by the project demonstrating tangible results (reduced use of pesticides, increased income, 

better health) at grass-root level within the project duration. This will induce a demand driven push from communities 

for local government and cooperative unions to sustain IPM and organic farming activities 

ACTIVITY 8: COMMUNICATION STRATEGY 

31

8.1. Production 

and 

dissemination 

of annual 

progress report 

to stakeholders 

8.2. Feed into 

NIPs, ASP 

reports etc 

8.3. Preparation 

and 

dissemination 

of briefings and 

reports and 

press releases 

on IPM and 


topical issues 

8.4. Organize 

radio and TV 

panel 

discussions on 

IPM and 


8.5. Participate 

in IPM and 


related 

meetings 

Stockholm 

Convention 

DELETED 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Number of 

stakeholders 

aware of ongoing 

activities 

of the Project 

Frequency of 

media coverage 

on IPM and 


Number of 

panel 

discussions 

held 

Number 

meetings 

participated 

/attended 

of 

1 st to 3 rd year 

1 st to 3 rd year 



AGENDA, TPAWU 

AGENDA, TPAWU, KIHATA, TANCERT, 

EHOPA, MVIWATA 

AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS, ARIs 

AGENDA, TPAWU 

32

8.6. Train 

media on IPM 

and organic 

farming issues 

8.7.Organize 

visits to 

obsolete 

pesticide stocks 

contaminated 

sites 

8.8. Create 

national forum 

for providing 

feedback from 

CoP and other 

related 

international 

meetings 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Stockholm 

Convention 

Number 

trainees 

Number of site 

visits 

of 

National for a in 

place 

Number of 

national fora 

held 

2 nd to 3 rd 

year 



AGENDA, TPAWU, MAFS-Plant Health 

Services, ARIs, 


Services, Media 


Services, Media 


Radio and TV panel discussions should be organized from the start to have an in-built sustainability element by soliciting 

funds including advertisements from business community (exporters of organic products and agricultural input suppliers) 

4.2. Theme IV group discussion activities 

During breakout groups the following were the activities given: 

Group 1: Required to review the proposed case studies under each community monitoring module, amend, modify and or 

add new case studies 

Group 2: Given the task to review the format of the EcoSphere guide and providing comments and suggestions on how to 

improve the guide to make it user friendly 

Group 3: Given the task to formulate case studies to be carried out in year one 

33

GROUP 1 

PROVISION OF INPUTS TO THE COMMUNITY MONITORING MODULE 

Case studies proposed under each module remain as they are plus the additional of the following: 

HEALTH MODULE 

Case studies 

• Workers in agricultural sector 

• Women workers who are involved in pesticide application in agricultural sector as the most vulnerable groups 

• Food poisoning cases in the communities 

• Gather information on the use of protective gears 

• Integrated Vector Management 

Illustration 

Demonstrate on safe use and handling of pesticides 

ENVIRONMENTAL MODULE 

Case studies 

• Effect of pesticides (POPs) on the environment 

• Identify the availability and use of banned pesticides e.g. DDT 

• Collection of soil and water samples and analysis 

Illustration 

• Insert of pesticides using farm pictures of different appropriate ways of using pesticides e.g. (manual spraying, aerial 

spraying etc.) 

• Identification of type of pesticides used 

INDUSTRY MODULE 

34

Case studies and illustration should be reviewed by competent authority e.g. COSTECH, GCLA, KILIMO 

SUSTAINABILITY AGRICULTURE MODULE 

Case studies 

• Identify status of IPM in Tanzania (up scaling) 

• Organic farming by default (promote organic farming) 

• Practice of traditional methods of pest-control 

• Cultural methods of pest control 

• Other farming systems in Tanzania 

Illustration 

• Cultural methods of pest control 

PLANTATION MODULE 

Case studies 

Involvement of plantation workers in labours union/organization 

GROUP 2 

EcoSphere Guide 

Suggestions for title: 

• Guide on International Chemical Codes & Conventions for Safe Use of Pesticides 

• Using the Chemical Codes & Conventions to prevent local pesticide problems 

Section 1: Introduction 

• Link more explicitly to poverty reduction efforts 

35

– misuse of pesticides as obstacle to alleviating poverty 

– safe use will increase human productivity 

Section 2: How to use the Guide 

• 2.1 Government officials “& public institutions” 

– As an aid to integrate all the international obligations & to make sure the national laws, policies & measures 

are OK 

• 2.4 Public health “workers” 

• 2.5 Community groups, including environmental NGOs 

– To help understand rights and role as NGOs, i.e. what kind of partnership to have with government 

– To be more effective watchdogs 

– To enable better participation in implementation of the Conventions 

Section 3: An Overview of the Codes & Conventions 

• Add section 3.9 – Conclusion or wrap-up to explain how these can help prevent local problems 

Section 6: Change title to “Step by step approach to implementation” 

Section 7: Change title to “Sources of assistance for national efforts” 

• Annex: Change from “Source Guide” to “Reference Guide” 

• Add section on Acknowledgements & note contribution of this workshop 

Outline for National Guides 

1. Introduction 

2. Overview of national regulations & measures in place 

A. What Conventions have been ratified 

36

B. Any gaps in national system & blockages in implementation 

C. What needs to be done 

3. The role of stakeholders in implementation 

A. Health centres 

B. Agricultural extension agents 

C. NGOs 

4. Profiles and contact persons 

A. Public institutions (Registration, Customs, Agricultural research & 

extension, Environmental agencies, Public health) 

B. Farmers & other user associations 

C. NGOs 

D. Industry associations 

5. List of registered pesticides & banned pesticides 

LOCAL GUIDE: for NGOs, Government, and Farmers etc. 

1. National contacts point e.g. Procedure for registration at the borders and at the point of manufacture 

2. list of burned and registered pesticides 

3. contacts if there is poisoning 

4. briefing profile for ½ a page for each contact 

GROUP 3 

COMMUNITY MONITORING MODULE 

Case Studies 

• Rephrasing: Pesticide application equipment (techniques, calibration and maintenance) 

• Storage and handling of pesticides at different levels (farmers, suppliers) 

• Knowledge source on pesticides at different level (farmers and suppliers) 

37

• Mapping of supply chain for pesticides 

• Pesticide residue levels in food chain and water supply 

38

5.0. WAY FORWARD 

• Producing workshop proceeding and submit to participants in a 1month time 

before its finalisation and submission to PAN UK 

• Incorporate the inputs from groups discussions and changes of project 

activities 

• Develop 3 years workplan 

• Produce one year report before the review meeting 

• Organising the review meeting in July 2006 

• Develop the communication strategy to have a strong communication 

mechanisms throughout the projects life time 

39

6.0. CLOSING REMARKS 

The closing remarks were delivered by Mr. Mangalili of the Vice president’s 

Office, Division of Environment who thanked all participants for their tiring job 

they have been doing for three days. He said, the Government realises the 

importance of generating and disseminating public information and creating 

public awareness at all levels to tackle the issues of pesticides and poverty as 

well. The Government within its limited capacity, shall make deliberate efforts to 

implement its obligations under the Conventions and hence congratulate and is 

willing to welcome NGOs and CBOs on implementing different conventions which 

is party to. He finally declared the workshop closed 

40

APPENDICES 

41

APPENDIX I 

WORKSHOP PROGRAMME 

42

AGENDA/TPAWU 

Pesticides and poverty: implementing the conventions 

to address pesticide hazards and promote sustainable 

alternatives to address poverty and livelihoods 

Multi Stakeholder Workshop 

Dar es Salaam (03/08/2005 – 05/08/2005) 

Time Theme Presenter 

Day 1: Wednesday 3 rd of August 2005 

08.00 – 09.00 Registration of Participants All 

09.00 - 10.00 Opening Session 

• Welcome Address/Introduction 

• Opening Speech 

• Photo session 

• Press conference 

AGENDA Chairperson (Ms.S Juma) 

The Permanent Secretary 

All 

10.00 –10.30 Health Break 

Theme 1: 

Project Overview 

10.30 – 11.00 Introduction to the Project: time frame, 

aims, objectives, activities, participant/ 

beneficiaries, financing etc 

Mr. Bashiru Abdul 

Theme 2: 

Introduction to International Chemical Conventions and Processes: 

11.00 – 11.25 Stockholm Convention Ms. A. Madete/Mr. J. Enock –DOE 

11.25 – 11.50 Rotterdam Convention Mr. A. Rwazo TPRI 

11.50 – 12.15 Basel Convention /Bamako Convention Mr. Mangalili – DoE 

12.15 – 13.00 FAO Code of Conduct Mr. Akhabuhaya – Registrar TPRI 

13.00 –14.00 Lunch 

14.00 –15.00 Link of Convention to National 

Priorities 

15.00 – 16.30 Panel Discussion All 

16.30 – 16.30 Health Break All 

Prof. Jamidu Katima/Ms. Saada J 

43

17.00 End Day 1 

Day 2: Thursday 4 th of August 2005 


08.30 – 09.00 Recap of day 1 Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator) 

09.00 – 09.15 Presentation of the first results of the 

stakeholders mapping 

Mr. Bashiru Abdul 

09.15 – 09.30 Africa Stockpile Project Overview Mr. Yahya Msangi 

09.30 – 09.45 Draft of the Ecosphere Guide Ms. Gretta Goldenman 

09.45 – 10.00 Community Monitoring Tools. Mr. Bashiru Abdul 

10.00 – 10.15 Ecotoxicology Training Tools Mr. Yahya Msangi/Mr. S. 

Mng’anya 

10.15 – 10.30 Case studies objectives that are going to 

be led within the framework of this project 

10.30 – 11.00 Discussion All 

Mr. Yahya Msangi/ Mr. S. 

Mng’anya 


11.30 – 13.30 Breakout Groups: 

• Review the proposed project activities 

• Develop work plan of activities 

• Identify implementation needs of the 

participants and stakeholders 

All 

13.30 – 14.30 Lunch All 

14.30 – 15.30 Group work continue Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator) 


16.00 – 17.00 Group Presentations Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator) 

17.00 End day 2 

Day 3 Friday 05 th of August 2005 


08.30 – 09.00 Recap of day 2 Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator) 

9.00 – 10.00 Breakout Group 

• Provide inputs to the draft Guide of 

Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator) 

44

Ecosphere 

• Provide inputs to the community 

monitoring module 

• Recommend case studies 

To identify objectives, scope, 

stakeholders, roles, expected outputs, 

timeline, relationship with the Project 

Objectives] 

10.00 – 10.30 Health Break 

10.30 – 11.30 Group presentation Ms. Saada Juma (Facilitator) 

11.30 – 12.00 Way forward Mr. Bashiru Abdul 

12.00 – 12.30 Rapp Report Mr. Haji Rehani 

12.30 Closing Remarks VPO DOE 

12.30 – 13.00 Closing Session 

13.00 –14.00 Lunch (End) 

45

APPENDIX II 

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 

46

S/N NAME ORGANISATION ADDRESS 

1 Dr. Patrick Makungu Sokoine University of 

Agriculture 

2 Mr. Peter Stephen Mawere Kilimanjaro Agricultural Training 

Centre (KATC) 

3 Mr. Jonathan Akhabuhaya Tropical Pesticides Research 

Institute 

4 Mr. Alcheraus Rwazo Tropical Pesticides Research 

Institute 

5 Mr. Issa Mahmoud National Network of Small 

Scale Farmers’ Groups in 

Tanzania (Zanzibar Network 

Coordinator) 

6 Mr. Lucas Wambura Lake Nyanza Environmental 

and Sanitation Organization 

(LANESO) 

Sokoine university of 

Agriculture, 

Faculty of Science, 

P.O Box 3038, Morogoro. 

Tel: 023 2604216, 

0232603511, 

0744 376375 

E-mail: 

pjmakungu@yahoo.com, 

daelp@suanet.ac.tz 

P.O Box 1241, Moshi-Kilimanjaro, 


Tel: +255 27 2752293Mobile: 255 

745 664849 

Email: 

petermawere@yahoo.com 

Registrar of Pesticides 

P. O. Box 3024 Arusha – 

TANZANIA 

Tel: +255 27 2508813/5, 

2505868/9, 

0744 595587 

Fax: +255 27 2508217, 

2509674 

E-mail: tpri@habari.co.tz, 

akhabuhaya@yahoo.com 

P. O. Box 3024 Arusha – 

TANZANIA 

Tel: +255 27 2508813/5, 

2505868/9, 

0741 653717 

Fax: +255 27 2508217, 

2509674 

E-mail: tpri@habari.co.tz , 

arwazo@hotmail.com 

P.O. Box 149, Zanzibar 

Tel: 255 0747411426. 

E-mail: 

issaimahmoud@yahoo.com, 

mviwata@africaonline.co.tz 

Secretary General 

P.O. Box 10016 

Mwanza 

Tel: Cell: +255 (0)741 

47

7 Dr. Enock Masanja University of Dar es Salaam 

Faculty of Mechanical and 

Chemical Engineering 

8 Prof. M Kishimba The African Network for 

Chemical Analysis of Pesticides 

9 Mr. Daniel Ndiyo Chief Government Chemist 

Laboratory Agency (GCLA) 

242522 

+255 (0)748 366866 

E-mail: 

benedictkwangu@yahoo.co 

m ; 

lucaswambura@yahoo.com 

Department of Chemical 

Processing Engineering 

P.O Box 35065, Dar Es 

Salaam, Tanzania. 

Tel: 255 022 2410129 / ext 

2686 or ext 2685, 0748 

242578 

Email: 

emasanja@cpe.udsm.ac.tz 

Chemistry Department, 

University of Dar Es Salaam 

P.O. Box 35061, Dar Es 

Salaam, Tanzania 

Tel: 255-22-2410244/ 255- 

741-411225 

Fax: 255-22- 

2410244/2410078 

E-mail: 

Ancap@chem.udsm.ac.tz or 

kishimba@chem.udsm.ac.tz 

Government Chemist Laboratory 

Agency 

P.O. Box 164 – Dar es Salaam, 


Tel: +255-22-2113383/4 

E-mail: gcla@gcla.go.tz, 

dndiyo@yahoo.com 

10 Mr. M. Missanga Tanzania Bureau of Standards Box 9524, Dar es Salaam 

Tel: 255 22 2450206, 0748 

633116 

E-mail: info@tbs.or.tz, 

obuzeva@yahoo.com 

11 Mr. F.S.K. Masaga Tanzania Bureau of Standards Head Processing Technology 

Standards Department 

Box 9524, Dar es Salaam 

Tel: 255 22 2450206, 0744 

394996 

E-mail: info@tbs.or.tz, 

fmassaga@yahoo.com 

12 Mr. J. Enock Division of Environment Senior Industrial Engineer, 

Division of Environment 

48

(DoE), 


P.O. Box 5380, Dar-es- 

Salaam, Tanzania 

Tel: (255 22) 211 3985 / 211 

8416 

Fax: (255 22) 212 5297 / 212 

4631 

E-mail: info@vpdoe.go.tz 

13 Ms. B. Cheche Poverty Eradication Division Vice President’s Office 


Tel: 022 2152465, 563773 

Fax 022 2152298 

E-mail: 

14 Mr. Issaria M Mangalili, Division of Environment 

VPO 

Division of Environment, 

VPO, 


Tel: 0744 290175 

E-mail: 

imangalili@yahoo.co.uk 

15 Mr. Bonaventure Baya National Environmental Council Director Pollution Control: 

National Environmental Council 

Tancot House/Pamba House, 

P.O Box 63154, Dar es 

Salaam, Tanzania. 

Tel: +255 22 2134603 

e-mail: nemc@nemctz.org or 

16 Miss Ester Solomon Environment, Human Rights 

Care and Gender Organization 

(ENVIROCARE) 

17 Mr. Emmanuel Massawe Lawyers Environmental Action 

Team (LEAT) 

nemc@simbanet.net 

Mlalakuwa Road, 

P.O. Box 9824, Dar es 

Salaam 

Tel: +255 22 2775592, 

2701407, 

0744 525484 

E-mail: envirocare@catsnet.com, 

envirocare_2002@yahoo.co 

m 

Mazingira House, Mazingira 

Street Mikocheni 

P.O. Box 12605 DSM 

022 - 2780859, 022 – 

2781098, 

0744 322271 

E-mail: 

yassinbm@yahoo.com, 

49

18 Dr. Ruth Minja Tanzania Association of 

Women Leaders in Agriculture 

and the Environment 

(TAWLAE) 

19 Ms. Anne Magashi Cleaner Production Centre of 


20 Mr. Ludger Kasumuni Journalist Environmental 

Association of Tanzania 

(JET) 

www.leat.or.tz 

Executive Director 

P.O Box 76498 Dar es 

salaam 

Tel: 255 022 2700085, 0744 

367136 

E-mail: tawlae@ud.co.tz 

Kimweri Avenue TIRDO 

Office Complex (Msasani) 

P.O Box 23235 Dar es 

Salaam 

Tel: 255 22 

2602338/2602339, 

0744 686793 

Fax: 255 22 2602339 

Email: cpct@udsm.ac.tz 

Executive Director 

OTTU Building, 

Uhuru/Lumumba St 

P.O. Box 15674 DSM 

Tel: 0744 458911 

E-mail: jet@africaonline.co.tz 

21 Yahya Msangi TPAWU P.O. Box 77420 DSM 

Tel: 0744 280971 

E mail: gpphealth.tpawu@raha.com, 

22 Gretta Goldenner ECOSPHERE Brussels 

E-mail: 

Gretta.Goldenman@milieu.be 

23 Ms. Saada Juma AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM 

Tel : 255 22 2450213 

E mail: agenda@bol.co.tz 

24 Mr. Silvani Mng’anya AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM 

Tel : 255 22 2450213 


25 Mr. Bashiru Abdul AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM 

Tel : 255 22 2450213 


26 Mr. Jamal Kiama AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM 

Tel : 255 22 2450213 


27 Mr. Haji Rehani AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM 

Tel : 255 22 2450213 


28 Ms. Bunga Abdallah AGENDA P.O.Box 77266 DSM 

Tel : 255 22 2450213 


50

APPENDIX III 

TECHNICAL PAPERS 

52

Pesticides and Poverty 

Implementing Chemical Conventions for 

safe and just development 

Timescale: 

This project will will run for three years (January 2005 - 

December 2007). It was officially launched in London 

UK on March 30 th 2005. 

Aim of the Project 

MULT-STAKEHOLDER MEETING 

TANZANIA 

Bashiru Abdul 

AGENDA 

The project aims at building capacity and raising 

awareness among key stakeholders, and bringing them 

together into a dialogue and action so as to assist the 

effective implementation of the Chemical Conventions 

and Processes in Tanzania. This will help to integrate an 

environmental dimension into national development 

priorities and promote sustainable livelihoods in rural 

areas. 

Specific objectives 

Assist and support the Tanzania government in 

implementing initiatives for local action (on 

environment and livelihood priorities) that enhances 

national regulations, synergism and share experiences 

nationally and internationally. 

Strengthen national regulatory environments and 

create new opportunities for collaboration between 

NGOs and government and other stakeholders to 

address the detrimental effects of hazardous 

pesticides. 

Raise awareness of the relevance of local application 

of international initiatives within the NGO community 

and civil society 

Demonstrate where sustainable alternatives are 

available and appropriate to reduce dependence on 

hazardous pesticides 

Project Partners 

Pesticide Action Network UK (PAN UK), 

overall coordination of the project 

Pesticide Action Network Africa (PAN Africa), 

will provide information on outreach and NGO 

activities. Africa Coordination 

Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific 

(PAN AP). 

‣ will facilitate training in Tanzania on the implementation of 

community monitoring 

‣ Community monitoring manual and tool kits 

‣ Training of trainers 

Other partners 

 

 

 

Environmental Impact Ecologists from the 

Natural Resources Institute of the University of Greenwich: 

These Ecologists are the authors of Handbook on Ecological 

Monitoring for Tropical Areas 

They will carry out tailored Training of Trainers (ToT) courses on 

ecological monitoring methods in Tanzania 

EcoSphere Law firm- based in Brussels will prepare 

consolidated guide and checklist for implementation of 

chemical conventions and Code of Conduct 

Gretta Goldenman presentation 

NGO partners 

NGOs in Ethiopia, Benin and Cameroon will participate in project activities 

Target groups 

Policy and decision makers e.g. Ministries responsible for 

Agriculture, Environment, Livestock, Health etc 

Regulators of pesticides e.g. NEMC, TPRI, Government Chemists, 

Customs etc, 

Services including agricultural extension, health centres, and 

other relevant authorities 

NGOs, Civil society organisations 

Rural communities, Farmers and livestock keepers, agricultural 

workers, farmers organisations 

Agricultural research Institutions, IPM projects, Universities and 

Colleges 

Industry: pesticide wholesalers, distributors, retailers and food 

companies and export industries 

International bodies, Convention Secretariats, agencies working 

for hazard reduction, government representatives at meetings 

Media, Journalists 

53

Activities 

1. Building multi-stakeholder involvement 

2. Community monitoring of health hazards 

3. Eco-toxicological Monitoring - Documenting and 

communicating environmental impacts 

4. African Stockpiles Programme – Opportunities and actions 

5. Development of the Consolidated guide and checklist 

for implementation of conventions 

6. Conducting Case Studies: to document gaps between 

regulation and the field – risk and mitigation 

7. Integrated Pest Management - organise field visits for 

policy makers to demonstrate the benefits and appropriateness of 

sustainable strategies, 

8. Communicating results- communication strategy 

Activity 1 – Multistakeholder support 

Mapping exercise: Stakeholder identification 

Three national stakeholder workshops: 

‣initial(August 2005), (project aim, objective, activities, 

Review needs of the participants and stakeholders etc) 

‣mid-term review workshop (July 2006), (to 

share information, review progress and identify constraints - to 

evaluate the benefits of activities and provide feedback for action 

‣evaluation Workshop (July 2007), (to review 

progress and limitations of the project; evaluate activities and 

material produced as part of the project; identify activities for 

continuation and strategies for collaboration) 

Activity 2 – Community monitoring on 

health hazards 

Training in community monitoring: 

‣ Training of Trainers (ToT) workshop will be organised for NGO trainers to share 

knowledge on the empowerment of communities in community monitoring. 

‣ Trained Individual will identified trainers from other Tanzanian NGOs and CSOs to use 

the material and help with monitoring. 

‣ New materials will be developed as well as adapt existing materials for pilot use 

Implementation of community monitoring: 

‣ Pilot studies will be initiated with two communities over at least one cropping season in 

areas where pesticides are widely used (e.g. Coffee/cotton/vegetable production) 

‣ results will be shared in a national workshop of trainers 

‣ Dissemination of information to appropriate national bodies, 

‣ Designated National Authority for the Rotterdam (PIC) Convention to discuss how to 

integrate the methodology with national data gathering strategies, identify priority 

pesticides for elimination, encourage strategies for more sustainable alternatives 

Disseminating results for international learning 

experiences: 

‣ results of health monitoring will be presented at meetings of the Conference of the 

Parties and other relevant international gatherings concerned with implementing 

Chemical Conventions. 

‣ use of posters and exhibition material, and where appropriate by bringing community 

representatives 

Actvity 5 – Consolidated guide and 

checklist for implementation 

 

 

 

The number and range of international agreements can 

be confusing, even for experts, so a consolidated guide 

to create a user-friendly, for different conventions is 

under preparation by EcoSphere. (a draft guide will be 

presented by Gretta Goldenman) 

‣ The Consolidated Guideline and Checklist for Implementation will cover at 

least: Rotterdam, Stockholm, Basle, Bamako Conventions, ILO 

Convention 184 (Chemical Convention), Montreal Protocol, Biosafety 

Protocol, FAO and WHO codes, relationship to IFCS-initiated activities 

and other appropriate processes. 

A strategy for communication and dissemination of the 

Convention guide will be developed (NIPs, ASP, National 

Chemical Profiles …). 

National guides will include briefings for health centres, 

agricultural extension agents and NGOs; 

54

Activity 6 – CASE STUDIES - Documenting gaps 

between regulation and field: risk and mitigatio 

Case studies will be carried out to evaluate the 

situations or policies which illustrate the need and 

merit of international chemical conventions, or which 

facilitate the implementation or use of international 

conventions in Tanzania 

International initiatives have benefits, but what difference can they make to finding solutions 

to problems created by the chemicals they govern? 

Prioritise studies should be linked to : 

‣ ASP, disposal and prevention (e.g.Vikuge DDT case 

study ) 

‣ Severely hazardous pesticide formulations for PIC 

‣ Ecological monitoring 

‣ Community health monitoring 

Selected NGOs will carry out the study (ToR) 

‣ 6 case studies will be conducted: 2 per year 

‣ 2 under DGF 

Activity 7 - Pilot activities in support of policies 

for IPM and pesticide risk reduction 

To investigate effective ways to promote IPM 

Training in IPM for farmers, 

Promoting organic farming for small scale 

farmers. 

A field visit for policy makers, research, 

extension will be organised to 

‣ Encourage support, 

‣ To demonstrate the benefits and appropriateness 

of sustainable strategies. 

Activity 8 –communication strategy 

The project will be backed by a 

communication strategy. 

The communication strategy will aim to reach 

farmers, grass roots and other civil society 

organisations 

The communication strategy will focus on 

taking lessons and feedback from the field to 

the national workshops, international 

conferences, and CoPs. 

… Continued 

Activity 8 – Crosscutting activity: 

communication strategy (national) 

This will be done through 

Production and dissemination of annual progress 

report 

Feed into NIPs, ASP reports etc 

Writing briefings and reports, press releases, radio or 

TV panel discussions etc 

Participation in relevant meetings 

Train national and local media on issues (November 

+ WWF) 

Organise events to attract publicity e.g. visits to ASP 

disposal sites, IPM field visits 

Use opportunities of participation in CoP etc meetings 

to share results 

Finances 

80% of the project is funded by the 

Development Directorate-General of the 

European Commission through PAN UK. 

20% fund for year 1 was secured 

through Development Green Fund 

(GEF+WB) 

Thank you 

End 

18 

55

THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs): 

Overview and Implementation Status in Tanzania 

By 

Angelina E. Madete and Julius Enock 

Division of Environment – Vice President’s Office 

A Paper Presented at the Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on Pesticide and 

Poverty Project, 3-5 August 2005 

56

CONTENTS 

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs ......58 

1.1 What are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)......................................58 

1.2 Why are POPs a Global Issue? ..............................................................58 

1.3 The Stockholm Convention on POPs......................................................59 

1.4 Substantive Provisions of the Stockholm Convention .............................60 

2.0 STATUS OF OF POPs PESTICIDES AND DDT MANAGEMENT IN 

TANZANIA ...............................................................................................63 

2.1 POPs Pesticides .....................................................................................63 

2.2 DDT ........................................................................................................64 

3.0 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION IN 

TANZANIA ...............................................................................................65 

4.0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 68 

5.0 CHALLENGES AND PLANNED EFFORTS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF 

THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION .........................................................73 

5.1 Challenges..............................................................................................73 

5.2 Planned Efforts .......................................................................................75 

6.0 LINKING THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION TO POVERTY REDUCTION 

.................................................................................................................75 

6.1 The Poverty-Environment Linkage..........................................................75 

6.2 Suggested Interventions to Strengthen Linkage of the Stockholm 

Convention to Poverty Reduction ..............................................................76 

7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS ......................................................................77 

57

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs 

1.1 What are Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 

Chemicals are a vital part of our daily life. They provide society with a wide 

range of benefits, particularly increased agricultural and industrial 

production and improvements in the control of disease. However, 

chemicals have the potential to cause considerable health and 

environmental problems throughout their life cycle i.e. from production to 

disposal. 

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) form one of the chemical groups that 

pose a particular threat characterized by their toxicity, long lifetimes 

(persistence) in the environment (air, water, soil, biota) and therefore can 

move long distances, bioaccumulate through the food web, posing a risk 

of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. They 

include industrial chemicals such as PCBs, pesticides such as DDT and 

combustion by-products such as dioxins and furans. POPs are known to 

have significant immunological, neurological and reproductive health 

effects. 

1.2 Why are POPs a Global Issue? 

POPs are semi-volatile chemicals which evaporate from the regions in 

which they are used and are then transported over long distances in the 

atmosphere. They are also discharged directly or by atmospheric 

deposition into waterways and are transported by movement of fresh and 

marine waters. The result is widespread distribution of POPs across the 

globe, including regions where they have never been used. POPs occur at 

low levels in air and water, so human concerns arise from their ability to 

bioaccumulate in organisms rather than from direct exposure. POPs have 

a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissue of organisms and bioconcentrate 

in food chains making humans and wildlife at the top of food chain the 

most risk. 

POPs are a global issue for the environment and for human health. They 

can cause birth defects, various cancers, immune system dysfunction, and 

reproductive problems in wildlife. The weight of evidence indicates that 

high levels of exposure over the long term may contribute to increasing 

rates of birth defects, fertility problems, greater susceptibility to disease, 

diminished intelligence, and some types of cancers in humans. Of major 

concern for human health is the effect of exposure to POPs on the 

developing foetus. POPs can accumulate in human tissues and pass 

through the placenta to the foetus. Furthermore, POPs have been 

detected in the breast milk of women throughout the world. 

58

In recent decades, the risks posed by POPs have become of increasing 

concern in 

many countries, resulting in actions to protect human health and the 

environment being taken at the national, regional and international levels. 

1.3 The Stockholm Convention on POPs 

Chemical contamination of the environment shows no respect for territorial 

borders and therefore countries on their own, cannot respond effectively. 

In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 

in Rio de Janeiro agreed to address the problem of POPs. In May 1995 

the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme 

(UNEP) requested in its decision 18/32 that an international assessment 

process be undertaken of an initial list of 12 POPs (Aldrin, Chlordane, 

DDT, Dieldrin, Polychlorinated para Dibenzodioxins - PCDD, Endrin, 

Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans - PCDF Hexachlorobenzene - HCB, 

Heptachlor, Mirex, Polychlorinated Biphenyls PCBs and Toxaphene) and 

that the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) develop 

recommendations on international action for consideration by the UNEP 

Governing Council and World Health Assembly no later than in 1997. 

In June 1996, the IFCS concluded that available information was sufficient 

to demonstrate the need for international action on the 12 POPs and that 

international action, including a global legally binding instrument, is 

required to reduce risks to human health and the environment arising from 

the release of the 12 POPs. The IFCS provided recommendations to 

UNEP that served as a basis for the mandate to begin negotiations of a 

global POPs Convention. 

In February 1997, the UNEP Governing Council in its Decision 19/13C 

invited UNEP to prepare for and convene an Intergovernmental 

Negotiating Committee (INC), with a mandate to prepare an international 

legally binding instrument for initially the 12 POPs and requested that the 

INC establish an expert group to develop criteria and a procedure for 

identifying additional POPs as candidates for future international action. 

The decision also included a number of immediate actions to address 

POPs issue. In June 1998, an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee 

(INC) started to prepare for an international legally binding instrument for 

implementing international action on POPs. Five negotiation meetings 

took place and came to an end in December 2000. On May 23, 2001 a 

global, legally binding instrument called the “Stockholm Convention on 

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)” was adopted in Stockholm Sweden. 

Ninety two (92) Governments and European Union adopted the 

Convention, Tanzania included. 

59

The objective of the Stockholm targets the elimination or restriction of 

production and use of all intentionally produced POPs (i.e. industrial 

chemicals and pesticides). It also seeks the continuing minimization and, 

where feasible, ultimate elimination of releases of unintentionally 

produced POPs such as PCDD and PCDF. Stockpiles must be managed 

and disposed of in a safe, efficient and environmentally sound manner. 

The Convention imposes certain trade restrictions. The Convention targets 

an initial group of 12 POPs, with the option of including additional POPs of 

global concern. 

As of June 2005, the Stockholm Convention had 151 signatories and 102 

Parties. The Convention entered into force in May 17, 2004. 

1.4 Substantive Provisions of the Stockholm Convention 

Article 1 – Objective 

The objective of this Convention is to protect human health and the 

environment from the adverse effects of POPs. 

Article 3 – Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional 

production and use 

Parties are required to prohibit or take legal and administrative measures 

necessary to eliminate the production and use of POPs listed in Annex A 

to the Convention (Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, 

Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex and Toxaphene) with the exception for 

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in use and certain limited exemptions 

for these chemicals. Ensure that PCBs are managed in an 

environmentally sound manner and by 2025 take action to phase out from 

use PCBs in equipment (e.g. transformers, capacitors or other receptacles 

containing liquid stocks) found above certain thresholds. 

Parties are required to restrict to certain acceptable purposes the 

production and use of POPs listed in Annex B to the Convention – DDT for 

disease vector control in accordance with WHO guidelines. Also Parties 

should not import or export POPs for reasons other than environmentally 

sound disposal or for acceptable uses under Annex A and Annex B to the 

Convention. Exports to non-Party must comply with the rules of Prior 

informed Consent of the Rotterdam Convention. 

The national registration body for new chemicals must not allow 

registration and subsequent use of chemicals, which exhibit properties 

similar to POPs as described in Annex D. A country should review the 

current list of registered chemicals and phase out use and or production of 

materials, which exhibit properties of POPs as described in Annex D. Any 

60

exemptions granted should minimize or eliminate any potential exposure 

to humans and the environment 

Article 4 – Register of specific exemptions 

A Register is established for the purpose of identifying Parties that have 

specific exemptions listed in Annex A or Annex B. The Register covers: 

list of the types of specific exemptions, list of the Parties granted a specific 

exemption, and a list of the expiry dates for each registered specific 

exemption. Any State may, on becoming a Party, register for one or more 

types of specific exemptions. 

Article 5 - Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from 

unintentional production 

Each Party shall at a minimum take the following measures to reduce the 

total releases derived from anthropogenic sources of each of the 

chemicals listed in Annex C (Polychlorinated Biphenyls, polychlorinatedpara-Dibenzodioxins 

and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans and 

Hexachlorobenzene) 

Also, develop Action Plan (regional or sub-regional) and implement it as part 

of the national implementation plan for POPs specified in Article 7, designed to 

identify, characterize and develop and maintain source inventories and release 

estimates, and promote measures including the use of best available 

techniques (BATs) and best environmental practices (BEPs). The Action Plan 

shall entail: 

i) Review of sources of release; 

ii) Review of policies and laws and their efficacy; 

iii) Strategies to meet the requirements of the Convention; 

iv) Education and training and awareness raising; 

v) A time frame for implementation; 

vi) Measures to search and use the suitable alternatives to the 

POPs chemicals; and 

vii) Use of best available techniques and best environmental 

practices when developing the plan for reduction or elimination 

of releases. 

Article 6 – Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles 

and wastes 

This article requires each party to develop appropriate strategies for 

identifying stockpiles consisting of POPs listed either in Annex A or Annex 

B and products and articles in use and wastes containing POPs listed in 

Annexes A, B or C. Stockpiles should be managed in a safe, efficient and 

environmentally sound manner. All POPs wastes and items contaminated 

61

with POPs should be disposed of in way that ensures destruction of the 

POPs or its transformation into a substance, which doesn’t exhibit 

properties of POPs chemicals. Any actions must take into account all 

relevant global and regional regimes governing the management of 

hazardous waste (e.g. Basel Convention, Bamako Convention). The 

disposal process should not result in the recovery, recycling, or direct 

reuse of the POPs. Sites contaminated by POPs should be identified and 

any remediation must be completed in an environmentally sound manner. 

The definition of environmentally sound disposal shall be provided in 

collaboration with the appropriate bodies of the Basel Convention. A 

definition for low-level concentration of POPs, which do not require 

disposal, shall be developed in collaboration with the appropriate bodies of 

the Basel Convention. 

Article 7 – Implementation Plans 

This article requires each Party to develop and endeavour to implement a plan 

for the implementation of its obligations under the Convention within two years 

of its entry into force. The implementation plan shall be submitted to the 

Conference of the Parties within two years of the date on which this 

Convention enters into force for it. The Parties are required to review and 

update, as appropriate, their implementation plans on a periodic basis and in a 

manner to be specified by a decision of the Conference of the Parties. 

Article 8 - Listing of chemicals in Annexes A, B and C 

This article provides a procedure for adding POPs into the Convention in order 

to respond to new threats that may be identified in the future. It established the 

POPs Review Committee whose mandate is to examine chemicals in Annex 

A, B or C and submits recommendations to the Conference of the Parties for 

its appropriate decision. 

General Provisions 

The general provisions contained in the Convention include obligations of 

Party to: 

a) Facilitate and undertake information exchange on POPs including 

the establishment of a national focal point for this purpose (Article 

9). Also facilitate and promote awareness, education, and the 

provision of information to the public, particularly for decisionmakers 

and effected groups (Article 10); 

b) Encourage and undertake research, development and monitoring 

of POPs and their alternatives, and support international efforts 

along these lines (Article 11); 

62

c) Report to the Conference of the Parties on measures taken to 

implement the Convention (Article 15); 

d) The Conference of the Parties shall develop and approve 

procedures and institutional mechanisms for determining noncompliance 

with the provisions of this Convention and for 

treatment of Parties found to be in non-compliance (Article 17). 

e) It is recognized that many Parties from developing countries and 

countries with economies in transition will need technical and 

financial assistance in order to implement all the above provisions. 

For this reason, the Convention mandates: 

i) Cooperation to provide technical assistance to strengthen 

Parties capacity to implement the Convention (Article 12); 

ii) The provision of new and additional resources from 

developed countries to developing countries and countries 

with economies in transition, Parties to the Convention, to 

help them develop and strengthen their capacity to 

implement the Convention; and establishment of a financial 

mechanism to be defined by the COP to provide/facilitate 

the delivery of these resources (Article 13); 

iii) The establishment of interim financial arrangements (that 

holds until COP defines the permanent mechanism), which 

is the Global Environment Facility – the principal entity 

which should fulfill this function through operational 

measures, related specifically to POPs (Article 14). 

2.0 STATUS OF POPs PESTICIDES AND DDT MANAGEMENT IN 

TANZANIA 

2.1 POPs Pesticides 

POP Pesticides were used in the country in the past in a wide range of 

applications against various insect pests in agriculture and public health. These 

are Aldrin, Dieldrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, DDT and Toxaphene. 

The magnitude of contamination of some obsolete POP Pesticides storage sites 

posing potential human health and environmental risks needs urgent remedial 

measures. About 17.4 metric tones of obsolete stocks of Aldrin, Dieldrin, and 

Toxaphene are stored in various areas of intensive cash crops agricultural 

activities as well as in the respective industrial processing areas and these areas 

are Arusha (14.9 metric tonnes), Mbeya (0.5 metric tonnes) and Tabora (2 metric 

tonnes). 

Already the existing 9 POP Pesticides specified in the Convention are not in the 

list of registered pesticides hence not used. However, illegal trade may interfere 

Government interventions. Hence support is needed to strengthen institutional 

63

capacity for monitoring imports of POP Pesticides as well as development of 

waste disposal facilities. 

Through the Africa Stockpile Project, expected to commence in August 2005, 

Tanzania would be able to clean up 1,200 metric tonnes of obsolete stocks of 

pesticides, including 180 MT of POPs Pesticides and DDT, and set up 

mechanism to control accumulation of pesticide wastes in future. 

At present there is no specific provision that regulates POP Pesticides production 

and use in Tanzania, however, like any other pesticides, the POP Pesticides are 

controlled by existing relevant legislation. These include the Plant Protection Act 

(1997) and Plant Protection Regulations (1999). The Act controls all plant 

protection substances including POP Pesticides throughout their life cycle. The 

Regulations provides for restricted use of pesticides that are highly toxic 

including those which are controlled by the Rotterdam Convention. There is no 

prospect for the importation of POP Pesticides at present and in the near future 

as POP Pesticides have been cancelled from the current list of registered 

pesticides in the country and pesticide registration procedures are specifically 

restrictive and stringent when it comes to POP Pesticides. There exists 

deficiency in enforcement, which leads to existence of illegal products in the 

market. This may be attributed to lack of enough resources to enable pesticides 

inspectors conducts monitoring at all border entry points and pesticides shops. 

2.2 DDT 

DDT has been used in the country over years since 1950’s for both agriculture 

and public health. In Zanzibar, DDT was entirely used for public health and never 

used for agriculture. The preference to use DDT in public health, particularly 

against malaria vectors is due to its effectiveness and long residual effects. The 

Government of Zanzibar banned the use of DDT for malaria control programmes 

in 1988, whereas in Tanzania Mainland, a Government order to prevent the 

formulation and use of DDT for agricultural purposes was made in 1997. The 

decisions were solely based on effects of DDT to human health and the 

environment. 

Eliminating DDT is a major challenge as the country intends to reintroduce DDT 

to fight against malaria. In Tanzania, with about 18 million cases every year and 

100,000 deaths yearly out of which over 70,000 are children under five years of 

age, malaria remains the number one killer disease in the country. It is estimated 

that over 90% of Tanzanians are at risk of the disease. Twenty five (25) districts 

have been identified to be malaria endemic areas. Over 40% of the country 

population live in these areas. Currently, DDT is not being used but in view of the 

evident crisis it is intended to be reintroduced during epidemics only. Uses will be 

restricted for malaria control only and indoor spraying will be performed by 

certified personnel in accordance with WHO procedures for DDT use. The 

country needs further support for training on DDT use; research on alternatives 

64

and dissemination of available alternatives; and strengthening of institutional 

capacity for monitoring DDT imports, use and disposal. 

In an inventory carried out in 2003 revealed an obsolete pesticides stock of about 

170.5 MT (including DDT) in Tanzania mainland and 150kg of DDT in Zanzibar. 

Since stockpiles are located in towns or villages and near water bodies, there are 

potential health hazards to human and the environment. However, there is no 

assessment that has been done to ascertain levels of hazards associated with 

DDT. The existing DDT stockpile is expected to be disposed of through the Africa 

Stockpile Project (ASP), expected to commence in August 2005. 

At present there is no specific legal provisions that regulate DDT use for public 

health in Tanzania. However, DDT like any other pesticide is regulated by the 

Plant Protection Act (1997) and Plant Protection Regulations (1999) in mainland 

Tanzania whereas in Zanzibar, it is regulated by the Public Health Act (1980). 

Hence amendments of the respective laws are needed to facilitate DDT use in 

public health and enforce compliance with the Stockholm Convention. In general 

DDT importation and use will be restricted hence special conditions will be set for 

its use. 

3.0 IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION IN 

TANZANIA 

Tanzania became a Party to the Stockholm Convention in 30 th April 2004. This is 

an indication that the country is committed to safeguard the health of its people 

and the environment and values the importance of international cooperation in 

addressing global environmental concerns. The Vice President’s Office is the 

National Focal Point for this Convention. 

a) Development of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the 

Stockholm Convention 

Since 2002 the Vice President’s Office in collaboration with key stakeholders is 

involved in the preparation of NIP for the Stockholm Convention. This two-year 

project is supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The development 

of the NIP involved four phases, namely: establishment of coordination 

mechanism and process planning; establishment of POPs inventories and 

assessment of national infrastructure capacity of national infrastructure capacity, 

priority assessment and objective setting, formulation of the NIP and its 

endorsement. 

The NIP addresses the management of POPs chemicals and wastes, and 

support awareness raising in order to increase understanding regarding the 

negative impact of POPs on human and the environment. The NIP is in the final 

stages of fine-tuning prior to endorsement by stakeholders. 

65

) Strengthening Regulatory Regime (Enactment of Principal 

Environmental Legislation) 

Section 77 of the Environmental Management Act (EMA) (2004) deals with the 

issues of POPs in detail. It has included the provisions of the Stockholm 

Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants regarding obligations of Parties in 

eliminating releases of POPs. It also provides for the implementation of the NIP 

in the country and annual reporting. The Act gives powers to the Minister to make 

regulations regarding management of POPs releases. Further, the Act provides 

requirement for each sector ministry to undertake necessary legal and 

administrative measures to reduce or eliminate releases of intentionally produced 

POPs in its production, use, import, export and disposal in accordance with the 

provisions of the Stockholm Convention. The enactment of EMA (2004) provides 

enabling environment for domestication and implementation of the Stockholm 

Convention. 

There are also various legislation to support implementation of the Stockholm 

Convention. Key legislations include:- the Public Health Ordinance (1954); Water 

Act of 1974 and its amendments of 1981, 1997 and 2000; The Plant Protection 

Act (1997) and its Regulations (1999); The National Industrial Licensing and 

Registration Act (1967), and its amendment of 1982; Mining Act (1979) and its 

amendment of 1988 and 1999; and Local Government Act (1982) and its 

amendment of 2000. Also, the Industrial and Consumer Chemicals 

(Management and Control) of 2003 and the Occupational Health and Safety Act 

of 2003. Some of these Acts have weaknesses such as narrowness in scope, 

low penalties and inadequate co-ordination. Some legislation, despite their 

adequacy are not adequately implemented due to inadequate institutional 

capacity in terms of facilities, equipment, training and financial resources. 

c) Mainstreaming Environment into Poverty Reduction Strategy 

The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) of 2004 

keeps in focus the aspiration of Tanzania’s Development Vision (Vision 2025) for 

high and shared growth, high quality livelihood, peace, stability, unity, good 

governance, high quality education and international competitiveness. It is 

committed to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as internationally 

agreed targets for reducing poverty, hunger, diseases, illiteracy, environmental 

degradation and discrimination against women. The NSGRP is a five-year 

framework policy outlining goals, targets and strategies for 3 clusters. These 

are:- 

(i) Cluster I - growth of the economy and reduction in income; 

(ii) Cluster II – improvement of quality of life and social well-being; and 

(iii) Cluster III – Governance and accountability. 

66

The issue of management of POPs falls under cluster II which targets on 

reducing environmental pollution levels by outlining strategies on pollution control 

and prevention, sanitation and solid waste management 

Further, capacity building seminars for District Executive and Directors and Local 

Government Senior Officials have been conducted all over the country on 

mainstreaming environment in their district development programmes. A total of 

83 out of 121 districts have already been covered. This provides a viable platform 

for implementation of the NIP at local levels with particular emphasis on 

contributing to poverty reduction. 

d) Development of the National Profile to Assess Chemicals Management 

Infrastructure in Tanzania (2002) 

In 1997, the Ministry of Health in collaboration with key actors developed a 

National Profile to Assess Chemicals Management Infrastructure in Tanzania, 

which was reviewed in 2000 and 2002. UNITAR supported the preparation 

process. The National Profile is a framework document on chemicals aiming to 

assist national authorities to strengthen chemicals management in the country 

including some of the POPs chemicals. 

e) Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security embarked on IPM programme 

since 1992 and to date pest management technologies packages for cotton, 

maize, coffee and vegetables have been developed together with farmers and 

are being implemented in pilot areas. This has resulted in reduced use of 

pesticides by 50% in cotton. 

f) National Chemicals Management Action Plan 

In 1998, the Ministry of Health in collaboration with key stakeholders developed a 

National Chemicals Management Action Plan. Among the recommended 

activities is development of a law to govern industrial and consumer chemicals 

and creation of public awareness. Implementation of the action plan is ongoing. 

g) Cleaner Production Initiatives 

Four initiatives have been undertaken to promote adoption of cleaner production 

technologies and techniques in industries countrywide. These initiatives are:- 

protect on cleaner production (1994) by the then Ministry of Natural Resources, 

Tourism and Environment; the establishment of the Cleaner Production Centre of 

Tanzania (CPCT) in 1996 - the Centre’s major role is to promote the concept of 

cleaner production; and The Lake Victoria Environment Management 

Programme – cleaner production project (2000/2001) for industries in Mwanza, 

67

Mara and Kagera. Also the project on Ecologically Sustainable Industrial 

Development by CPCT that began in 1999 and the project on Development and 

Implementation of National Cleaner Technology Strategy of 2004. To-date, more 

than 69 industries throughout the country have been sensitized regarding the 

cleaner production technologies and techniques. The main activities are 

information dissemination, training, demonstration and assessments in various 

enterprises in the country. 

4.0 ROLES OF STAKEHOLDERS AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT 

4.1 Stakeholders 

Stakeholders are all those with a potential interest or stake in POPs chemicals in 

the country. The stakeholders of POPs management in the country may be 

categorized into seven groups as follows: 

i) Government: Ministries, agencies and state owned boards and 

organizations; 

ii) 

iii) 

Public Sector: training and research institutions and media; 

Private sector: seed companies, manufacturing and processing 

industries, pharmaceutical industries, cooperative unions and 

societies, banks and credit schemes, media; 

iv) Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Community Based 

Organizations (CBOs); 

v) Local Government Authorities; 

vi) 

vii) 

Farmers and Consumers; and 

Development partners 

The roles of each group of stakeholders is provided in Table below. 

68

Table 1: List of stakeholders and their roles in POPs management in the country 

Institution 

Roles 

a) Government 

i) President’s Office – Regional Administration and Local 

Government 

Policy development and implementation, Planning and 

coordination of local government authorities. 

ii) Vice President’s Office – Division of Environment Policy development and implementation, environmental planning, 

coordination and monitoring and environmental policy oriented 

research. 

iii) 

Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security – Plant 

Health Services Department 


coordination of energy matters. 

iv) 

Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Tourism 

and Cooperatives – Departments of Environment and 

Agriculture, Zanzibar 


coordination of environmental matters. 

v) Ministry of Energy and Minerals Policy development and implementation, Planning and 

coordination of energy matters. 

vi) Ministries of Health Policy development and implementation planning and 

coordination of health issues. 

vii) Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Zanzibar 

viii) 

Policy development and implementation planning and 

coordination of health issues. 

ix) Ministry of Industry and Trade Policy development and implementation, planning and 

coordination of industry and trade aspects. 

x) Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Development of Legislation 

xi) Ministry of Water Policy development and implementation, planning and 

69

Institution 

xii) Ministry of Water, Construction, Energy and Lands, 

Zanzibar 

xiii) National Environment Management Council 

xiv) Government Chemical Laboratory Agency 

xv) Government Chemist Laboratory – Zanzibar 

xvi) National Environment Management Council (NEMC) 

xvii) Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) 

xviii) Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI) 

xix) National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) 

b) Public sector 

xx) Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industries and 

Agriculture (TCCIA) 

xxi) Confederation of Tanzania Industries (CTI) 

xxii) Academic and Research Institutions (e.g. University of 

Dar es Salaam) 

xxiii) Media 

Roles 

coordination of water matters and monitoring of water quality. 

Policy development implementation and water quality monitoring 

and regulation, 

Advisor on policy and technical matters on environment and 

environmental monitoring. 

Advisor of government on matters of chemical analysis, 

Coordination of industrial chemicals management, Enforcement, 

technical backstopping. 

Advisor of government on matters of chemical analysis, 

Coordination of industrial chemicals management, Enforcement, 

technical backstopping. 

Compliance monitoring and enforcement 

Development of standards 

Training, research and technical backstopping on pesticides 

Training, research and epidemiological studies on pesticides 

Public awareness 


Training, research and technical backstopping 


c) Private sector 

70

Institution 

xxiv) TANESCO 

xxv) Seed Companies 

Public-private partnership in the management of POPs 

xxvi) Manufacturing an processing industries 

xxvii) Cooperative unions and societies 

xxviii) Banks and credit societies 

d) NGOs and CBOs • Complement the Government’s efforts especially in the rural 

areas 

• Promote wider public participation and awareness and 

advocacy 

e) Local Government • The management field and operational staff, which include 

extension officers, health and community development 

officials who have rich experience in working and solving 

problems in the rural areas. They are helpful in ensuring and 

promoting local level (bottom-up) participation 

f) Farmers and Consumers • Whether subsistence or peasant, pastoralist or commercial 

farmers are first group of stakeholders especially in the rural 

areas forming the majority of population that directly and 

indirectly participate in the production of food and agricultural 

products 

• They need to be motivated to effectively play their role (by 

government, NGOs/CBOs, Local Government and other 

stakeholders) 

g) Development Partners • Provide financial and technical assistance and some of them 

assist in planning and implementation of development 

programmes 

Roles 

71

4.2 Institutional Arrangement 

The Vice President’s Office: The Vice President’s Office, which at present is 

the Ministry responsible for environment in the country has oversight mandate on 

environmental matters in the country. VPO is responsible for environmental 

planning, coordination and monitoring, policy oriented research and monitoring. 

The Environmental Management Act (2004) empowers the Director of 

Environment to prepare and oversee implementation of the National 

Implementation Plan (NIP) for the Stockholm Convention. 

National Environment Management Council (NEMC): NEMC is responsible for 

enforcement, compliance, EIA review and monitoring, environmental research, 

environmental education and awareness creation on POPs issues. 

Sector Environmental Sections: The Environmental Management Act (EMA) 

(2004) establishes environmental sections in each sector Ministry whose function 

include to ensure all environmental matters falling under sector Ministry are 

implemented and status of implementation is regularly established. Relevant 

sectors are required to submit annual reports on implementation of the NIP. 

Local Government Authorities: Local Government Authorities are mandated to 

play two main functions of administration, law and order; and economic and 

development planning in their respective areas of jurisdiction. The Environmental 

Management Act requires local authorities to mainstream respective parts of the 

NIP into their policies, legislation, plans and programmes and submit annual 

reporting to VPO on the implementation progress. In addition, the Act requires 

that the concerned Local Government Authority appoints an appropriate 

Environmental Management Officer whose duties will include to advise the 

environmental management committee to which he belongs on all matters 

relating to environment; promote environmental awareness in the area he 

belongs on the protection of the environment and the conservation of the natural 

resources; prepare periodic reports on the state of the local environment; monitor 

the preparation, review and approval of environmental impact assessment for 

local investments; and review by laws on environmental management on sector 

specific activities related to the environment. 

72

5.0 CHALLENGES AND PLANNED EFFORTS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION 

5.1 Challenges 

In the course of implementing the Stockholm Convention there are various challenges. Some of the challenges and 

suggested solutions are as indicated in Table 2. 

Table 2: Challenges in implementation of the Stockholm Convention and suggested solutions 

Challenge 

i) Limited scope of the legislation governing POPs and waste 

management 

ii) Weak enforcement of existing legislation and hence poor 

regulation of management of POPs including importation and 

storage. This has resulted in unreliable data on POPs. In the 

past there has been excessive importation of banned, expired, 

low quality products 

iii) Environmental pollution by POPs chemicals through spillage, 

improper storage and disposal, and illegal use 

Suggested solution 

• Review of existing legislation to expand their scope to 

cover provisions of international treaties on POPs and 

waste particularly in the implementation of the NIP for 

the Stockholm Convention. 

• Implementation of the Africa Stockpile Project (ASP) 

and the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the 

Stockholm Convention will help in the clean up of 1,200 

metric tonnes of obsolete stocks of POPs Pesticides 

and set up mechanism to control accumulation of 

pesticide wastes in future. 

• Promote Best Available Techniques (BATs) and Best 

Environmental Practices (BEPs) 

• Establish monitoring schemes for POPs releases and 

impacts 

73

Challenge 

Suggested solution 

• Strengthen local research capacity on disposal and 

remediation technologies 

iv) Very low awareness by majority of government and political 

leaders, customs officers, industrialists, chemical storekeepers, 

agricultural extension workers and community at 

large on environmental and human health effects they may be 

exposed to from POPs pesticides and wastes. 

• Promote awareness on health and environmental 

hazards associated with POPs Pesticides 

• Establish awareness programme on risks of POPs 

Pesticides and their safe use as well as the available 

alternatives 

• Establish national data base on POPs Pesticides to 

help improve availability of information and expertise on 

POPs and their alternatives 

v) Inadequate technical (specialized human resource base and 

the necessary infrastructure) and financial capacity on proper 

chemical and waste management 

• Develop and implement a training programme on 

chemical and waste management 

• Promote international cooperation and technical 

exchange of information to improve scientific 

knowledge on POPs and institutional capacity 

74

5.2 Planned Efforts 

Some of the planned activities that are of relevance to the implementation of the 

Stockholm Convention include the following: 

a) Completion and adoption of the National Implementation Plan (NIP) for the 

Stockholm Convention and its implementation; 

b) Disposal of the existing stock of POPs Pesticides amounting to about 

1,200 tonnes through the Africa Stockpile Project (ASP) expected to 

commence in August, 2005 under the coordination of the National 

Environment Management Council (NEMC) and the Ministry of Agriculture 

and Food Security; and 

c) Operationalisation of the Environmental Management Act (2004) that will 

facilitate promulgation of various regulations, guidelines and rules 

including those covering POPs Pesticides, DDT and contaminated sites. 

This will also entail establishment of public awareness programs on 

various aspects of POPs; 

6.0 LINKING THE STOCKHOLM CONVENTION TO POVERTY 

REDUCTION 

6.1 The Poverty-Environment Linkage 

The poverty-environmental management is linked in fundamental ways to human 

well-being. These linkages are especially critical for people living in poverty in 

terms of three key dimensions of human poverty: 

a) Livelihoods: poor people tend to be most dependent upon the 

environment and the direct use of natural resources for their livelihood 

opportunities, and therefore are the most severely affected when the 

environment is degraded or their access to natural resources is limited or 

denied. 

b) Health: poor people suffer most when water, land and the air are polluted, 

and environmental risk factors are a major source of health problems in 

developing countries 

c) Vulnerability: the poor are particularly vulnerable and are most often 

exposed to environmental shocks and stresses. Women and children are 

particularly susceptible; women make up about 60% of the agricultural 

workforce and mothers can transfer as much as one-fifth of their total toxic 

body burden to their infant children both prenatally and after birth (through 

breast feeding). Therefore, implementation of the Stockholm Convention 

must address poverty reduction as a strategy to reduce vulnerabilities of 

the poor from the adverse effects of POPs chemicals. 

75

6.2 Suggested Interventions to Strengthen Linkage of the Stockholm 

Convention to Poverty Reduction 

a) Policy Interventions 

• Strengthen decentralization process that seeks to increase local 

environmental management through a more consultative and 

participatory framework; 

• Improve poverty-environment monitoring and assessment for informed 

decision making; and 

• Provide enabling environment and incentives for encouraging private 

sector involvement in environmental management including research and 

promotion of alternatives to POPs chemicals, investment in physical 

infrastructure (e.g. chemical storage and disposal facilities), research and 

monitoring of POPs releases etc. 

b) Capacity building Interventions 

• Improve infrastructure for research, training and monitoring of POPs 

releases; 

• Establish database on POPs to facilitate dissemination of relevant 

information and public awareness; 

• Establish training program to environmental, public health and safety 

officers on risk assessment and risk management of POPs chemicals and 

wastes; and 

• Develop and disseminate guidelines on pesticides retail business and 

use of alternatives to POPs Pesticides. 

c) Mainstreaming Stockholm Convention Obligations into National 

Development Policies, Strategies and Planning 

A fundamental shift is needed to build on poor people’s priorities and capabilities 

that effectively engage all stakeholders in addressing the underlying policy and 

institutional drivers of environmental degradation. Meeting this challenge requires 

integrating the environmental concerns of poor and vulnerable groups into 

development frameworks and strategies (poverty reduction strategies, 

macroeconomic and sectoral policies and the budget process) at national and 

local levels. The integration will make it possible to forge a broad-based and 

more coordinated response to poverty-environment challenges, to achieve 

synergies between diverse interventions across many sectors and ensure 

resources are being allocated and effectively targeted. 

76

7.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS 

The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty that aims to protect human health 

and the environment from Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) by establishment 

of a systematic and sustained programme of action to eliminate POPs and their 

sources. Looking at the nature and scope of the Convention, it has the potential 

to contribute in some manner to poverty reduction and sustainable development 

as a whole. 

The assistance extended to developing countries to help them meet their 

obligations under the Convention is necessary in order to strengthen their 

capacity in the management of POPs. 

The Government is determined to eliminate POPs as soon as practicable by 

implementing the NIP. It is the intention of the Government to undertake review 

of its policies and legislative framework relevant to the implementation of the 

Stockholm Convention to strengthen capacity of institutions that deal with POPs 

including the establishment of mechanisms for coordination, monitoring of POPs 

and review and updating of the NIP. Also the Government realises the 

importance of generating and disseminating public information and creating 

public awareness at all levels to tackle the issues of POPs in a comprehensive 

way. In doing so, the Government within its limited capacity, shall make 

deliberate efforts to implement its obligations under the Stockholm Convention 

and hence eliminate POPs as scheduled. To achieve the NIP objectives, 

Tanzania will seek cooperation of the international community in dealing with 

problems of POPs. 

77

ROTTERDAM CONVENTION 

Alcheraus J M Rwazo 

Tropical Pesticides Research Institute 

P O Box 3024 

Arusha 

1.0 INTRODUCTION: The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent 

Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International 

Trade was adopted on 10 th September 1998 and entered into force on 24 th 

February 2004. Therefore the Convention is now legally binding for its 

parties. Before entering into force, it was operated jointly by UNEP and FAO on 

voluntary basis as the Interim Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure. 

The convention aim at promoting shared responsibility and cooperative efforts 

among parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals, in order 

to protect human health and the environment from potential harm and to 

contribute to their environmentally sound use by facilitating information exchange 

about their characteristics, providing for a decision making process on their 

import and export and disseminating these decisions to Parties. 

The Convention covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been 

banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties 

and which have been notified by these Parties. At present, the PIC procedure 

covers twenty-nine hazardous pesticides and nine industrial chemicals. For 

industrial chemicals, the scope of the Convention is limited to formulations 

and mixtures. As a result, manufactured items that are traded internationally and 

that contain chemicals listed under the PIC Procedure are not subject to the 

provisions of the Rotterdam Convention. 

2.0 THE KEY IMPLEMENTERS 

2.1 Parties and Designated National Authorities 

Parties are countries or regional economic integration organizations that have 

ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to the Convention. A party is required to 

appoint one or more Designated National Authorities. These are primary contact 

points for matters related to the operation of the convention and may perform 

the administrative functions required by the Convention. 

2.2 Conference of the Parties (COP): 

Oversees the operation of the Convention and make decisions regarding 

amendments of the Convention including the inclusion of a chemical. 

2.3 The Chemical Review Committee (CRC) 

78

Reviews notifications from parties and draft Decision Guidance Documents 

(DGD) and make recommendations to the COP on chemicals to include in Annex 

III. Members are government designated experts in chemicals management from 

various participating countries. 

2.4 Secretariat: This is provided jointly FAO and UNEP. The Secretariat is 

responsible for administrative arrangements for meetings of the COP and its 

subsidiary bodies (eg CRC), verification of notifications and proposals, 

disseminating import responses by the Parties, facilitating assistance to 

developing country parties, facilitating information exchange between parties 

and ensuring coordination with other international organizations. 

PIC also include export notification, whereby governments are required to notify 

importing countries of exports of banned or severely restricted d chemicals for 

the first export of each year. Export notification ceases when the chemical 

enters PIC. 

3.0 HOW THE CONVENTION WORKS (Figure 1) 

The Convention includes two key provisions: The Prior Informed Consent (PIC 

procedure) and information exchange for achieving the objectives of the 

convention. 

3.1 PIC: This is the principle that export of a chemical covered by the 

Convention can only take place with the prior informed consent of the importing 

party. 

For each chemical subject to the PIC procedure, countries are requested to 

indicate whether they accept import, refuse import or allow import under certain 

conditions and to inform the Secretariat of their decision. Import decisions taken 

by countries must be trade neutral; that is, if a Party decides that it does not 

consent to accept imports of a specific chemical, it must also stop 

production of the chemical or imports from all countries, and have domestic 

legislative or administrative measures prohibiting the chemical. These import 

decisions are summarized by the Secretariat and a compilation of importing 

country responses is distributed to Parties every six months via the PIC 

Circular. 

3.2 Information exchange: The inclusion of a chemical in the PIC 

procedure does not mean that it should be globally banned or severely restricted 

automatically, nor does it mean that an individual country should automatically 

prohibit its import. It does mean that chemicals listed under the PIC Procedure 

are subject to extensive information exchange, priority attention for national 

decisions about imports, and obligations related to export controls. 

3.3 Inclusion of a chemical to PIC procedure: 

79

All Parties have to notify the Secretariat of the Convention when they take final 

regulatory actions to ban or severely restrict the use of a chemical for health or 

environmental reasons. The Secretariat keeps a list of chemicals that are banned 

or severely restricted by Parties. The process to consider the addition of 

a chemical to the PIC procedure is initiated when the Secretariat receives 

notification for the chemical by two Parties, each from a different region of the 

Convention (the Convention divides the Parties into seven regions). 

Once a chemical has been nominated for consideration for inclusion in the PIC 

procedure, the notifications are submitted to the Chemical Review Committee, 

which prepares a Decision Guidance Document if the notification meet the 

criteria of the Convention. 

The Chemical Review Committee makes recommendations the COP whether or 

not to add the substance to the PIC procedure and to approve the Decision 

Guidance Document. It is the Parties that make the final decision to add a 

chemical to the list of substances subject to the PIC procedure, on a consensus 

basis. The Convention requires that the entire process to consider the addition of 

chemicals to the PIC procedure be conducted in an open and transparent 

manner. 

4.0 NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF THE CONVENTION 

4.1 Participation in the Convention: Tanzania signed the Rotterdam 

Convention in 1998, and ratified it in 2002. The national focal point is the Vice 

President’s Office, Department of Environment. The country has appointed two 

Designated Authorities for implementation of the convention: The Chief 

Government Chemist (for Industrial and Consumer Chemicals) and Registrar of 

Pesticides (for pesticides) as directed by Article 4 of the convention. 

The two DNAs have been trained in Nairobi Kenya June 2000 and Namibia in 

February 2003. The Government has also been represented in various 

international meetings including the most recent International Seminar held in 

Rome – Italy, 6 th – 8 th April 2005. 

The roles of DNAs include dealing with administrative issues related to the 

convention such as information exchange, receiving document from the 

secretariat, workshop proceedings, communicating with industries, Government 

ministries and other relevant authorities. The provisions of implementation of the 

convention have been also incorporated in some national laws such as the Plant 

Protection Act (1997), the Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management & 

Control) Act (2003) and the Environmental Management Act (2004). 

4.2 Status of the chemicals under the convention (Annex III) – Refer 

Table 1. 

80

4.3 Roles of stakeholders: Provisions of the convention cut across many 

sectors including industries, government institutions, agriculture, health, 

research, pressure groups, policy makers etc. Therefore each sector needs to be 

fully involved in the implementation. The stakeholders should be consulted 

before any decision is reached to include a given chemical in the PIC list 

because such a decision can have an impact. The stakeholders need also to be 

updated on the implementation of the convention. 

The role of stakeholders has been recognized in Tanzania by constituting 

technical and steering committees for implementation of PIC. Members to the 

committee were drawn various government institutions, ministries and nongovernment 

organizations. These include Ministry of Health (Government 

Chemist Laboratory Agency), Ministry of Agriculture (Tropical Pesticides 

Research Institute and Plant Health Services), Ministry of Labour and Youth 

Development (Occupational Health and Safety Authority), CropLife (Tanzania) – 

formerly the Agrochemical Association of Tanzania, Tanzania Industrial 

Research Organization, University of Dar Es Salaam, Sokoine University of 

Agriculture, Ministry of Trade and Industries, Tanzania Bureau of Standards, 

National Environment Management Council and the Vice President’s Office 

(Department of Environment). 

The PIC technical committee was reviewed in September 2003 at a Workshop in 

Morogoro attended by relevant stakeholders. The Committee comprises 13 

expert members from different stakeholders (Table 2): 

5.0 CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION AND 

SOLUTIONS TO OVERCOME THE CHALLENGES 

5.1 Challenges: The implementation of the Convention is facing some 

challenges. These include:- 

• Undefined responsibilities of the constituted committees. The committees 

are therefore not meeting regularly to discuss issues related to the 

convention such as identification of chemicals to add to Annex III and 

other control actions. 

• Non-involvement of all stakeholders in decision making with regard to 

import responses. 

• Low knowledge and awareness to important stakeholders such as 

decision makers, importers, business community, regulators, customs 

officials, exporters, consumers and public in general. 

• Inadequate coordination among relevant ministries, DNAs and other 

stakeholders for implementing PIC procedures at National level 

• Lack of feedback mechanism for country representative to the 

International conferences, workshops and meetings. 

81

• Inadequate dissemination of information to stakeholders 

• Inadequate human and financial resources. 

• Lack of cooperation, networking, and collaboration with neighbouring 

countries (East African Countries) 

• Lack of experience in preparing and submitting import responses Decision 

Guidance Documents somehow complicated. 

5.2 Solutions to Overcome the Challenges 

There is a need of concerted efforts by all stakeholders to overcome the 

identified challenges. Solutions to challenges include:- 

• Publicizing the convention through both print (newspapers), electronic 

media (Radio and Television) and information, educational and 

communication materials (brochure, posters, leaflets). This will enable 

stakeholders to understand the convention and its benefits. The language 

of the convention must be simplified for easy communication. 

• Sensitisation and awareness raising at all levels through seminars, 

conferences and workshops 

• Creation of a forum for dissemination of information (DGDs, import 

responses). The current technical teams are not effective unless they are 

expanded by including more members from other sectors. 

• Identification of a proper and sustainable funding mechanism to support 

the implementation of the Convention. This can be by contribution from all 

stakeholders, application for assistance from the secretariat or 

International Organizations. 

• Capacity building for the stakeholders on aspects of the Convention and 

its implementation. 

• Regional cooperation in the implementation of the Convention by sharing 

the available resources (human and financial) 

6.0 LINKAGE BETWEEN THE CONVENTION AND POVERTY 

REDUCTION: 

There is evidence that misuse of chemicals and pesticides in developed 

countries has always caused deaths through exposure, accidental poisonings 

and suicides/homicides and environmental pollution. The Rotterdam Convention 

82

provides early warning for developing countries to avoid mistakes made in 

developed countries through information exchange. 

In addition, pesticides will continue to be used in the foreseeable future in order 

to meet the demand of increased food production to feed the increased World 

population. The Convention help developing countries to avoid using pesticides 

that are known to be harmful to human health and the environment and highly 

toxic pesticides that cannot be handled safely by small farmers under conditions 

of use. The convention therefore promotes sustainable agriculture through use of 

pesticides that are safer to the environment and end users. This will increase 

production thereby combating hunger, disease and poverty. 

7.0 CONCLUSION: The benefits of the Rotterdam convention to developing 

countries like Tanzania need no emphasis. The Government as a party to the 

convention has responsibility to implement the provisions of the convention for 

the protection of human health and environment against hazardous and highly 

toxic chemicals and pesticides. The government needs to participate fully in 

order to contribute to the shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among 

Parties, otherwise the signing and ratification will be meaningless. Putting in 

place an effective and efficient implementation mechanism will help in reaching 

informed decisions related to import of chemicals under the convention. There is 

therefore a great need to identify key and proper players (well trained, informed 

and committed) and the required resources to support the efforts already in 

place. Initiation of parallel programmes will have an added advantage if 

duplication is very much avoided. 

REFERENCES 

1. http://www.pic.int. – For Rotterdam convention text 

2. Rotterdam Convention, Overview, Rotterdam Convention Secretariat, 

Revised 2005 

3. Rotterdam Convention, Text and Annexes, Revised 2005 

4. E Mashimba & J Akhabuhaya, Challenges in National Implementation 

of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure Tanzanian Experience, A 

paper presented at the Regional Workshop on Rotterdam Convention 

on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous 

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, UNEP – Nairobi, 13 th 

June 2000 

5. E Mashimba, Implementation of the Rotterdam Convention Prior 

Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure in Tanzania, A paper presented at 

the Training Workshop for Executives on International Conventions to 

Promote Chemical Safety, Paradise Hotel, Bagamoyo, 9 th – 11 th 

August 2004. 

83

Step 1 

FIGURE 1 

Information Exchange and the PIC Procedure 

Notification of final 

regulatory action to 

ban or severely restrict a 

chemical (PARTIES) 

Proposal on severely 

hazardous pesticides 

formulation causing 

problems under conditions 

of use (PARTIES) 

Export Notification 

(PARTIES) 

Information exchange 

Step 2 

Prior Informed Consent Procedures 

Decision to make a chemical 

subject to PIC and list in Annex 

III (COP) 

Circulation of a decision 

guidance document all Parties 

(SECRETARIAT) 

Step 3 

Import responses regarding 

future import of each PIC 

chemical (PARTIES) 

Circulation of import responses 

to all Parties (SECRETARIAT) 

Step 4 

Follow up on importing Party 

responsibilities (PARTIES) 

Follow up on exporting Party 

responsibilities (PARTIES) 

84

TABLE 1: 

CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE PRIOR INFORMED CONSENT 

PROCEDURE 

Chemical Category Registration Status in Import Decision 


2,4,5-T and its salts and Pesticide Not registered No consent 

esters 

Aldrin Pesticide Restricted registration Consent 

for use in soil against 

termites 

Binapacryl Pesticide Not registered No consent 

Captafol Pesticide Banned since 1986 No consent 

Chlordane Pesticide Restricted registration Consent 

for use in soil against 

grubs, termites, ants 

and crickets 

Chlordimeform Pesticide Not registered No consent 

Chlorobenzilate Pesticide Not registered No consent 

DDT Pesticide Banned for agricultural Consent for public 

use, restricted for health 

public health 

Dieldrin Pesticide Restricted registration consent 

for emergency cases in 

Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) 

and its salts (such as 

ammonium salt, potassium 

salt and sodium salt) 

Dinoseb and its salts and 

esters 

1,2-dibromoethane 

limited amount 

Pesticide Not registered No consent 


Pesticide 

Restricted registration 

for fumigation 

application on soil 

consent 

(EDB) 

Ethylene dichloride Pesticide Not registered No consent 

Ethylene oxide Pesticide Not registered No consent 

Fluoroacetamide Pesticide Not registered No consent 

HCH (mixed isomers) Pesticide Not registered No consent 

Heptachlor Pesticide Registered for use in consent 

various crops against 

termites and other soil 

pests 

Hexachlorobenzene Pesticide Not Registered No consent 

Lindane Pesticide Registered hides and Consent 

skins 

85

Chemical Category Registration Status in Import Decision 


Mercury compounds, 

Pesticide Not Registered No consent 

including inorganic mercury 

compounds, alkyl mercury 

compounds and 

alkyloxyalkyl and aryl 

mercury compounds 

Monocrotophos Pesticide Not registered No consent 

Parathion Pesticide Banned in 1986 No consent 

Pentachlorophenol and its 

salts and esters 


Toxaphene Pesticide Banned in 1986 No consent 

Dustable powder 

formulations containing a 

combination of: 

Severely hazardous Not registered 

pesticide 

formulation 

No consent 

- Benomyl at or above 7 per 

cent, 

- Carbofuran at or above 10 

per cent, and 

- Thiram at or above 15 per 

cent 

(1) Monocrotophos 

(Soluble liquid formulations 

of the substance that 

exceed 600 g active 

ingredient/l) 

Methamidophos 




ingredient/l) 

Phosphamidon 




ingredient/l) 


pesticide 

formulation 


pesticide 

formulation 


pesticide 

formulation 

No consent 

No consent 

No consent 

86

Chemical Category Registration Status in 


Import Decision 

Banned in 1986 No consent 

Methyl-parathion 

(emulsifiable concentrates 

(EC) at or above 19.5% 

active ingredient and dusts 

at or above 1.5% active 

ingredient) 

(1) Parathion (all 

formulations – aero-sols, 

dustable powder (DP), 

emulsifiable concentrate 

(EC), granules (GR) and 

wettable powders (WP) - of 

this subs-tance are 

included, except capsule 

suspensions (CS)) 

Asbestos: 

Severely hazardous 

pesticide 

formulation 


pesticide 

formulation 

Not registered 

– Actinolite 

– Anthophyllite 

– Amosite 

– Crocidolite 

– Tremolite 

Polybrominated biphenyls 

(PBB) 

Polychlorinated biphenyls 

(PCB) 

Polychlorinated terphenyls 

(PCT) 

Tetraethyl lead 

Tetramethyl lead 

Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) 

phosphate 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Industrial 

Not registered 

87

TABLE 2: 

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 

THE CONVENTION 

Institution/Department 

Member 

1. Government Chemist Laboratory Agency Chief Government Chemist – 

DNA, Chairman 

Expert from Chemicals 

Management 

2. Tropical Pesticides Research Institute Registrar, DNA – Deputy 

Chairman 

Expert from Pesticides 

Registration and Control 

Division (now Pesticides and 

Environmental Management 

Centre) 

3. Vice President’s Office Expert from Pollution Control 

section 

National Environment Management 

Council 

Expert from Environment 

Compliance and Enforcement 

Division 

4. Ministry of Industries and Trade Expert from Department of 

Industry 

University of Dar Es Salaam Expert from Chemical and 

Process Engineering, 

5. Private Sector Agrochemical Association of 

Tanzania (Now CropLife 

(Tanzania) 

Confederation of Tanzania 

Industries 

6. Occupational Safety and Health Authority 

(OSHA) 

7. Ministry of Agriculture, Natural 

Resources, Environment and 

Cooperatives (Zanzibar) 

8. Government Chemist Laboratory 

(Zanzibar) 

Occupational Health Doctor 

Department of Plant Protection 

Government Chemist 

88

PAPER ON BASEL AND BAMAKO CONVENTIONS 

Implementation Status In Tanzania 

By 

Mr. Issaria M. Mangalili 

Senior Environmental Officer 


Paper presented in the Multi-stakeholder workshop on Pesticides and Poverty 

89

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................91 

1.1 History of the Basel Convention..............................................................91 

1.2 Rio Conference .......................................................................................92 

1.3 The future of Basel Convention...............................................................92 

2.0 Objectives of the Basel Convention .........................................................93 

3.0 Controlled categories of wastes ...............................................................93 

4.0 Substantive Provisions of the Basel Convention ......................................93 

5.0 Amendments of the Basel Convention .....................................................96 

6.0 Basel Convention - Institutional Framework............................................97 

7.0 Regional Training and Technology Centre..............................................97 

8.0 Bamako Convention.................................................................................98 

8.1 Objectives of Bamako Convention ..........................................................98 

8.2 Substantive Provisions.............................................................................99 

9.0 Implementation status of the Basel and Bamako Conventions ..............101 

9.1 Implementation status..............................................................................101 

9.2 Constraints and Challenge ahead.........................................................104 

9.3 Future plans..........................................................................................105 

10.0 References.............................................................................................106 

90

1.0 Introduction 

1.1 History of the Basel Convention 

Since the beginning of the 20 th century the world has experienced 

unprecedented industrialisation and economic growth. New discoveries, 

techniques and technologies formed a basis for accelerated development 

in the chemical field. This situation resulted into generation of hazardous 

waste at a rate, which is now 400 million tones (metric), every year 

worldwide. In the late 1980’s tightening of environmental regulations in 

industrialized countries led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous 

wastes disposal. In search for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes, 

traders begun shipping hazardous waste to developing countries and 

Eastern Europe where the disposal costs were low. Therefore, 

transboundary movements of hazardous wastes have become a global 

problem because developing countries have limited capacity to handle 

hazardous waste in an environmentally sound manner including proper 

disposal facilities. 

As a result, international outrage on the transboundary movements and 

disposal of hazardous wastes led to the drafting and adoption of the Basel 

Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous 

Wastes and their Disposal. This global environmental treaty was 

developed under the auspices of the United Nations Environment 

Programme (UNEP) and was adopted by the Conference of 

Plenipotentiaries in Basel, Switzerland on 22 nd March 1989. One hundred 

and sixteen states were present. The Convention came into force on 5 th 

May 1992. Todate 164 States and European Union are Parties to this 

Convention. 

During its First Decade (1989-1999), the Convention was principally 

devoted to setting up a framework for controlling the “transboundary” 

movements of hazardous wastes across international frontiers. It also 

developed the criteria for “environmentally sound management”. A control 

system, based on prior written notification, was also put in place. More 

importantly several technical guidelines on environmentally sound 

management of hazardous wastes were developed. Some have been 

adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Others are still in the process. 

The fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties adopted a Protocol on 

liability and compensation for damage resulting from transboundary 

movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal. The objective is to 

provide for a comprehensive regime for liability and for adequate and 

prompt compensation for damage resulting from the transboundary 

91

movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes and their disposal 

including illegal traffic in those wastes. 

1.2 Rio Conference 

The problem of managing hazardous wastes was discussed during the 

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which took 

place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. It was included in Agenda 

21, which is one of the outcome of the Rio Conference. Chapter 20 of 

Agenda 21 talks of environmentally sound management of hazardous 

waste. Effective control of the generation, storage, treatment, recycling 

and reuse, transport, recovery and disposal of hazardous wastes is, 

according to the Agenda 21, of paramount importance for proper health, 

environmental protection and natural resources management, and 

sustainable development. To prevent generation of hazardous wastes and 

the rehabilitation of contaminated sites are the key elements, and both 

require knowledge, experienced people, facilities, financial resources, 

technical and scientific capacities. 

Among the overall targets of chapter 20 are the following:- 

‣ Preventing or minimizing the generation of hazardous wastes as part 

of an overall integrated cleaner production approach; 

‣ Eliminating or reducing to a minimum transboundary movements of 

hazardous wastes; 

‣ Ratifying and full implementation of the Bamako Convention on the 

Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary 

Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa; and 

‣ Eliminating the export of hazardous wastes to countries that prohibit 

such imports. 

1.3 The future of Basel Convention 

During the second Decade (2000-2010), the Convention will build on this 

framework by emphasizing full implementation and enforcement of treaty 

commitments. The other area of focus will be the minimization of 

hazardous waste generation. Recognizing that the long-term solution to 

the stock piling of hazardous wastes is a reduction in the generation of 

those wastes – both in terms of quantity and hazardousness - Ministers 

during the fifth meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Convention in 

December 1999 set out guidelines for the Convention’s activities during 

the second Decade. These include: - 

⇒ Active promotion and use of cleaner technologies and production 

methods; 

⇒ Further reduction of the movement of hazardous waste and other 

wastes; 

92

⇒ The prevention and monitoring of illegal traffic; 

⇒ Improvement of institutional and technical capabilities – through 

technology when appropriate – especially for developing countries and 

countries with economies in transition; 

⇒ Further development of regional and sub regional centres for training 

and technology transfer. 

2.0 Objectives of the Basel Convention 

The key objectives of the Convention are: - 

⇒ To minimise the generation of hazardous wastes in terms of quantity 

and hazardousness; 

⇒ To treat and dispose of hazardous wastes as close as possible to their 

source of generation; 

⇒ To reduce transboundary movement of hazardous waste; 

⇒ To ensure strict control over the movements of hazardous wastes 

across border as well as the prevention of illegal traffic; 

⇒ To prohibit shipments of hazardous wastes to countries lacking the 

legal, administrative and technical capacity to manage and dispose of 

them in an environmentally sound manner; and 

⇒ To assist developing countries and countries with economies in 

transition in environmentally sound management of the hazardous 

wastes they generate. 

3.0 Controlled categories of wastes 

In the context of the Basel Convention, wastes are considered hazardous 

to people and the environment if they are toxic, poisonous, explosive, 

corrosive, flammable, eco-toxic, or infectious. These can be in liquid, solid 

or in other forms. According to the Convention various types of wastes fall 

under these categories. These are listed in Annex I of the Convention (as 

amended in Annex VIII). A list of hazardous characteristics is contained in 

Annex III of the Convention. See appendix to this paper. 

4.0 Substantive Provisions of the Basel Convention 

Article 1- Scope of the Convention 

This article defines what are hazardous wastes in the context of the 

Convention. Annex 1 wastes are those wastes that are considered 

hazardous by the domestic legislation of the Party. It also defines what are 

other wastes of significant importance to the Convention. These are 

wastes collected from households and residues arising from incineration 

of household wastes. Radioactive materials are excluded from the scope 

of this convention. Excluded also are the wastes arising from normal 

operations of a ship. These kinds of wastes are covered by other 

international instruments/control systems. 

93

Article 3- National Definition of Hazardous Wastes 

Parties are required to inform the Secretariat of the Convention of the 

wastes, other than those listed in Annexes I and II considered or defined 

as hazardous under their national legislations. Also requirements for 

transboundary movements of such wastes have to be communicated to 

the Secretariat. 

Article 4- General Obligations 

(i) Minimise Generation 

Parties must ensure the generation of hazardous waste is reduced 

to a minimum level. 

(ii) Self-sufficiency 

Parties have a legal obligation to ensure the availability of adequate 

disposal facilities (defined as including recycling) for the sound 

management of hazardous wastes. These shall be located, to the 

extent possible, within own territories. 

(iii) 

(iv) 

Minimise Transboundary Movement 

Parties must ensure that the transboundary movement of 

hazardous wastes and other wastes is reduced to a minimum, 

consistent with the environmentally sound management to protect 

human health and the environment against the adverse effects, 

which may result from such a movement. 

Sovereign right to ban imports of hazardous wastes or other 

wastes 

The Convention recognises the sovereign right of every state to 

ban import of hazardous wastes or other wastes for disposal. It 

prohibits exports to Parties that have prohibited imports. 

It also prohibits export if there is no consent in writing from the 

State of import regarding the specified import, in the case where 

that State of import has not prohibited the import of such wastes. 

The Parties also must prohibit exports of hazardous wastes to a 

State or group of States belonging to an economic and/or political 

integration organisation, particularly developing countries, that have 

prohibited by their legislation all imports, or if it has reason to 

believe that the wastes in question will not be managed in an 

environmentally sound manner. 

(v) 

No distinction between disposal and recycling 

The Convention recognizes that hazardous wastes destined for 

recycling operation also carries with it actual and potential 

environmental damage, either in the form of emissions and 

discharges, and on residual hazardous wastes which ultimately 

94

need to be disposed of. Hence transboundary movements that are 

destined for recycling operations must be controlled. 

(vi) 

Environmentally sound management 

The Convention requires as a prerequisite to any transboundary 

movement that the State of export requires that the waste in 

question be disposed of in an environmentally sound manner in the 

State of import or elsewhere. 

It also requires any Party to ensure that management of hazardous 

wastes or other wastes is done in a manner, which prevents 

pollution so as to minimize the consequences thereof for human 

health and the environment. 

Each Party is required to take appropriate legal, administrative and 

other measures to implement and ensure the provisions of this 

Convention including measures to prevent and punish mis-conduct 

in contravention of the Convention. 

(vii) 

Prior Informed Consent 

Any transboundary movement between Parties shall be preceded 

by a notification from the exporting Party and consent in writing 

from the importing Party consistent with the procedure provided by 

the Convention. 

Each transit country shall be notified of such movement and the 

movement will commence after all transit states consent to the 

transboundary movement. 

(viii) Relationship with Non-Party 

The Convention does not permit Parties to export to or import from 

non-Parties unless they have entered into agreements/or strict 

arrangements on transboundary movement of hazardous wastes or 

other wastes. 

Article 9 – Illegal traffic 

Any transboundary movement that contravenes the relevant provisions of 

the Convention about movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes 

between Parties shall be deemed to be illegal. 

In such a case the Convention provides that the Parties concerned should 

cooperate in the disposal of the waste in an environmentally sound 

manner 

95

Article 10- International Co-operation 

Taking into account the limited capacity of the developing countries in the 

management of hazardous wastes and other wastes, the Convention 

urges all parties to co-operate in various aspects. These include: -public 

awareness creation, development for sound management practises for 

hazardous wastes and other wastes, adoption of new low waste 

technologies, training, exchange of information, monitoring the adverse 

effects of management of hazardous wastes, e.t.c. 

Article 11 – Bilateral, Multilateral and Regional Agreements 

Parties are allowed to enter into bilateral, multilateral or regional 

agreements or arrangements regarding transboundary movement of 

hazardous wastes or other wastes with Parties or non-Parties provided 

that such arrangements/agreements do not contravene/derogate 

provisions of the Convention. The Agreements/arrangements shall not 

stipulate less stringent measures than those in the Convention - in 

particular taking into account the interests of developing countries. 

Article 12 – Consultations on Liability 

The Convention urges Parties to co-operate with a view to adopting as 

soon as practicable, a protocol setting out appropriate rules and 

procedures in the field of liability and compensation for damage resulting 

from the transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous wastes and 

other wastes. 

Article 13 – Transmission of information 

The Parties are obliged to inform the Secretariat, among others on 

transboundary movements of hazardous wastes or other wastes in which 

they have been involved; measures taken to implement the Convention; 

effects on human health and environment of the generation, transportation 

and disposal of hazardous wastes or other wastes, bilateral, multilateral 

and regional agreements and arrangements entered into; accidents during 

the transboundary movement and disposal options available in the 

country; and measures taken for development of technologies which 

reduce or eliminate production of hazardous wastes and other wastes. 

5.0 Amendments of the Basel Convention 

Two amendments have taken place since the adoption of the Basel 

Convention as practical steps to ensure that hazardous wastes and other 

wastes are managed in a manner, which protect human health and the 

environment against adverse effects, which may result from such wastes. 

96

(i) Ban amendment (1995) 

During its third meeting of the Conference of the Parties held in 

Geneva, September 1995, Parties adopted Decision III/I, which 

prohibit transboundary movements of hazardous wastes destined 

for disposal from members of OECD countries, European 

Communities and Liechtenstein referred as Annex VII countries to 

non-OECD countries. It was further decided that each Party listed 

under Annex VII countries shall phase out by 31 December 1997 

and prohibit as of that date all transboundary movements of 

hazardous wastes destined for operations that may lead to 

resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or 

alternative uses to non-OECD countries. 

(ii) Amendment of Annex I (1998) 

At its fourth meeting of the Conference of the Parties held in 

Kuching-Malaysia, in February 1998 Parties adopted Decision IV/9 

concerning the amendment, Annex I of the Convention. Four 

paragraphs describing characteristics of two new adopted Annexes 

were added at the end of Annex I of the Convention. In addition, 

two new annexes were added to the Convention as its Annex VIII 

(list A - hazardous wastes) and Annex IX (list B - non-hazardous 

wastes). 

6.0 Basel Convention - Institutional Framework 

(i) 

Conference of the Parties (COP) 

The Conference of the Parties is responsible for continuous review 

and evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of the 

Convention. 

The meeting of the Conference of the Parties is held annually or 

every two years depending on the availability of funds to assist 

participation costs of developing country Parties. 

(ii) 

Subsidiary Bodies 

The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties established an 

Open Ended Ad Hoc Committee of Legal and Technical Experts to 

provide advice on the effective mechanisms for the implementation 

of the Basel Convention. Meetings of the subsidiary bodies are 

held twice every year. 

7.0 Regional Training and Technology Centre 

97

During the third meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Basel 

Convention, (Decision III/19) held in Geneva September 1995 it was 

agreed to establish a network of Regional and Sub-regional Centres for 

Training and Technology Transfer in all the regions. For the African 

region Senegal was designated to host a centre for French speaking 

countries, Egypt for Arabic-speaking countries in Africa, South Africa for 

English speaking countries and Nigeria to host a Coordinating Centre. 

The overall objectives for establishing these centres is to strengthen the 

capacity of governments of the regions in complying with the technical, 

legal and institutional requirements in sound management of hazardous 

wastes as specified by the Basel Convention. 

8.0 Bamako Convention 

Article 11 of the Basel Convention permits Parties to enter into Bilateral, 

Multilateral or Regional agreements/arrangements regarding 

transboundary movement of hazardous wastes or other wastes with 

Parties or non-Parties provided that such agreements do not contravene 

the provisions of the Basel Convention. 

During the Conference of the plenipotentiaries in Basel, March 1989 which 

adopted Basel Convention, the African States present at that meeting 

were not satisfied with the provisions of the Basel Convention particularly 

the issue of transboundary movement of hazardous wastes to developing 

countries which by then disregarded the limited capacity of developing 

countries in sound management of hazardous wastes and other wastes. 

As an alternative measure the African States met in Mali, Bamako where 

they adopted on 30 th January 1991 a regional Treaty focusing on ban for 

any purpose the import of hazardous wastes into Africa. This treaty was 

titled “The Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and 

the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous 

Wastes within Africa”. It came into force on 22 nd April 1998 after 10 

instruments of ratification. To-date there are 18 States are Parties to this 

Convention. 

8.1 Objectives of Bamako Convention 

The key objectives of this Convention are: - 

⇒ To ban the importation of hazardous wastes and substances into Africa 

for human health and environmental reasons; 

⇒ To minimize the generation of hazardous wastes in terms of both 

quantity and hazard potential; 

98

⇒ To encourage treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes as close as 

possible to their source of generation in an environmentally sound 

management; and 

⇒ To ensure movement of hazardous wastes and their disposal are 

carried out in an environmentally sound manner. 

The Convention represents the intention of the international community to 

solve this global environmental problem in a collective manner. 

8.2 Substantive Provisions 

Article 2 - Scope of the Convention 

The Convention is confined to hazardous wastes as listed in Annex 1 of 

the Convention or considered to be hazardous by the domestic legislation 

of Contracting Parties for human health and environmental reasons. 

Annex III of the Convention provides the hazardous characteristics of such 

wastes. Radioactive wastes are also covered by this Convention. Wastes 

from ship discharges, which is covered by other Conventions is not 

covered by this Convention. 

Article 4 - General Obligations 

Parties are required to take appropriate legal, administrative and other 

measures within the area under jurisdiction to prohibit the import of all 

hazardous wastes, for any reason into Africa from non-contracting Parties. 

Such imports are deemed illegal and a criminal act. 

It also requires that all Parties in conformity with related International 

Conventions and Instruments to adopt legal, administrative and other 

appropriate measures to control all carriers from non-Parties, and prohibit 

the dumping at sea of hazardous wastes, including their incineration at 

sea and their disposal in the seabed and sub-seabed. 

Waste Generation in Africa 

Each Party is obliged among others: - to submit to the Secretariat reports 

regarding the wastes they generate, ensure minimum generation of 

hazardous wastes, ensure availability of adequate treatment and/or 

disposal facilities for environmentally sound management of hazardous 

wastes, adoption of precautionary measures to pollution problems 

including adoption of cleaner technologies, and control of transfer of 

polluting technologies to Africa. 

Moreover Parties are required to prohibit export to states which have 

banned by their national legislation or international agreement all such 

imports or to a State that does not have the facilities for disposing them in 

an environmentally sound manner. 

99

Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes shall be conducted in a 

manner, which protects human health and the environment. 

Article 6 – Transboundary Movement and Notification Procedures 

The prior informed consent principle shall be applied in the course of 

export/import of hazardous wastes. Exporting State shall notify in writing 

the importing State and States of transit. Movement shall commence after 

the State of import responds in writing to the notifier. 

Article 10 – Intra-Africa Cooperation 

Parties to this Convention have the duty to cooperate with each other and 

with relevant Africa Organizations so as to improve and achieve the 

environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, on matters of:- 

national laws, regulations and policies; technical information on clean 

technologies; standards and technical guidelines; code of practices for 

efficient management of hazardous wastes; and monitoring of adverse 

effects to human health and the environment, etc. 

Article 11 – International Cooperation, Bilateral, Multilateral and 

Regional Agreements 

Parties are allowed to enter into bilateral, multilateral, or sub-regional 

agreements on the transboundary movement and management of 

hazardous wastes generated in Africa with Parties or non-Parties provided 

such agreements are in conformity with the Bamako Convention and have 

provisions that are no less stringent than those of this Convention. 

Article 13 – Transmission of Information 

Parties are required to transmit information to the Secretariat and to the 

Parties, containing:- 

Cases of accidents during the transboundary movement of hazardous 

wastes or their disposal; transboundary movement of hazardous wastes in 

which they have been involved; measures adopted by them in 

implementation of the Convention; and the available disposal options, etc. 

Article 20 – Settlement of Disputes 

In the case of dispute between Parties related to the interpretation or 

application of, or compliance with, this Convention or any Protocol thereto, 

Parties shall seek settlement of the dispute through negotiations or any 

other peaceful means of their own choice or through an Ad Hoc organ set 

up by the Conference of Parties or to the International Court of Justice. 

100

9.0 Implementation status of the Basel and Bamako Conventions 

9.1 Implementation status 

Since the ratification of Basel and Bamako Conventions various activities 

have been undertaken, these include: - 

Tanzania acceded to the Basel Convention on 7 th April 1993. and also 

acceded the Basel Convention amendments of 1995 and 1998 in August 

2002. Tanzania is also a Party to the Montreal Protocol on substances 

that deplete the Ozone Layer (1987). The government has also ratified 

the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for 

Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade 

(2002); and the Stockholm Conventions of Persistent Organic Pollutants 

(POPs) (February 2004). These three Conventions, which deal with 

chemical products, are closely linked to the Basel and the Bamako 

Conventions. 

Several policies and legislations in Tanzania are in place to address 

pollution problems by liquid and solid wastes. These policies include the 

National Environmental policy (1997), the Sustainable Industrial 

Development Policy (1997), Mineral Policy (1997) Water Policy (2003) and 

Energy Policy (2002), Health Policy (1990) currently under review and 

Human Settlement Policy (2000). There is little coverage on matters of air 

pollution. 

The National Environmental Policy provides specific objectives to address 

pollution issues including wastes and hazardous waste. These objectives 

are: -Promotion of technology for efficient and safe water use, particularly 

for wastewater treatment and recycling; promotion of health related 

programmes such as separation of toxic wastes and pollution control at 

the household levels; development of environmentally sound waste 

management systems for urban areas; installation of resources-saving 

and waste recycling facilities and use of clean technologies; and 

integrated planning and improved management of urban centers. 

The National Environment Policy provides specific objectives to address 

pollution issues including wastes and hazardous wastes. There objectives 

are:- Promotion of technology for efficient and safe water use, particularly 

for wastewater treatment and recycling; promotion of health-related 

programmes such as separation of toxic/hazardous wastes and pollution 

control at the household level; development of environmentally sound 

waste management systems especially for urban areas; installation of 

resource-saving and waste-recycling facilities and use of clean 

101

technologies; and integrated planning and improved management of 

urban centres. 

Key legislations for management of hazardous chemicals and or wastes 

include: - The Environmental Management Act of 2004; The Industrial and 

Consumer chemicals (management & control) Act 2003; The occupational 

health and safety Act, 2002; The Plant Protection Act 1997 and 

regulations of 1999; The pharmaceuticals and poisons Act of 1978 and the 

Petroleum exploration and production Act 1980; the Public Health 

Ordinance (1954); Water Act of 1974 and its amendments of 1981, 1987 

and 2000; the TPRI Act 1979 and its regulations of 1984; The National 

Industrial Licensing and Registration Act (1967), and its amendment of 

1982; the Mining Act (1979) and its regulation of 1988 and 1999; and the 

Local Government Act (1982) and its amendments of 2000. Some of these 

regulation and Acts have weaknesses such as narrowness in scope, low 

penalties and inadequate coordination. Some legislation, despite their 

adequacy are not adequately implemented due to inadequate institutional 

capacity in terms of facilities, equipment and human and financial 

resources. The review on some of these legislations has started. 

Other implemented activities are as follows:- 

(i) Inventory of industrial waste in Dar es Salaam 

In 1993 the University College of Lands and Architectural Studies 

(UCLAS) conducted an inventory on Industrial waste generation in 

Dar es Salaam city. The result of this study shows that there are 

about 122 industries in the city, which produce hazardous waste. 

These industries were estimated to produce about 4,634.1 tons per 

year of hazardous waste. 

(ii) 

Cleaner Production Initiatives 

Four initiatives have been undertaken since 1994 to promote 

adoption of cleaner production technologies and techniques in 

industries countrywide. The main activities are information 

dissemination, training, demonstration and assessments in various 

enterprises in the country. These initiatives are:-project on cleaner 

production (1994) by the then Ministry of Natural Resources, 

Tourism and Environment; the establishment of the Cleaner 

Production Centre of Tanzania (CPCT) in 1996 - the Centres’ 

major role is to promote the concept of cleaner production; The 

Lake Victoria Environment Management Programme – cleaner 

production project (2000/2001) for industries in Mwanza, Mara and 

Kagera; and The project on Ecologically Sustainable Industrial 

Development by CPCT that began in 1999. To-date, about 69 

industries throughout the country have been sensitised regarding 

the cleaner production technologies and techniques. 

102

(iii) 

(iv) 

Disposal of DNOC at Cement kiln 

In mid 1996, 57,000 litres of obsolete DNOC (Red locust control 

Pesticides) was incinerated locally at Wazo Hill cement factory 

through GTZ support. Before the disposal operation, DNOC 

containing drums stored near the banks of Lake Rukwa were 

leaking thus posing risks to human health and the environment. 

This raised an alarm for remedial measures. The stock was then 

repacked and transported safely to Dar es Salaam. The then 

Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives in collaboration with other 

local institutions and GTZ undertook a feasibility study for 

incineration of DNOC at Wazo Hill. The trial runs proved that the 

disposal operation was safe and efficient. Burning of DNOC was 

then carried out under strict monitoring. 

Inventory of hospital waste management, Dar es Salaam 

In 1996, the Dar es Salaam Urban Health Project undertook an 

investigation of heath care waste management in the health 

facilities of Dar es Salaam and found out that most of health 

facilities in the city have small improvised and inefficient 

incinerators 

Usually, the generation rate of health care waste from dispensaries, 

health centre and hospitals is estimated to be 3 kg, 10 kg and 200 

kg per day respectively. 

Hospitals wastes comprise about 12 % of total hazardous wastes 

generated in the country, which are either incinerated or are 

disposed of together with other Municipal waste at selected 

disposal sites. 

(v) 

(vi) 

The Ministry of Health in collaboration with key actors developed a 

National Infrastructure for management of chemicals. UNITAR 

supported the preparation process. The National Profile is a 

framework document on chemicals aiming to assist national 

authorities to strengthen the chemicals management in the country. 

Inventory of Obsolete pesticides and Veterinary waste 

A national inventory of obsolete pesticides and veterinary waste 

was carried out in 1997 and 1998 through the support of the 

Netherlands Government. The inventory shows that there are about 

1000 metric tons of obsolete pesticides and 200 tons of veterinary 

waste located in more than 300 stores scattered all over the 

103

country. Efforts are underway to solicit funds to dispose of the stock 

locally or abroad. 

(vii) 

Assessment of feasibility and viability of using cement kiln in 

incineration of Hazardous Waste in Tanzania. 

A feasibility study for assessing the possibility for incineration of 

hazardous waste in local cement kilns was done in February 1999 

with support of NORAD. The results of this study indicated that 

there are possibilities of using Cement kilns in one of the cement 

plant after doing some modifications. This demands some funds. 

Other necessary legal arrangements need to be in place to facilitate 

disposal of such wastes in cement kilns. Cement kiln is a potential 

disposal option for future development. 

Meanwhile some non-hazardous wastes that demand incineration 

such as obsolete human drugs are being incinerated at Wazo Hill 

Factory. The company is looking into the possibility of using waste 

tyres cashewnuts shells as source of energy. 

(viii) 

Sustainable Cities Programme in Tanzania. 

The sustainable Cities Programme in Tanzania began in 1997. It is 

executed by the government and funded by UNDP and other 

bilateral agencies such as DANIDA. UNCHS (Habitat), UNEP and 

ILO also support the programme. The objectives of the programme 

are:- 

• To facilitate the process of integration of environmental planning 

and management in urban planning and management; 

• To assist in development of environment information system in 

the City and the selected municipalities, as a facility for data 

capture, storage and management; and 

• To build the capacity or urban authorities to plan, co-ordinate 

and manage urban development through training, 

communication and publicity. 

The municipalities involved in this process are Arusha, Iringa, 

Dodoma, Moshi, Morogoro, Mbeya, Mtwara, Tabora, Tanga and 

Dar es Salaam. 

(ix) 

In 2001 the Cabinet approved the development of a legislation that 

will govern management of industrial and consumer chemical in the 

country. The work has already started under the Ministry of Health. 

9.2 Constraints and Challenge ahead 

104

(i) 

(ii) 

(vii) 

Management of hazardous waste is constrained by several 

problems. In order to implement the Bamako and Basel 

Conventions there are some challenges. The problems and 

challenges are as follows:- 

Majority of government and political leaders, customs officers, 

industrialists, chemical Store-keepers, agricultural extension 

workers and community at large are unaware of environmental and 

human health hazards of hazardous chemicals and wastes they are 

exposed to. These groups of people need to be sensitised in this 

area on issues of management of hazardous chemicals and 

wastes; 

Lack of technical know how on proper waste management by the 

most waste generators and local authorities on proper waste 

management. There is need for more training; 

Sectoral legislations governing waste management need to be 

looked into to expand scope including provisions of international 

treaties on hazardous waste and chemicals; 

(iv) Weak enforcement of the existing legislation. Capacity building is 

very important; 

(v) 

(vi) 

Lack of appropriate waste management schemes, which promote 

segregation of wastes at source, reuse and recycling which 

eventually reduces the volume of waste for treatment and final 

disposal. 

Lack of proper treatment and disposal facilities for hazardous 

wastes e.g. incinerators and containment in sanitary landfills. 

(vii) Inadequate treatment and disposal facilities to handle hospital 

waste in an environmentally sound manner. There is need to set 

appropriate standards or specifications to ensure proper 

management of this kind of waste stream. 

9.3 Recommendations 

i) Build technical capacity in hazardous waste management for 

different levels of personnel - government and political leaders, 

scientist and researchers, NGOs, Industrial workers, Storekeepers 

agricultural extension workers and community. 

ii) Create public awareness on Basel and Bamako Conventions and 

Poverty Reduction Strategy 

iii) Encourage law enforcer to use polluter pay principles 

iv) Strengthening coordination mechanism for monitoring and 

overseeing the implementation of MEAs 

v) Development of guidelines for management of HZW and other 

wastes 

vi) Specific regulations for HZW and other wastes should be 

developed 

105

vii) 

viii) 

Promote law enforcement 

Promote awareness creation activities on matters of hazardous 

wastes, pesticides and other wastes targeting key actors 

beneficiaries 

10.0 References 

a) Text of the Basel Convention and Decisions of the Conference of 

Parties, 2003. 

b) Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the 

Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within 

Africa. 

c) Basel Convention – A global solution for controlling Hazardous 

Wastes, 1997. 

d) The National Environment Policy, 1997. 

e) National Infrastructure for Management of Chemicals. 

f) Inventory of Obsolete hazardous chemicals in Tanzania, 1998. 

g) Dar es Salaam Urban Health Project (1996); Investigation of Health 

Care Waste Management. 

h) NEMC (1994); Report on Management of Solid Waste in Referral 

Hospitals in Tanzania. 

i) Environment Management Act of 2004. 

j) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, Progress Report 2000/01. 

106

BRIEF HISTORY 

INTERNATIONAL CODE OF 

CONDUCT ON THE DISTRIBUTION 

AND USE OF PESTICIDES 

J. Akhabuhaya 

Registrar of Pesticides 

TPRI-Arusha 

‣ First adopted in 1985 at 23 rd Session of the FAO 

Conf 

‣ ammended to include PIC article in 1989 at the 

25 th FAO Session 

‣ adoption of Rotterdam Conv in 1998 made PIC 

article(9.7 to 9.11) in CODE redundant 

‣ revised version adopted in 2002 at 123 rd Session 

of the FAO Council 

1 

2 

CODE SUMMARY 

The CODE has 12 articles, i.e. 

1)Objectives of the CODE 

2)Terms and Definitions 

3)Pesticide Management 

4)Testing of Pesticides 

5)Reducing Health and Envtal Risks 

6)Regulatory and Technical requirements 

ctd 

7)Availability and Use 

8)Distribution and Trade 

9)Information exchange 

10)Labeling,Packaging,Storage and Disposal 

11)Advertising 

12)Monitoring and Observance of the CODE 

3 

4 

OBJECTIVE OF THE CODE 

‣to establish voluntary stds and shared 

responsibilities to all stakeholders w.r.t 

the distribution and use of pesticides 

(especially where there is inadequate 

or no legislation) 

so as to ensure effective and safe use 

of pesticides 

5 

STAKEHOLDERS 

MAJOR ONES 

‣ Gvts (importers) 

‣ Gvts(exporters) 

‣ Intern. Organisations 

‣ Pesticide industry 

-manufacturers 

-traders 

-exporters 

-distributors…etc 

OTHERS 

‣ Farmers 

‣ Food industry 

‣ Consumers 

‣ Environmentalists 

‣ Crop consultants 

‣ NGOs….etc 

6 

107

NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION STATUS 

art.3.1: Gvt. to regulate the availability,distribution 

& use of pesticides 

‣PPAct (1997) and PPR(1999) 

Art.3.7/3.9: Gvt. to promote biocontrol and 

IPM 

‣BCAS in Part III of PPR(1997) 

ctd 

articles 5.1/7.5/8/9.1/10.4: Gvt to: 

‣implement registration & control scheme 

‣do health surveillances,and advise workers 

‣establish national poisoning control centres 

‣collect & maintain pesticides statistics 

‣provide extension advisory services 

‣monitor pesticides in foods 

The PPAct covers this 

7 

8 

ctd 

ctd 

‣ prohibit Ia and Ib pesticides (if difficult to control) 

‣ license dealers,importers,exporters 

‣ prohibit repackaging and decanting;esp in food 

and beverage containers 

‣ encourage market driven supply centralised 

purchase(to min.stocks) 

‣ promote/facilitate networks for information 

exchange 

PPAct covers this 

9 

Art. 10.5/10.7:Gvts to: 

‣ inventorise obsolete stocks & empty 

containers;have plan for disposal and sites 

stabilization 

‣ plan for stocks accumulation prevention 

Art. 11: Gvts to legislate on (misleading) 

advertisements 

PPAct covers this 

10 

ctd 

PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES 

Art.12: Gvts to: 

‣observe CODE 

‣publish & disseminate CODE 

‣ratify relevant int’n. chemicals 

conventions 

(12.9: NGOs and other interested Parties are 

invited to monitor activities related to the 

implementation of the CODE and report 

A)Implementation Weaknesses 

‣due to scarcity of funds,personnel,poor 

infrastructure etc 

‣due to poor planning of activities 

‣due to ignorance of roles and activities 

these to DG of FAO) 11 

12 

108

CTD 

B)Defficient Laws and Regulations 

‣ current instruments cannot cope with 

fast changes. ( so PPAct and Regulations 

are being reviewed ) 

C) Uninformed and Unwilling Stakeholders 

‣not all the stakeholders know their role. 

‣Some who know are reluctant 

HOW TO MEET THE CHALLENGES 

A)Update Laws and Regulations (incorporate 

the CODE articles; introduce penalties etc.) 

B)Sustainable capacity building 

‣Staff and laboratories 

‣Technical training 

‣Common workshops and meetings 

‣Information xge(publications,websites etc) 

13 

14 

ctd 

C)Sensitisation on the CODE to all 

stakeholders and the general public 

CODE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION 

Observance of CODE would contribute to 

Poverty alleviation thru: 

D)Pressure to stakeholders 

‣ by NGOs 

‣ by themselves and individuals 

‣thru mass media etc. 

(a)minimizing pesticides use (thru IPM, 

minimal imports,judicious uses etc) and so: 

‣Save forex 

‣Minimize heath & environmental risks 

15 

16 

ctd 

(b)minimise obsolete and other unwanted 

stocks (disposal is ca. $4,000/ton) 

(c ) increase exports thru minimal 

residues, and high quality products 

(d)increase productivity thru use of 

quality and recommended products 

use 

17 

ctd 

(e)save farmer and country’s money thru: 

‣elimination of “fakes” 

‣elimination of illegal distributors, 

importers etc 

‣purchase and use of just enough,and 

high quality products 

‣minimal environmental and health risks 

‣minimal unwanted /obsolete stocks 

18 

109

MAINSTREAMING OF CHEMICAL CONVENTION IN THE 

IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL POVERTY REDUCTION 

STRATEGIES 

1.0 INTRODUCTION 

Jamidu H.Y. Katima 

Executive Chairman - AGENDA 

According to the Household Budget Survey (HBS) of 2000/01 1 , in Tanzania, the 

proportion of the population below the national food poverty line is 18.7% and 

that below the national basic needs poverty line is 35.7%. Poverty is high in rural 

areas, at about 87% of the poor population, and is highest among households 

who depend on agriculture. 

As a follow up to the development of the National Vision 2025, 2 in 2000/01-02/03 

developed a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRS(P)) which articulated 

measures to be taken to eradicate poverty. The PRS(P) was linked to debt relief 

under the enhanced High Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Debt relief 

and other resources were mainly channelled into “priority sectors” of education, 

health, water, agriculture, rural roads, the judiciary and land. Spending on these 

areas was considered to have greater impact on poverty reduction. However, the 

resources were not sufficient, even for the “priority sectors” to lead to appreciable 

change over the three years (i.e. 2000/01 – 02/03). It was realised that Poverty 

is multi-dimensional in nature and the attainment of poverty reduction targets 

requires much more resources and the involvement of other sectors and actors. 

Therefore a National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) 3 

was designed in response to address the deficiencies experienced during 

implementation of the PRS and thus it adopts the “outcomes-approach” which 

counts on the contribution of all sectors towards growth and poverty reduction. 

The approach stresses the, cross-sector collaboration and inter-sector linkages 

and synergies. 

The World Summit on Sustainable Development meeting, which was held in 

Johannesburg, South Africa 26 August–4 September 2002, adopted the 

Millennium Development Goals 4 , which reinforces the aspirations of the NSGRP. 

As such there is a strong linkage between the NSGRP, MDGs and the Vision 

1 URT (2001). Household Budget Survey 

2 URT (2000). Tanzania Vision 2025 

3 URT (2004). National for Growth and Reduction of Poverty 

4 http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/wehab_papers.html , (accessed 14 June 2005). 

110

2025. Examples of broader goals embodied in all the three include the protection 

of human health; the economic benefits of a cleaner environment for attracting 

investment within the country; fostering sustainable agriculture for the internal 

market and complying with agricultural and other export requirements for external 

markets; and the contribution that the sound management of chemicals can 

make to reinforcing the legislative and policy framework of a country. Broad 

strategies for the sectors of Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture, and Biodiversity 

have been delineated in the WEHAB papers (World Summit on Sustainable 

Development Johannesburg, South Africa 26 August–4 September 2002: 

WEHAB Framework Papers, 

http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/wehab_papers.html, 

(accessed 14 June 2005). 

These strategies may provide indication on how chemical safety in general and 

pesticide use in particular might link to the general development picture. The 

underlying fact is that use of pesticides has played and will continue to play an 

important roles in health care and food production, but of course it also a fact 

unsafe use of chemicals has resulted in misery and suffering to many people. 

Therefore, unintended effects of pesticides require sound management of the 

same. 

National chemical safety policies thus need to strike a balance between 

promotion of social and economic development through the use of pesticides, 

harmful effects through the use, and other economic, social and environmental 

factors. This paper provides, basis for discussion on how implementation 

chemicals conventions can be mainstreamed in national priorities and poverty 

reduction strategies to bring about the intended prosperity. 

2.0 NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR GROWTH AND 

REDUCTION OF POVERTY 

2.1 Overview 

The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP) is a follow 

up to the Poverty Reduction Strategy (2000/01-2002/03), which place the focus 

on poverty reduction high on the country’s development agenda. It keeps in focus 

the aspirations of Tanzania Development Vision 2025, namely high and shared 

growth, high quality livelihood, peace, stability and unity, good governance, good 

education and international competitiveness. NSGRP seeks to widen the space 

for country ownership, effective participation of civil society, facilitate private 

sector development and build meaningful local and external partnerships. 

It is worth mentioning here that the PRS, was linked to debt relief under the 

enhanced High Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), in which case, all debt relief and 

111

other resources were mainly channelled into “priority sectors” of education, 

health, water, agriculture, rural roads, the judiciary and land. Spending on these 

areas was considered to have greater impact on poverty reduction. However, the 

resources were not sufficient, even for the “priority sectors” to lead to appreciable 

change over the three years. This could be attributed to the fact that poverty is 

multi-dimensional. Attainment of poverty reduction targets, therefore, requires 

much more resources and the involvement of other sectors and actors. The 

NSGRP adopts an approach, which recognises the contribution of all sectors 

towards growth and poverty reduction. This approach stresses the cross-sector 

collaboration and inter-sector linkages and synergies. The strategy banks on 

increased commitment on the part of domestic stakeholders and increased 

assistance from the development partners in the medium term for its success. 

2.2 Goals of the NSGRP 

Generally the main goals of the NSGRP are clustered under three broad 

categories, namely 

• Cluster 1: Growth and reduction of income poverty; 

• Cluster 2: Improvement of quality of life and social well being; and 

• Cluster 3: Good governance and accountability 

Under these broad clusters there are fourteen goals. Relevant to this project are 

the following goals: 

Under cluster 1: 

• Improving food availability and accessibility at household level, with 

particular focus on food security needs of children and women, in urban 

and rural areas. 

• Reducing income poverty of both men and women in rural areas 

Under cluster 2: 

• Improved health and well-being of all children, women, especially 

vulnerable groups through reducing infant, child and maternal mortality 

and malnutrition and increased prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. 

2.3 Link of NSGRP to poverty reduction in particular pesticide 

use 

Goal 

Improving food availability and 

accessibility at household level, with 

Link 

Use of pesticides may be necessary 

to improve food productivity and food 

112

particular focus on food security needs 

of children and women, in urban and 

rural areas. 

Reducing income poverty of both men 

and women in rural areas 

Improved health and well-being of all 

children, women, especially vulnerable 

groups through reducing infant, child 

and maternal mortality and malnutrition 

and increased prevention and treatment 

of HIV/AIDS. 

availability. 

Unsound use of pesticide may have 

adverse human health effects and the 

environment 

Same as above 

Preventive environmental health 

measures are as important, and at 

times more cost-effective, than health 

treatment. 

Use of pesticides e.g. indoor spraying 

of DDT may be necessary to protect 

malaria. 

Also use of DDT may have long term 

health impacts 

Under each goal there are about 106 operational targets and hundreds of 

strategies to achieve the targets. Some of the strategies that have direct link to 

pesticide use are as follows: 

Strategy 

Link 

Increasing productivity in agriculture 

through technological innovations, 

improved extension services training 

and promoting use of pesticides and 

modern high yield crop varieties 

Promoting efficient utilization of 

rangeland, empowering pastoralist to 

improve livestock productivity through 

improved access to veterinary services, 

reliable water supply as well as 

recognizing pastoralism as sustainable 

livelihood 

Providing targeted subsidy to selected 

food crops, identifying and promoting 

modern farming technologies 

especially in rural areas and providing 

support for increased utilization of 

improved technologies for crop and 

livestock production 

Reduced proportion of rural food poor 

(men and women) from 27% in 

2000/01 to 14% by 2010. 

Use of pesticides may be necessary to 

improve food productivity and food 

availability. 



environment 

Use of pesticides may be necessary to 

increase livestock productivity 



environment 

Subsidies may promote access to 

agricultural inputs such as pesticides 

and fertilisers. This move may boost 

food production. 

Again unsafe use of pesticides and 

fertiliser may adversely affect the 

human health 

Increasing rural food production – use 

of pesticide and fertilisers with similar 

positive and negative aspects as 

113

mentioned earlier 

Supporting production of crops with 

high returns 

Government will take urgent steps 

towards exploring cost-effective options 

for more effective control of malaria. 

Use of pesticides and fertilisers may be 

used to support crops with high yield 

DDT may be used to combat malaria, 

but also involving some health risks 

Linkages may also be found to indicators of poverty. While the indicators cover 

the most important issues for development, there may be linkages that may not 

be covered by the indicators. In a longer term perspective, these may also need 

to be addressed. 

2.3.1 Examples of links between pesticide use and attainment of 

NSGRP targets as measured by indicators 

• Increased agricultural growth from 5% in 2002/03 to 10% percent by 

2010. 

• Increased food crops production from 9 Millions in 2003/04 tons to 12 

Millions in 2010 

• Reduced proportion of rural food poor (men and women) from 27% in 

2000/01 to 14% by 2010. 

Actions that may be required to meet the above targets include improving 

agricultural yields through use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. Such uses of 

pesticides may also entail risks. Pesticides and fertilisers can contaminate water. 

Misuse of pesticides can have immediate and chronic effects on farmers and 

consumers. Persistent organic pollutants can cause harm to ecosystems both 

locally and, because of their chemical properties, at great distances from where 

they are applied. 

There are also many actions for the improvement of agriculture that have little to 

do with the use of chemicals, e.g. Integrated Pest Management, Organic Farming 

etc. Important parts of agricultural strategies may for instance include reducing 

land degradation, protecting biodiversity, promoting gender equality and 

empowering women, and getting access to capital and markets. 

2.3.2 Reduced hospital-based malaria-related mortality amongst 

under fives from 12% in 2002 to 8% in 2010 

Use of chemicals can very significantly contribute to reducing the disease 

burden. For instance, the strategies to control malaria include indoor residual 

114

spraying with pesticides, including DDT. While this may be important for the 

immediate protection of health of the people concerned, it may have long-term 

effects at large distances, such as reduced fertility in wildlife. Careful balances 

between benefits and risks have been sought in international agreements. 

3.0 VISION 2025 5 

3.1 Overview of Vision 2025 

Vision 2025 for development is an articulation of a desirable future condition or 

situation which Tanzania envisages to attain and course of action to be taken for 

its achievement. It therefore seeks to actively mobilize the people and other 

resources towards the achievement of shared goals. Vision 2025 is regarded as 

a vehicle of hope and an inspiration for motivating the people to search and work 

harder for the betterment of their livelihood and for posterity. 

3.2 Aims and Objectives of Vision 2025 

Vision 2025 aims at achieving a high quality livelihood for its people; attain good 

governance through the rule of law and develop a strong and competitive 

economy. 

3.3 Link of Vision 2025 to Poverty Reduction in Particular Pesticide Use 

The vision 2025 envisions attaining about 18 specific achievements by the year 

2025. Relevant to this project are: 

• Food self-sufficiency and food security. 

• Access to quality primary health care for all. 

• Life expectancy comparable to the level attained by typical middleincome 

countries. 

• Absence of abject poverty 

• A growth rate of 8% per annum or more. 

The vision puts forward three major driving forces to achieve the goals. These 

include: 

i. Developmental mindset and empowering culture 

ii. Competence and competitiveness 

iii. Good governance and the rule of law 

5 URT (2000). National Vision 2025 

115

The Vision puts forward the following strategies for the realization of competence 

and competitiveness goal are the following: 

i. Sound macroeconomic management 

ii. Infrastructural development 

ii. Promotion of science and technology education 

iii. Promotion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) 

iv. The utilization of domestic resources 

v. Transformation of the economy towards competitiveness 

vi. Development of the capacity to anticipate and respond to external 

changes 

The strategy with direct relevance to this project is Transformation of the 

economy towards competitiveness. Under this strategy it is envisioned that the 

quality of livelihood should be raised by increasing the level of productivity in all 

sectors. 

The strategy to be adopted is that of transforming the economy from a 

predominantly agricultural one with low productivity to a diversified and semiindustrialized 

economy with a modern rural sector and high productivity in 

agricultural production, which generates reasonably high incomes and ensures 

food security and food self-sufficiency. 

High productivity in agricultural production may entail use of more pesticides and 

fertilizers. Although the vision does not expound on strategies to improve life 

expectancy comparable to the level attained by typical middle-income countries, 

it may be implied that control of disease such as malaria will be inevitable, which 

may also promote use of pesticides. The impacts of unsafe use of pesticides are 

similar to those under section 2.3. 

4.0 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 

4.1 Introduction to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 

The overriding health and environment related goals for sustainable development 

are given in the eight Millennium Development Goals from the Millennium 

Summit in September 2000, 

http://www.developmentgoals.org/About_the_goals.htm (accessed 14 June 

2005). The goals have been commonly accepted as a framework for measuring 

development progress. 

116

4.2 How do the MDGs link to Pesticide Use? 

4.2.1 The Millennium Development Goals 

The following are the eight Millennium Development Goals: 

Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 

Goal 2 Achieve universal primary education 

Goal 3 Promote gender equality and empower women 

Goal 4 Reduce child mortality 

Goal 5 Improve maternal health 

Goal 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 

Goal 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 

Goal 8 Develop a global partnership for development 

To these goals there are 18 targets, such as Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 

2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. The targets in turn are 

linked with 54 indicators, such as Indicator 5: Proportion of the population below 

minimum level of dietary energy consumption. For each indicator, there is 

detailed information on e.g. the method of computation and gender issues. 

4.2.2 Links between goals and human health and environmental 

protection 

A recent report 6 from the follow-up of the MDGs provides suggestions for linking 

the goals with environmental issues. Some of these links may be relevant to 

pesticide use, such as 

Goal 

Eradicate 

extreme 

poverty and 

hunger 

Combat major 

diseases 

Develop a global 

partnership for 

development 

Link 

Insecure rights of the poor to environmental resources, as well 

as inadequate access to environmental information, markets, 

and decision-making, limit their capacity to protect the 

environment and improve their livelihoods and well-being. 

Preventive environmental health measures are as important, 

and at times more cost-effective, than health treatment. 

Since rich countries consume far more environmental 

resources and produce more waste than poor countries, many 

environmental problems (such as climate change, loss of 

species diversity, and management of global fisheries) must 

be solved through a global partnership of developed and 

6 UN Millennium Project 2005. Environment and Human Well-being: A Practical Strategy. Summary 

version of the report of the Task Force on Environmental Sustainability. The Earth Institute at Columbia 

University, New York, USA. 

117

developing countries. 

4.2.3 Links between indicators and pesticide use 

Many of the most obvious links between pesticide use and the MDGs are related 

to various aspects of human health. The World Health Organisation, WHO, has 

compiled its contribution to achievement of the goals including a summary 

Annex 7 . The associated indicators referred to by the WHO have indirect links to 

hazardous chemicals, as follows: 

Indicator 

Link to chemicals 

Underweight children Malnourishment – agricultural production – 

agricultural chemicals. Also association low 

birth weight – chemicals exposure; see also 

indicator 5. 

Minimum dietary consumption Pesticides as prerequisite for food availability. 

Adverse health effects of pesticides. 

Under five mortality rate 

Malnourishment – see under 4. above. Also 

child mortality associated with accidents, 

mainly with pesticides 

Prevalence and death/malaria DDT as major instrument to combat malaria, 

Use of effective measures to but also involving some health risks 

combat malaria 

Linkages of indicators with pesticide us are similar to those presented 2.3.1. 

The links between poverty and high contamination levels have been discussed in 

a report to the World Bank. 8 The conclusion drawn from this report is that “the 

potential socio-economic impacts and costs of toxics are large and are borne 

disproportionately by poor communities. These include: 

• Threats to indigenous practices, 

• Increased health care costs, 

• Decreased productivity, 

• Environmental degradation and reduction of clean, safe essential 

resources (for example, food, water and clean air), 

• Impacts on those at the margins of poverty, and 

7 http://policy.who.int/cgi-bin/om_isapi.dll?infobase=ebdocen&jump=EB111%2f3&softpage=Browse_Frame_Pg42#JUMPDEST_EB111/3 

(accessed 14 March 

2005; note that this is a corrected version of the original document EB111/3). 

8 World Bank (2002). Toxics and Poverty: The impact of toxic substances on the poor in 

developing countries. 

118

• Impacts on certain populations, especially children, women, the 

undernourished 

Living in substandard conditions, often undernourished, and typically with poor 

health status, they are also more vulnerable to environmental chemical insults. 

Simply put, children living in these impoverished countries are most vulnerable to 

high levels of exposure and harmful effects of POPs.” 

While these relate to indicators for poverty or education, tracing and quantifying 

the links to chemical safety may be quite difficult. 

Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases: Use of 

chemicals can very significantly contribute to reducing the disease burden. 

For instance, the strategies to control malaria include indoor residual 

spraying with pesticides, including DDT. While this may be important for 

the immediate protection of health of the people concerned, it may have 

long-term effects at large distances, such as reduced fertility in wildlife. 

Careful balances between benefits and risks have been sought in 

international agreements. 

5.0 WHERE ARE THE BOTTLENECKS IN LINKING PESTICIDE 

USE AND NSGRP, VISION 2025 AND MDGS? 

The NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs are very general and overriding and it is 

difficult to see the links between them and safe pesticide use or chemical safety 

in general. Thus, national chemical safety or pesticide use and control planners 

tend to look at their activity in isolation and not identifying synergies with other 

areas of chemical safety or pesticide use and control. For instance, legislation, 

national committees or data bases may be proposed separately for industrial and 

consumer chemicals, PCBs, dioxins, pesticides, contaminated sites, chemical 

hazard information or monitoring while some of these might be combined. For 

example, what is the link the National Steering Committee established under the 

Industrial and Consumer Chemicals Act (2004) and under the Enabling Activities 

for the Implementation of POPS there is a National Steering Committee. Are 

these the same? If how much do they interact? Do they have joint sessions? 

Several similar examples may be cited. 

Also, national sector planners or politicians tend to look at one sector at a time 

and miss that chemical safety issues occur over a broad range of sectors, having 

a combined impact far beyond the impact for any one sector. For instance, 

implementation of conventions may be seen separately for each convention while 

there are synergies to greater extent. They may also fail to assess the full picture 

with chemicals promoting as well as counteracting national development goals. 

119

5.1 What Might be Done to Reduce the Bottlenecks? 

Implementing the NSGRP, Vision 2025 and Millenium Development Goals can 

promote the sound management of chemicals/pesticides if the requirements of 

the same are integrated and mainstreamed in national action plan for economic 

development. Linking the MDGs with chemical safety plans, pesticides in 

particular, can contribute to mainstreaming chemical safety with overall national 

priorities, such as national poverty reduction strategies or national sustainable 

development strategies. 

5.2 Status of NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs Implementation in Tanzania 

While there seems to be an obvious linkage between NSGRP, Vision 2025 and 

the MDGs, the consultations that were made during the development of NSGRP, 

revealed the linkages between key international and national developmental 

initiatives and aspirations as espoused in Tanzania’s Vision 2025, the Medium 

Term Plan (MTP) for Growth and Poverty Reduction, the PRS Review and the 

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), were very weak and hence they do not 

reinforce each other. The main conclusion was that poverty reduction had to 

receive renewed and wider interest with a shift of focus from the initial “priority 

sector approach” to all sectors contributing to poverty reduction outcomes. 

The NSGRP, therefore, which is expected to last for 5 years, i.e. from 2005/06 to 

2009/10. The end point of this strategy coincides with the National Poverty 

Eradication Strategy (NPES)’s 2010 poverty reduction targets; it is two thirds of 

the way towards the MDGs (2015) and 15 years towards 2025 targets of the 

National Development Vision 2025. These milestones may be used to gage the 

achievement of the integrated approach. 

However, chemical safety is not directly seen to be a major component or target 

to assess attainment of the goals. It is repeated in world fora, that donors are not 

providing financial assistance for chemical safety because this is not seen as a 

priority to recipient countries. This is attributed to the fact that chemicals safety is 

not integrated in requests for development assistance. 

5.2.1 Link to NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs as part of general 

“mainstreaming” 

Typically, donors do not consider chemical management issues as stand-alone 

issues, but take them into account as integral parts of development assistance 

programmes and projects, considering inter alia economical, ecological, cultural 

120

and sociological issues (“mainstreaming”) 9 . Consequently, proposals for chemical 

safety projects must be logically connected to the national strategies for 

sustainable development of the recipient country, referring to Agenda 21, the 

WSSD Plan of Action, the Millennium Development Goals, and other relevant 

international instruments and declarations. 

The value-added of chemicals management project components to the countries 

development process should be clearly described. The activities addressing 

chemical safety can then be mainstreamed more readily with ongoing 

development assistance programmes and projects. Most chemical-related 

projects would then be addressed under the development assistance priorities, 

and would not have to be channelled to donors separately. 

If a programme or project is already initiated in a related sector, the chemical 

safety issues should be integrated in this programme/project rather than being 

developed and implemented separately. For example, one may take examples 

of the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) or Malaria Eradication project, in 

principle such programmes should have a built it components of Sound 

management of Chemicals. A systematic evaluation of development assistance 

programmes and projects will help to identify elements with chemicals 

management components and possible connections to chemical safety issues to 

be included in a package. 

Indicators should be developed that both provide information on the effects of 

chemical safety interventions linked to sustainable development goals, and allow 

effect monitoring, i.e. tracking and reporting on the progress towards achieving 

results on the ground and ultimately the sustainable development goals. 

Progress in capacity building for chemical safety should be assessed using 

measurable indicators. Documentation of the achievements and progress as 

measured by indicators, impact monitoring and review of implementation should 

be a prerequisite for identifying priorities for further activities and launching new 

programmes. 

6.0 CHALLENGES TO REDUCE EXTREME POVERTY 

It is worth mentioning here that reducing extreme poverty especially for the rural 

poor is not an easy task. Sometime interventions may aggravate the problem. 

There case examples where pesticides were supplied and instead of enhancing 

9 DISCUSSION PAPER: Capacity Building Assistance for Chemical Safety: A Perspective of 

Donor Institutions and Development Assistance Agencies. Prepared through the IFCS 

Forum Standing Committee, 

http://www.who.int/ifcs/documents/saicm/donor_persp_en.pdf , (accessed 14 March 

2005) 

121

productivity, it wiped out the crop, case example “MATOKE”. Of course the 

reasons for such adverse effect may be many, but definitely, lack of knowledge 

on the proper use of such chemical could have played a role. Therefore, it is only 

through articulation of the challenges proper interventions may be put in place. 

The NSGRP provides a detailed analysis of the challenges to be overcome in 

order to eradicate poverty. The challenges are discussed under the following 

sub-headings: 

6.1 Income Poverty 

As mentioned earlier, the proportion of the population below the national food 

poverty line is 18.7 percent and that below the national basic needs poverty line 

is 35.7 percent. The majority poor people i.e. 87% live in rural areas and is 

highest among households who depend on agriculture. Tanzania has been 

experiencing a low average per capita real economic growth of only 0.6 percent 

annually over a ten-year period. The current impressive economic growth of 

about 6.0% is due to faster growth in manufacturing, construction, mining and 

quarrying as well as wholesale, retail and hotels, not in agriculture, which 

employ the majority of poor. 

Agriculture is the lead sector in the Tanzanian economy accounting for 45 

percent of GDP and about 60 percent of export earnings. Agriculture is the 

source of food and raw materials for industries. It also provides livelihoods to 82 

percent of the population. Major constraints to agriculture sector growth and 

productivity include low productivity of land, labour and production inputs; 

underdeveloped irrigation potential; limited capital and access to financial 

services; inadequate agricultural technical support services; poor rural 

infrastructure; infestations and outbreaks of crop and animal pests and 

diseases; erosion of natural resource base and environmental degradation. In 

order to benefit the poor majority, promotion of agricultural sector is essential, 

and this may inevitably mean increased use of pesticides and fertilisers, hence 

the need for sound management of pesticide use. 

6.2 Employment Status 

According to the Integrated Labour Force Survey (2001/02) 10 the total labour 

force (age 15 years and above) has increased from 11.2 million in 1990/91 to 

17.8 million in 2001. This implies that 650,000 new people have been entering 

the labour market every year. Wage and salary employment has been expanding 

at much lower rate estimated at some 40,000 persons per annum. That leaves 

the majority of the new entrants into the labour market entering the labour market 

through self-employment largely in agriculture and the informal sector. Again, 

agricultural sector need to be promoted in order to solve unemployment 

problems and rural-urban migration. 

10 URT (2002). Integrated Labour Force Survey 

122

6.3 Non-Income Poverty 

6.3.1 Education and illiteracy 

While there has been a notable increase in primary school enrolments the pace 

of transition to secondary schools is low especially for girls. Illiteracy remains 

high. About 28.6 percent of Tanzanians cannot read and write in any language. 

There is more illiteracy among women (36 percent) than men (20.4 percent). This 

state of affairs has significant impact on sound management of chemicals. An 

illiterate pesticide user is a potential victim of the pesticide. 

6.3.2 Health services 

Key obstacles include health care charges, long distances to health facilities, 

inadequate and unaffordable transport systems, poor quality of care, weak 

exemption and waiver system to the sick who unable to access health care by a 

fee, shortage of skilled providers and poor governance and accountability 

mechanisms. Poor health adversely affect efforts to eradicate poverty, since the 

productive time is lost seeking health services, but also has monetary implication. 

The other dimension is that even if the market may have a less toxic pesticide 

e.g. X-Pel made from pyrethrums, the poor individual will go for a cheap 

alternative which may have more health impacts and hence a poverty spiral. 

6.3.3 Survival and nutrition 

HIV prevalence rates show a worrying trend, particularly for women of young 

age. HIV and AIDS pandemic have a wider implication for other indicators such 

as life expectancy. It is also important to note that high rate of infant and child 

mortality is due to continuing high prevalence of malaria. As for nutrition, 

Tanzania has four nutritional disorders (i) protein energy malnutrition (PEM) (ii) 

nutritional anemia (iii) iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and (iv) vitamin A 

deficiency (VAD). The challenges include increasing food intake by raising 

feeding frequency and consumption of high energy dense foods, increasing 

consumption of fruits and vegetables, which are rich in vitamin A and iron, 

combating diseases notably malaria and measles, diarrhoea, HIV, intestinal 

parasites. These may also have implication on chemical and pesticide use which 

require proper sound chemical management. 

6.3.4 HIV and AIDS 

HIV/AIDS aggravate the health status and future prospects of Tanzanians. It 

undermines the foundations of development and attainment of the Millennium 

Development Goals and national targets. However, unsound use of chemicals, 

drugs in particular aggravates the problem. 

123

6.3.5 Water and environmental health 

There is a close link between water supply and waterborne diseases such as 

cholera, water-based diseases such as bilharzias, malaria and water-washed 

diseases such as scabies and trachoma in areas with poor sanitation facilities. 

However, the challenge is how to expand water and sanitation services in rural 

and urban areas at the same time ensure safe use of chemicals. 

6.3.6 Vulnerability 

The vulnerable groups which include children, persons with disabilities, youths 

(unemployed, youths with unreliable income and female youths), elderly persons, 

people living with long illness and HIV and AIDS, women (widows, other women 

who are not able to support themselves) and drug addicts and alcoholics. There 

seem to be no properly articulated system to assist the vulnerable groups. The 

challenge is in developing a comprehensive strategy to address vulnerability and 

develop appropriate social protection programmes and support community-based 

initiatives towards addressing the factors that put their livelihoods at risk. 

7.0 ENVISAGED ROLE OF ALTERNATIVE TO 

PESTICIDES 

While pesticides have been used and still being used in the agriculture, it is also 

important to look at the availability, affordability, health impacts of alternatives to 

safeguard the health of users and the environment. 

7.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a coordinated use of physical, biological 

and cultural controls and least-toxic pest control products and techniques to 

prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means with 

the least possible hazard to people, property and the environment. Integrated 

Pest Management involves the monitoring of pest populations, establishment of 

injury levels, modification of habitats (to eliminate sources of food, water, 

harborage and entry), utilization of least-toxic controls, keeping of records and 

evaluation of performance on an ongoing basis. 

Experiences have shown that IPM may actually reduce the amount of pesticides 

usage or may promote usage of less toxic pesticide without reducing productivity. 

IPM has potential to contribute to the goals of NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs. 

124

7.2 Least-Toxic Controls 

In this approach Least-toxic chemicals to humans, non-target species and the 

environment are used. A range of least toxic pesticides for different pests have 

been developed and could be found on websites and IPM text books. 

7.3 Biological Controls 

Biological controls include the appropriate conservation of pests’ natural 

predators, parasites and diseases, and the judicious augmentation of these 

species via predator releases, applications of parasites, and inoculations of 

diseases. 

7.4 Physical Controls 

Also pests may be controlled by using physical means which may include: 

• Desiccants (diatomaceous earth, silica aerogel) 

• Barriers (sticky, band, water) 

• Traps (mechanical, glueboard, sticky) 

• Environmental manipulation (of temperature, humidity or light) 

• Electric currents (electrogun, electric fences and traps) 

• Manual removal (nets, lice combs). 

7.5 Organic farming 

Organic farming promotes non use of synthetic fertiliser and pesticides. 

8.0 ENVISAGED SYNERGIES BETWEEN NSGRP, VISION 

2025, MDGS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CHEMICALS 

CONVENTIONS 

From the presentations made on the Chemicals Conventions and FAO Code the 

following challenges were observed: 

125

• Absence of appropriate Chemicals Policy 

• Inadequacies in legislations 

• Insufficient human and financial resources 

• Lack of information exchange/access at all levels 

• Lack of awareness to majority of stakeholders 

• Lack of alternatives, innovative solutions and strategies 

• Weak infrastructure for management chemicals 

• Poor Management of Chemicals and Pesticides to stakeholders 

• Low Cooperation, coordination among stakeholders 

We have seen also in previous sections that the NSGRP, Vision 2025 and the 

MDGs might promote use of pesticide to be able to achieve the goals of the 

same. However, with the above challenges if pesticide use is promoted, it may 

endanger the human health and the environment and hence increase the poverty 

burden to poor communities rather that solving it. 

The purpose of this section is to assess the provisions that are contained within 

chemicals conventions, and potential for integrating/mainstreaming the same to 

achieve both i.e. implementation of chemicals convention and hence protecting 

human health and assist in the efforts to eradicate poverty through promotion of 

safe use of pesticides, including non-pesticide alternatives. 

8.1 Basel Convention 

The key objectives of the Basel Convention are: 

• To minimize the generation, treat and dispose of hazardous wastes as 

close as possible to their source of generation; 

• To ensure strict control over the trans-boundary movements of hazardous 

wastes and prevention of illegal traffic; 

• To prohibit shipments of hazardous wastes to countries lacking the legal, 

administrative and technical capacity to manage and dispose of them in 

sound manner; and 

• To assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition 

in management of the hazardous wastes they generate. 

Establishing Regional Training and Technology Centres: The overall 

objectives for establishing these centres is to strengthen the capacity of 

governments of the regions in complying with the technical, legal and institutional 

requirements in sound management of hazardous wastes as specified by the 

Basel Convention. 

126

8.2 Rotterdam Convention 

Article 3: Scope of the Convention: It applies to banned or severely restricted 

chemicals and severely hazardous pesticide formulations. 

Article 4: Designated National Authorities: Requires each Party to designate 

one or more national authorities that shall be authorized to act on its behalf in the 

performance of the administrative functions required by this Convention 

General Provisions: Each Party has obligation to:- 

• Facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical, economic and legal 

information concerning Annex III chemicals (Article 14); 

• Take such measures to establish and strengthen its national 

infrastructures and institutions for the effective implementation of this 

Convention (Article 15); 

• Cooperate in promoting technical assistance to enable implementation 

of this Convention taking into account the particular needs of developing 

countries and countries with economies in transition (Article 16); 

• The COP shall develop and approve procedures and institutional 

mechanisms for determining non-compliance with the provisions of this 

Convention (Article 17). 

8.3 Stockholm Convention 

Article 1: Objective- To protect human health and the environment from the 

adverse effects of POPs. 

Article 5: Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional 

production 

• Develop Action Plan (regional or sub-regional) and implement it as part of 

the national implementation plan for POPs specified in Article 7, designed 

to identify, characterize and develop and maintain source inventories and 

release estimates, and promote measures including the use of best 

available techniques (BATs) and best environmental practices (BEPs). 

General provisions 

• Develop and implement NIP under the Convention within two years of its 

entry into force; 

• Facilitate and undertake information exchange on POPs including the 

establishment of a NFP; 

• Encourage and undertake research and monitoring of POPs and their 

alternatives; 

General Obligations 

• Designate a National Focal Point 

• Develop, implement and update an implementation plan 

127

• Promote and facilitate a wide range of public information, awareness and 

education a measures for policy makers and all stakeholders 

• Encourage and, as resources permit, undertake research, development, 

monitoring and cooperation on all aspects of POPs and their alternatives 

• Report to the COP on: 

‣ Measure taken by Party to implement the Convention 

‣ Effectiveness of the measure taken 

‣ data concerning trade in intentionally produced POPs 

Financial & Technical Assistance 

• Convention specifications: Developing countries and countries with 

economies in transition will need technical and financial assistance. 

• Regional and sub-regional centres will be established for capacity building 

an transfer of technology Developed countries will provide technical 

assistance and new and additional financial resources to meet agreed 

full incremental implementation costs. 

• Global Environment Facility (GEF) is named as the principle entity of the 

interim financial mechanism to handle funding of capacity building and 

other related activities 

8.4 FAO Code of Conduct 

Objective: To establish voluntary standards and shared responsibilities to all 

stakeholders with respect to the distribution and use of pesticides (especially 

where there is inadequate or no legislation) so as to ensure effective and safe 

use of pesticides 

Articles 5.1/7.5/8/9.1/10.4: Governments to: 

• Implement registration & control scheme 

• Do health surveillances, and advise workers 

• Establish national poisoning control centres 

• Collect & maintain pesticides statistics 

• Provide extension advisory services 

• Monitor pesticides in foods 

• Prohibit Ia and Ib pesticides (if difficult to control) 

• License dealers, importers, exporters 

• Prohibit repackaging and decanting; especially in food and beverage 

containers 

• Encourage market driven supply centralized purchase (to minimize stocks) 

• Promote/facilitate networks for information exchange 

Looking at the provisions above one may see that there synergism, especially in 

the area of capacity building, information sharing, research, awareness raising, 

128

coordination. Most important some Conventions have provisions for financial and 

technical assistance while others do not have. Which means a holistic, multistakeholder 

approach and integration of activities of chemical Conventions make 

take advantage of each other. Looking at the objectives and obligations of the 

Convention, it is easy to relate the goals of NSGRP, Vision 2025 and MDGs to 

the Chemicals Conventions. Through mainstreaming of implementation of 

chemical conventions in these activities may enhance the implementation of the 

same. Therefore, the implementation of Chemical Conventions need to be 

internalised into national development priorities for sustainable development. 

9.0 CONCLUSION 

• Chemicals conventions and national development initiatives such as 

NSGRP, have many commonalities and opportunities for synergies in both 

their implementation and related capacity building activities. 

• Coordinated and integrated implementation provides crucial elements for 

sustainable sound management of pesticides use and chemicals in 

general. 

• It is therefore important to foster synergy of these Chemical Conventions 

at national level by internalising them in national development initiatives 

and utilizing the available opportunities provided by each Convention. 

• Cooperation and collaboration in related programmes and projects will 

enable Tanzania develop a strong information base for informed decision 

making and foster complementarities in national actions and hence 

maximize use of available meagre resources. 

10. RECOMMENDATIONS 

In order to internalise and mainstream implementation of chemicals Convention 

into national priorities for poverty reduction and sustainable development, there is 

a need for capacity building with the following key elements: 

• Ownership involving stakeholders from the beginning; 

• Integration and taking full account of ongoing actions; 

• Cross-sectoral harmonization between donors and recipients; 

• Increased use of modern technology and communication; and 

• Development of new forms of cooperation such as decentralized cooperation 

among local authorities. 

• Information-sharing. 

Furthermore it is recommended that: 

• Proposals for chemical safety projects must be logically connected to the 

national strategies for sustainable development of the our country, referring to 

Agenda 21, the WSSD Plan of Action, the Millennium Development Goals, 

and other relevant international instruments and declarations. 

129

• The activities addressing chemical safety should be mainstreamed more 

readily with ongoing development assistance programmes and projects. 

• The chemical safety issues should be integrated in programmes/projects 

rather than being developed and implemented separately. 

• Indicators should be developed that both provide information on the effects of 

chemical safety interventions linked to sustainable development goals, and 

allow effect monitoring, i.e. tracking and reporting on the progress towards 

achieving results on the ground and ultimately the sustainable development 

goals. 

• Progress in capacity building for chemical safety should be assessed using 

measurable indicators. 

130

Introduction 

PESTICIDE AND POVERTY: 

Multistakeholder mapping 

Bashiru Abdul 

AGENDA 

• Stakeholder mapping was first crucial 

activity for the Pesticide and poverty 

project. 

• The involvement of each and every 

stakeholder is clearly connected with a 

role they play in respect to the 

implementation of the Chemical 

Conventions in Tanzania. 

1 

2 

Stakeholders identification 

• Stakeholders were identified from their involvement in 

other national activities such as Stockholm 

Convention-National Implementation Plans (NIPs), 

the ASP, National Chemical Profiles of IFCS, and 

others 

• Stakeholders include 

• Convention focal points, regulators and other relevant 

government authorities, representatives of NGOs and 

civil society organisations working in rural areas or public 

health, representatives of key industries. 

• Stakeholders for the Pesticide and Poverty project 

are those whose view points, information, expertise, 

and mandates are important for effectively 

implementation of the Chemical Convention and 

Aim of the mapping 

• The main aim of the mapping exercise is 

to identify all actors involved in pesticide 

management, including obsolete 

pesticides, including government, public 

interest community organisations and 

other non-government actors within 


Processes in Tanzania. 

3 

4 

Specific Objectives of the mapping 

• To details ongoing relevant initiatives in Tanzania: 

what is working positively and what is preventing 

change 

• To identify different activities implemented by 

stakeholders 

• To devise means how the project could assist the 

stakeholder’s interests. 

• To identify gaps and who could be taking 

responsibility 

• To enhance collaboration and ensure maximum 

value for core stakeholders. 

• To provide possible synergies between different 

national activities 

Methodology 

• Literature review of both print and electronic 

reports eg. National Profile, ASP, NIP etc 

• Contacting Institutions/organizations working 

on Chemical Management, and chemical 

conventions focal points; 

• Asking a limited set of well-connected 

stakeholders to draw up lists of other possible 

stakeholders; 

• Inputs from participants of the multistakeholder 

meeting 

• The guideline with a set of questions was 

sent out for the workshop participant to fill in 

5 

6 

131

Pesticide Use and Exposure 

DAMAGE CAUSED BY PESTICIDES 

• Pesticides (active ingredients) have for long time 

being used in Tanzania 

– to protect crops (mostly cash crops), livestock, buildings and 

housing from damage caused by insect pests 

• The contribution of pesticides use in increasing 

agricultural production and reducing vectorborne 

diseases has generally been appreciated, 

concern over their harmful effects on man and 

environment has only recently gained attention 

• The effects of pesticides 

• Some banned pesticides if are still used in Tanzania. In 

order to set control measures information on the 

pesticides at any level. 

7 

• Few preliminary studies conducted in different 

areas indicated adversely effects of the 

pesticides used in Tanzania. 

– case studies conducted TPRI in 1997 on the effects of organochlorines in birds 

and agro-ecosystem of maize showed residues of organochlorines in the range 

of 0.001 – 1.45 ng/g (Ijani et al (TPRI, 1997). 

– studies conducted by NEMC/KISHIMBA/AGENDA at Vikuge indicate a high level 

of contamination in soil and water, AGENDA is working on the proposal with 

UNIDO (VIENNA) for medical testing – monitor milk and blood from the area. 

– study conducted by ENVIROCARE in Kilimanjaro areas 

• No specific programs designed to study effects 

of pesticides to human and wildlife population, 

hence the extent of the problem is not known 

8 

Major Concerns 

• Lack of an appropriate pesticide control legislation 

and lack of a modern pesticides approval/registration 

procedure e.g Mr. Akabuhaya Presentation 

• High rates of illiteracy and inability to read complex 

label instructions 

• Use of labels in foreign languages 

• Lack of monitoring of pollutants (e.g. in food, drinking 

water and working environment) 

• Easy access to acutely toxic substances (e.g. to 

commit suicide) e.g Chief Government Chemists data 

• Lack of capacity (manpower and financial resources) 

to advise on and enforce national laws, approved 

codes of conduct, etc. 

• Lack of information provision and awareness raising 

aiming at the small enterprise level (e.g. farms) on 

rational storage, handling, use of pesticides and 

disposal of waste pesticides and empty containers 

9 

Major Concern Cont… 

Virtual impossibility of wearing protective clothing in 

hot and humid climates 

Absence of medical facilities and no access to 

antidotes 

Poor information provisions leading to a lack of 

knowledge about risks involved 

Use of cheap, often more dangerous substances and 

faulty equipment 

Inadequate management and storage of obsolete 

stocks and used packaging materials 

Lack of facilities for proper waste management. 

10 

Several local and individual conditions and malpractices 

aggravate the situation for the end user: 

National Pesticide Risk Reduction Initiatives 

• Excessive use or misuse of hazardous chemical 

substances 

• Use of acutely toxic substances without adequate safety 

measures 

• Inappropriate use of pesticides (e.g. to catch fish) 

• Failure to use protective clothing 

• Lack of clean water for washing 

• Inability to afford protective clothing or equipment 

• Mixing of hazardous chemicals by hand 

• Re-use of pesticide containers for food or water storage 

• Use of beverage containers (bottles) for pesticide 

storage 

• Lack of care when transporting or handling chemical 

Law Currently Regulating hazardous Chemicals 

• Environmental Management Act (NEMA) 2004 - Hazardous 

chemical management is covered in the Act, parts V, VI, VIII and IX. 

• The Industrial and Consumer chemicals (management & control) Act 

2003; Section 10(h) states specifically that one responsibility of the 

Chief Government Chemist, as the Registrar of Chemicals is to 

conduct public educational campaigns on sound management of 

Chemicals. 

• The occupational health and safety Act, 2002; The Plant Protection 

Act 1997 and regulations of 1999; The pharmaceuticals and poisons 

Act of 1978 and the Petroleum exploration and production Act 1980; 

the Public Health Ordinance (1954); National Water Act of 1974 and 

its amendments of 1981, 1987 and 2000; the TPRI Act 1979 and its 

regulations of 1984; The National Industrial Licensing and 

Registration Act (1967), 

IPM in Tanzania (1992 – 2003) 

substances. 

11 

12 

132

Registration and Control 

• Responsibility for approval and registration of agricultural 

pesticides is given by law to the Ministry of Agriculture and 

Food Security and the Tropical Pesticides Research Institute 

(TPRI). A board takes the formal registration decisions. 

• TPRI’s responsibility includes also pesticide use directives, 

permits, quality control of pesticides (formulation analyses), and 

training activities. 

• TPRI, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, and regional 

research stations have the main responsibility for applied 

research regarding pesticide use 

• The National maximum limits for pesticide residues in food are 

established by Bureau of Standards and TPRI. Food residues are 

monitored by TPRI, Tanzania Bureau of Standards, the 

Government Chemist and the National Food Control Commission 

in Tanzania. 

• Quality control of pesticide products (formulation analysis) is 

Focal Points for Information Dissemination and 

International Liaison 

• National focal points for the Intergovernmental Forum on 

Chemical Safety (IFCS) is the Factories Inspectorate 

(Ministry of Labour and Youth Development) in 


• Tanzania also has a Poisons Centre, which is the 

Tanzania Drug and Toxicology Information Service 

(TADATIS). 

• Tanzania has a national association of pesticide 

manufacturers and importers which is the Agrochemical 

Association of Tanzania (AAT).CropLife 

• POPs focal points for liaison with UNEP Chemicals’ 

persistent organic pollutants programme: Division of 

Environment (Vice President’s Office), Cleaner 

Production Centre of Tanzania, and Department of Plant 

Protection (Ministry of Agriculture and food Security). 

performed by TPRI in Tanzania. 

13 

14 

Table: 

NGOs and Trade Unions 

• ENVIROCARE 

• AGENDA for Environment and 

Responsible Development (AGENDA) 

• Tanzania Plantation and Agricultural 

Workers Union (TPAWU) 

• LEAT 

• TAWLAE 

• ASP (T) Network (capacity) 

15 

NGO Activities 

• Research on the pesticides 

• Awareness raising materials including brochures, 

news articles, leaflets, facts sheets preparation and 

dissemination to different stakeholders in both English 

and Kiswahili 

• Presentation of study reports to communities and 

other national stakeholders 

• Presentation of the solution and study reports at 

different fora 

• Holding workshops, press conferences and interviews 

with media 

• Production and release of newsletter on general 

chemical management and alternatives among other 

issues 

• Training of Trainers 

16 

International Agencies 

International Convention Status 

• Food and Agriculture Organisation 

of the United Nations (FAO) 

• Intergovernmental Forum on 

Chemical Safety (IFCS) 

• UNEP 

• UNDP and 

• World Bank, 

• The Stakeholder Convention 

• The Rotterdam Convention 

• The Basel Convention 

• The Bamako Convention 

• International Code of Conduct (FAO Code) 

17 

18 

133

Options for Collaborative Initiatives 

to Reduce Pesticide Exposure 

• 

19 

134

THE ASP AND CIVIL SOCIETY 

• The ASP - What it is 

It is an international initiative to address the 

problem of obsolete stocks in Africa 

. It aims at clearing obsolete stocks (estimated 

to be 50,000 tonnes) and put in place 

preventive measures 

The ASP - What it is cont’d 

Guiding principles: 

- Attainment of basic sustainable development 

criteria 

- Country driven process 

- Conjunction with existing activities 

- Prevention of future accumulation 

- Compliancy with international standards – 

destruction technologies 

- Multi - stakeholder Approach 

1 

2 


The implementation process 

- A phased – long approach, at least 3 phases 

spread over 12 – 15 yrs 

- First phase of 3 years to be implemented 

through strategic partnership involving multiple 

stakeholders 

- Phase I: Botswana, Cameroon, Cote d’Ivoire, 

Ethiopia, Morocco, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, 

Niger, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Tunisia 

& Tanzania. 

3 


Funding 

• GEF USD 25 million approved by GEF 

Council in October 2002 

• Co Funding: GEF commitment was made on 

understanding that USD 45 million will be 

contributed by governments aid agencies, the 

private sector, and other donors and that 

participating countries will ratify the 

Stockholm Convention. The WB has the lead 

role in raising co – fund. 

4 


• By 2003, about ¾ of co – financing for Phase I 

was committed by Bilateral Aid Agencies, EU & 

CLI (though CropLife is yet to honor its 

commitment). 

• Cost of waste destruction estaimated at USD 

3,500 per tonne. 

5 


ASP PARTNERS 

Africa Union (fadaybojang@yahoo.com) 

CropLife International (chris.waller@obstocks.co.uk) 

Economic Commission for Africa (ktutu@uneca.org) 

FAO (davis.mark@fao.org 

GEF (Igranier@worldbank.org) 

NEPAD (hesphinar@nepad.org 

PAN-Africa (abouthiam@pan-africa.sn) 

PAN-UK 

Basel Secretariat (pierre.portas@unep.ch) 

UNEP (mgubb@chemicals.unep.ch) 

UNIDO (meisa@unido.org 

UNITAR (craig.boljkovac@unitar.org 

6 

135


• World Bank 

(jperumalpillaires@worldbank.org) 

• WHO (besbellin@who.int) 

• WWF (clifton.curtis@wwfus.org) 


COUNTRY PARTICIPATION 

• Ownership: countries will have to demonstrate 

ownership of, and commitment to the objectives of 

the programme 

• Collaboration with other stakeholders 

• Preparation: assessment or inventory of the scale 

and scope of the problem 

• Prevention – regulation, extension advice, policies, 

import controls. 

• Participation in international initiatives – POPs, PIC, 

Basel, International Dangerous Goods Maritime 

Code, Bamako 

7 

8 

136

Coordination of NGOs 

• Use existing structures 

• Confirm involvement of ASP NGO forum 

• They should elect a representative for the 

Stakeholder forum 

• They should coordinate the identification of 

NGO partners 

22 

Coordination of NGOs 

Integration of NGOs 

• They should work in close cooperation / 

consultation with the PMU 

• They remain independent as far as possible 

• M&E must be totally independent 

• Involvement must be encouraged 

• Integration into the Task Team must be 

seemless 

• Will require planning on both sides 

• First step appoint NGO Focal Point 

23 

24 

137

Integration of NGOs 

Summary 

• Must then review members 

• Identify key NGOs at national and zonal level 

• Identify partner NGO for each role 

• Must avoid potential conflict of interest 

– NGO for M&E can’t also be involved in inventory 

• Statement to be included in the country plan 

for inventory 

• End users have a role 

• Civil society has a role 

• NGOs have a number of potential roles 

• All involvement based on comparative 

advantage 

• Must be linked to competence 

• Must be coordinated and integrated into the 

task 

25 

26 

138

How International Agreements Can 

Prevent Local Pesticide Problems: 

A Consolidated Guide to the Chemical Codes & Conventions 

Gretta Goldenman 

Pesticides and Poverty Multi-Stakeholder Workshop 

Dar es Salaam, 3 - 5.08.2005 

Ecosphere & its connection to PAN 

• European Centre on Sustainable Policies on Human 

& Environmental Rights 

• Founded two years ago in Brussels as a think tank 

• Organised workshop with PAN UK in London when 

the Rotterdam Convention came into force, & again 

in Brussels for coming into force of the Stockholm 

Convention 

• Several founding members with very close ties to 

PAN (Abou Thiam, Marc Pallemaerts, Catherine 

Wattiez, Gretta Goldenman) 

1 

2 

My connection to PAN 

Objectives for the Consolidated Guide 

• 1981 – Circle of Poison published by Institute for Food & 

Development Policy in San Francisco 

• 1982 – founding of PAN by representatives from around the 

world at meeting in Penang, Malaysia; helped set up PAN NA 

• 1986 – helped PAN Asia/Pacific monitor pesticide use in SE 

Asia; wrote first edition of Citizens Guide to FAO Code 

• 1987 – lobbying at FAO Conference for principle of PIC 

• 1988 – second edition of Citizens Guide to FAO Code 

• 1999-2005 – support for PAN Europe’s PURE (Pesticide Use 

Reduction in Europe) campaign 

• To increase understanding of the Chemical Codes & 

Conventions and their processes 

• To provide a practical guide for countries still building 

chemicals management capacity 

• To ease the burden of implementation by simplifying 

obligations and highlighting synergies 

• To create new opportunities for collaboration between NGOs 

& government for joint strengthening of the regulatory regime 

for controlling hazardous pesticides 

3 

4 

Timetable 

• September 2005 – first draft to PAN UK & PAN 

Africa partners for local consultation & feedback 

• Oct, Nov, Dec 2005 – 3 month period for testing 

• December 2005 – revision of draft Guide on basis of 

comments received 

• Jan 2006 – peer review by international agencies & 

regulators 

• March 2006 – revision of draft Guide on basis of 

peer review comments 

• April, May, June 2006 – local implementation of the 

Guide, by PAN Africa partners 

5 

Outline of the Consolidated Guide 

1. Introduction: Why a Consolidated Guide? 

2. How to Use the Guide 

3. An Overview of the Codes & Conventions Covered 

4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions to Prevent 

Pesticide Problems 

5. Checklists for Implementation 

6. Phasing in the International Chemicals Requirements 

7. Where to Get Assistance for National Efforts 

Annex: Source Guide 

6 

139

2. How to use the Guide 

This section will provide suggestions for: 

• Government officials 

• The pesticide industry, including commercial users 

• Farmers & agricultural workers 

• The public health community 

• Community groups, including environmental NGOs 

• Journalists 

3. Overview of the Codes & Conventions 

• Brief history of development of international legal 

agreements on chemicals management, including pesticides 

• FAO Code of Conduct, UNEP London Guidelines 

• Agenda 21, Chapter 19 -- Global Harmonised 

System (GHS) 

• General chemical safety efforts (Intergovernmental Forum 

for Chemical Safety, GHS, SAICM, UN Recommendations 

on Transport of Dangerous Goods) 

• Management of chemical pesticides in particular 

– FAO Code of Conduct 

– Draft WHO Guidelines on the Management of Public 

Health Pesticides 

7 

8 

3. Overview of the Codes & Conventions 

[continued] 

• Restrictions on specific chemical pesticides 

– Rotterdam (PIC) 

– Stockholm (POPs) 

– Montreal Protocol (e.g. methyl bromide) 

• Controls over import/export/transport of waste 

– Basel 

– Bamako 

• Protection of workers (ILO Chemicals Convention, 

Convention on Agricultural Workers) 

• Protection of biodiversity (Biosafety, Ramsar Protocol) 

• Food safety (Codex?) 

4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions (1) 

This section will be a type of operational guide 

• Core obligations / scope 

• Designation of competent authorities (importance of 

cooperating nationally, regionally) 

• Basic chemicals management requirements 

– Assessment & classification of chemicals (GHS, Code) 

– Data collection / register 

– Hazard communication (GHS labelling, safety data 

sheets) 

9 

10 



• Basic requirements for safe management of pesticides 

– Information on pesticide efficacy, hazards & risks, etc. 

– System for authorisation & de-authorisation [e.g. bans] 

of pesticides 

– Trained users (e.g. through agricultural extension) 

– Tracking of impacts from use (monitoring) 

• Protection against unwanted trade (imports/exports) 

– Basel & Rotterdam Conventions 

– International Customs Codes 

• Controls over manufacturing/formulation, distribution/sales 

– ‘Responsible Care’ & BAT in manufacturing/formulat’n 

– Phase-outs of production & release of POPs (Stockholm) 

– Packaging & labelling, including in transit (UN RTDG) 

– Advertising; information delivered at point of sale 

• Controls against improper use 

– Best Environmental Practice (BEP), incl. vector control 

– IPM / ICM & Good Agricultural Practice 

– Farm-level recordkeeping / reporting 

– Replacement & alternatives 

11 

12 

140


• Protection of workers’ health 

– Information to & training of workers 

– Right to protective clothing & safety equipment 

– Right to say no to unsafe practices 

• Controls over obsolete pesticides & other chemicals waste 

– Management & disposal of stockpiles 

– Clean-up of contaminated sites 

• Protection of environmental quality 

– Monitoring 

– Taking regulatory & other measures when needed 


• Inspection and enforcement 

– At the borders & at the point of manufacture 

– In the marketplace 

– Sanctions 

• Information exchange 

– Regulatory transparency (e.g. publication of list of 

pesticides awaiting approval) 

– Monitoring of compliance 

– Reporting to international fora 

• Stakeholder involvement 

– Access to information 

– Public participation 

13 

14 


• Legal & admin. structures for basic chemicals management 

• Legal & admin. structures for safe management of pesticides 

• Legal & admin. structures for preventing unwanted trade 

• Controls over manufacturing / formulation 

• … 

• Technical capacity 

– Chemicals assessment capacity 

– etc. 

• Information disclosure; right to know 

Outline of the Consolidated Guide 

1. Introduction: Why a Consolidated Guide? 

2. How to Use the Guide 

3. An Overview of the Codes & Conventions Covered 

4. Implementing the Codes & Conventions to Prevent 

Pesticide Problems 


6. Phasing in the International Chemicals Requirements 

7. Where to Get Assistance for National Efforts 

Annex: Source Guide 

15 

16 

How will the Guide be available? 

• Drafts will be sent in electronic form 

• Final version will be 

– posted on the project website 

– published as a manual 

– translated into French & Spanish 

17 

141

Pesticides and poverty workshop: implementing 

the conventions to address pesticide hazards and 

promote sustainable alternatives to address 

poverty and livelihoods 

Community Pesticide Monitoring for Community 

Empowerment 

What is Community 

Monitoring? 

is a systematic method of participatory 

action documentation on the impact of 

pesticides on health and the environment 

at the community level by the community 

Bashiru Abdul 

AGENDA 

8/23/2005 1 

8/23/2005 2 

Why community Monitoring 

1. If there have been complains of health problems in 

the community. 

2. If huge amounts of pesticides are used and there is a 

high frequency of spray operations. 

3. If there may be serious pesticide poisoning incidents. 

4. If there may be pesticides used that have been 

banned in other countries.e.g DDT use 

5. If there may be pesticides used that are suspected to 

cause chronic effects. 

6. Presence of stockpiles 

7. To fill the information gap. Data 

Objectives of Community Pesticide 

Action Monitoring are: 

1) To empower communities to tackle the hazards of 

pesticides. 

2) To ensure safe food and foods free from pesticides. 

3) To build a consensus to eliminate the health and 

environmental hazards of pesticides. 

4) To counter the influence of agrochemical and seed 

company in order to benefit small-scale farmers in 


5) Support and promote the development of ecological, 

locally appropriate agriculture, which brings food 

security and other benefits. 

8/23/2005 3 

8/23/2005 4 

Ethics of monitoring 

Prior informed consent of communities 

Must be participatory 

Must benefit community 

Responsible and accountable to communities 

Ownership of monitoring information is with the 

communities, 

Capacity to meet consequences - Provide 

support to community if needed - medical or 

legal support 

Methodology of Monitoring 

1. People-centred approach / community-centred approach 

such as 

consultative approach 

community helps design and conduct study 

community involved in developing in strategies and actions 

organising an important component 

2. Methodology is part of the process of empowerment 

3. Gender balance with gender perspective 

4. Shares alternatives including organic agriculture 

8/23/2005 5 

8/23/2005 6 

142

CPAM MONITORING TOOLS 

1. Community Pesticide Action Kits - CPAK 

*Note: CPAK is a series of CBM modules prepared by Pesticide Action Network 

Asia and the Pacific. 

2. Survey-based interviews using a standard questionnaire 

3. Documentation of observations (those not included in the 

questionnaire) 

4. Survey of socio-economic situation and gender positioning 

5. Promote self-surveillance amongst the community 

6. Testing of pesticide poisoning and medical investigation 

7. Pesticide poisoning documentation 

8. Constant involvement, feedback and consultation with the 

community 

Formation of the PQRST 

• PQRST is Pesticide Quick Response and 

Surveillance Team 

• Highly trained anti-pesticide advocates who 

are able to respond to reports of adverse 

events related to pesticides within a 

reasonable period of time 

• The purpose of PQRST is to - provide a support 

mechanism to communities which are likely to be 

victims of pesticide poisoning 

8/23/2005 7 

8/23/2005 8 

Functions of the PQRST 

• to determine the veracity of the report 

• gather relevant data 

• properly document the incident/ adverse event 

• make an initial evaluation the association of the 

observed adverse event and pesticide exposure 

• undertake initial response measures and make 

appropriate recommendations for further action 

Community PQRST 

• To be established in community areas participating in 

CPAM. The local participating organisation shall identify 

qualified members for the team. 

• At least 3 members: 

1. with training on community health work, including 

administering first aid to poisoning cases 

2. One with experience as coordinator or community 

organiser, acts mainly as liaison officer 

3. Support staff, acts mainly as documenter. 

• The team members should have undergone CPAM training 

• Specific tasks shall be defined by the team members in 

consultation with the CPAM participating organisation 

8/23/2005 9 

8/23/2005 10 

HEALTH MODULE 

• MODULE PREPARATION 

• PAN AP 

Case studies 

• Women workers in agriculture sector 

• Women pesticide sprayers 

• Food poisoning cases involving children 

• Children's exposure to pesticide 

• Identifying most common health effect of pesticide suffered by the 

people (e.g. skin diseases etc) 

• Farm worker's have problems with supervisor 

Illustration 

• Keep an eye out - local agricultural activity scene 

• Gathering of local workers 

8/23/2005 11 

8/23/2005 12 

143

ENVIRONMENT MODULE 

Case studies 

• Death of pets/reared animals because of consuming pesticide 

contaminated food and/or water 

• Land right issues - agricultural land converted to other uses 

• Pesticide eradication of natural predators and beneficial/native 

insect species 

• Floriculture and pesticide exposure 

• Lack of insects/animal in floriculture area as compared to natural 

farming area 

• Loss of biodiversity - identify lost of indigenous plant species 

• Effects of DDT on the environment 

• Genetic Engineering crops in Tanzania 

• ………….. continue 

8/23/2005 13 

ENVIRONMENT MODULE 

Illustration 

• Local scene of healthy natural farmland and pesticide 

using farms 

• Insert in pesticide using farm pictures of different ways 

of using pesticide (e.g. manual spraying, aerial 

spraying etc) 

• Local workers engaged in spraying 

• Local farm/ agriculture land 

• Flow chart of pesticide destruction on the local 

ecosystem (death cycle of local species) 

• Lack of insects/animal in floriculture area as compared 

to natural farming area 

8/23/2005 14 

INDUSTRY MODULE 

Case studies 

• Identify the Transnational Cooperation's in Tanzania 

• Local farmers and TNCs 

• To identify seeds sold by TNCs - cotton, etc 

• Genetic Engineering in Tanzania 

• Local resistance to Genetic Engineering crops in Tanzania 

• Identify Food related TNCs and their activity 

• Contract farming in Tanzania 

• Local/government alliances with the TNC 

• Dumping of Genetic Engineering food as food aid 

Illustration 

• Misleading information/advertisement on pesticide 

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 

MODULE 

Case studies 

• IPM success story in Tanzania 

• Farmer conversion from chemical based farming to natural 

practices (e.g. organic, alternative pest management APM etc) 

• IPM and government policies in Tanzania 

• Local examples/traditional practices of alternative pest 

management (APM) 

• Local cultural methods of pest control 

• Crop rotation and other farming systems practiced in Tanzania 

8/23/2005 15 

8/23/2005 16 

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 

MODULE 

Illustration 

• Local examples/traditional practices of alternative pest 

management (APM) 

• Local cultural methods of pest control 

• Crop rotation and other farming systems practiced in 

Africa 

PLANTATION MODULE 

Case studies 

• Health problems of workers 

• Growth and development of the local plantation sector 

• Plantation systems and practices in Tanzania 

• Uses of pesticides and types of pesticide 

• Poisoning of plantation workers 

• Misconduct by the management 

• Issues/problems faced by women 

• Local law for workers 

• Local NGOs/organizations that deal with workers union/problems 

Illustration 

• Protective clothing provided by the management 

• Common symptoms of pesticides 

8/23/2005 17 

8/23/2005 18 

144

AGENDA Experience 

• Visits the village and discussed with the farmers 

• Most villagers thought that pesticides are the cause of their 

health problem and death to their relatives 

• Visits health centre to get names of affected individuals 

• Identify the relationship between how the pesticides were 

used 

• Most people are willing to talk about pesticide. 

• It is likely that the communities would be keen to 

collaborate 

• All fish disappeared from the river. 

• Reporting back to the community 

8/23/2005 19 

145

PESTICIDES AND POVERTY 

WHAT IS ECOTOXICOLOGY? 

ECOTOXICOLOGY: MONITORING 

THE IMPACT OF PESTICIDES 

Yahya Msangi / Silvani Mng’anya 

August 2005 

• Relatively a new discipline 

• Combines 3 disciplines: chemistry, toxicology, 

ecology 

• The science is not yet sufficiently developed to 

allow accurate predictions but methodological 

frameworks & databases are available and these 

can assist in risk assessment 

• Risk assessment is a TOOL that provide useful 

assistance in decision making 

• Involves a team of people & range of equipment 

1 

2 

RISK ASSESSMENT 

• Predictive exercise about a change or an 

intervention (such as pesticide use) that is based on 

scientific data, judgements and assumptions 

• Identifies significant hazard and estimates the 

likelihood of harm to individuals or the environment 

• Enables decision to be made about ways to reduce 

or eliminate risk (risk management) 

• Determine objectively the least damaging and 

reasonable option 

• Balance of risk against benefit must be ascertained 

WHY MONITOR THE ECOLOGY? 

• The amount of pesticides that actually 

reaches the target is frequently small, much 

ends in the environment 

• The behaviour of pesticides and their 

environmental impact has mainly been 

studied in temperate climates, need for 

studies in tropical climates 

• As CSO / NGO we need ecotoxicological 

monitoring skills for the ASP 

3 

4 

DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 

A. THE AIMS OF AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING 

PROGRAMME ARE: 

• Assessing pesticide impacts 

• Selecting ecological processes or wildlife groups to 

monitor 

• Selecting appropriate sampling or monitoring 

methods 

• Processing and analysing the data collected 

• Interpreting the information 

DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Cont’d 

B 

STAGES IN DEVELOPING AN ECOLOGICAL 

MONITORING PROGRAMME 

• PHASE I: PLANNING PHASE & RISK ASSESSMENT 

Desk Review 

Screening i.e. making hazards more explicit: 

? identification of the chemical i.e. the physicochemical 

& other properties of the pesticide and its 

formulation, including its water / oil solubility, 

persistence, and its tendency to bio-accumulate in 

soil, water, plant or animal tissue. 

5 

6 

146

DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING 

PROGRAMME Cont’d 

• The ecology of the area - identification of 

affected species - ecological importance 

(keystone, significant, less significant), population 

status (i.e. endemic, rare, or protected), cultural 

importance (Flagship, valued, not significant to any 

cultural group), Economic importance (Imperative, 

High, Moderate, Low) 

• The ecotoxicology of the pesticide in the 

same or similar type of environments – 

background ecotoxicology studies 

• The magnitude of exposure - dose/rate, duration, 

timing 

7 

8 

Factors for consideration in assessing the need to monitor potential 

tial 

impacts on wildlife 

Population Status Ecological 

Cultural Economic Potential 

importance Importance Importance Impact 

Critically endangered 

facing an extremely high 

risk of extinction in the 

wild in the immediate 

future 

Endangered facing high 

risk of extinction in the 

wild in the near future 

Vulnerable likely to move 

into endangered category 

in the medium term future 

Near – threatened close 

to qualifying as 

vulnerable 

Rare not at present 

vulnerable, but with small 

world populations, 

therefore at risk 

Unthreatened, at no risk of 

extension in the medium term 

Keystone species 

important to the 

ecology of many 

other species OR 

crucial to key eco 

processes 

Significant, important 

to a number of other 

species OR to eco 

functions 

Unimportant, less 

significant to species 

composition of 

habitat & to 

ecological functions 

Unknown 

Flagship - 

species which 

are well known 

& of high 

cultural values 

Valuedimportant 

to 

some aspects 

of human 

culture 

Unimportant – 

of no 

significance to 

any major 

group 

Imperative 

High 

Moderate 

Low 

Extinction 

Population decline 

Adult deaths, 

Immature Deaths, 

Breeding Failure 

Health impairment, 

Growth retarded 

Physiological 

charge, 

Behavioural 

change 

Risk of acute toxicity: 0 = No risk, + = Low risk, ++ = Moderate risk, +++ = High risk, ? = Unknown risks 

Pesticide 

Group 

Organochlori 

ne 

Organophos 

phate 

Carbamate 

Pyrethroid 

IGR –Insect 

growth 

regulator 

Phenyl 

pyrazoles 

Biologicals 

Herbicide 

Fungicide 

Aquatic 

Invertebra 

tes 

+ + + 

+ + - + + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ - + + + 

0 - + + 

0 - + 

Amphibians/ 

Chelonians 

+ + 

0 - + + + 

+ - + + + 

+ + + 

0 

++ + 

0 

+ - + + + 

+ - + + 

Fish 

+ + 

+ - + + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ 

+ + - + + 

+ 

0 

0 - + + + 

+ - + + + 

Soil 

Processe 

s 

+ + 

+ + - + + + 

0 - + + 

+ + - + + + 

+ - + + + 

+ + - + + + 

+ - + + 

+ - + + 

+ - + + 

Terrestrial 

invertebrates 

+ - + + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ - + + + 

+ - + + + 

+ + - + + + 

0 - + + 

0 - + + 

Lizards 

+ + 

0 - + + + 

? 

+ + - + + 

+ 

0? 

+ + + 

0 

0 - + + 

? 

Birds 

+ - + + 

+ - + + + 

0 - + + + 

0 - + 

0 

0 - + + + 

0 

0 - + 

0 - + + 

Mammals 

+ + 

+ - + + + 

+ - + + + 

+ 

0 

+ + 

0 

0 - + 

0 - + 

Abundant widespread & 

common 

9 

10 

Risk by application method 

Application 

method 

Aerial – 

exhaust 

Aquati 

c 

invert 

ebrate 

+ + + 

Amphibian 

s / 

Chelonians 

+ + + 

Fish 

+ + + 

Soil 

process 

es 

+ + 

Terrestrial 

invertebrate 

s 

+ + + 

Reptile 

s 

+ + + 

Birds 

+ + + 

Mammal 

s 

+ + + 

DESIGNING AN ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAMME Cont’d 

Aerial – ULV 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

FORMULATING THE HYPOTHESIS 

Ground 

conventional 

Ground – ULV 

Fogging 

Dusting 

Baiting 

Granules 

+ + 

+ 

+ + 

+ 

+ 

0 - + 

+ + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ - + + + 

+ + 

+ + 

+ 

+ + 

+ 

+ 

0 - + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ - + + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + + 

+ + 

+ + + 

Formulate the hypothesis based on knowledge 

obtained via desk review – it should state the 

possible (perceived) impact of the pesticide(s). This 

hypothesis should then be turned ‘upside down’ to 

produce the ‘null hypothesis’ . Before planning the 

fieldwork double check your analysis of the 

problem, this may save you from collecting useless 

data. 

Dips/pour-ons 

+ 

0 

0 

+ + 

+ + 

0 

0 - + + 

0 - + 

11 

12 

147

PHASE II: IMPLEMENTATION PHASE 

(FIELD WORK) 

• Study design & Site Selection : Use assembled 

maps, operational & biological info to position 

comparable untreated plots. Consider scale / size, 

homogenity of habitat, subject of interest i.e species 

of interest (bioindicators), influence of spraying 

technique, replication. 

13 

PHASE III: ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT PHASE 

•Presentation of results 

? Measuring specie abundance (population of a 

particular species) & richness (number of 

species) 

? Use of ecological yardsticks to determine if 

significant findings are biologically consequential, 

acceptable or critical. 

• Results interpretation & Drawing of conclusions 

? Need to have professional advice from 

experienced Ecotoxicologists 

14 

THANK YOU 

15 

148

PESTICIDES AND 

POVERTY 

CASE STUDIES 

Yahya Msangi / Silvani Mng’anya 

Case study objectives 

‣ Demonstrating the need for action under 

international chemical conventions (Stockholm, 

Rotterdam, Basel, Bamako, ILO), national 

programmes (NIP and ASP) 

‣ Identify pesticide problems – poisoning, 

environmental impact 

‣ Determine type and extent of intervention 

required 

‣ Influence policy changes 

‣ Plan for awareness raising and 

‣ Advocacy and lobbying 

Criteria for case studies 

‣ Relevance to chemical conventions and 

national programmes i.e. ASP, NIP 

‣ Problem solving – identify the pesticides 

concerned, health and environmental 

impacts 

‣ Make use of PIC reporting form in case of 

poisoning 

‣ Allow for completion within short period of 

time with available (limited) resources 

Criteria for case studies cont’d 

‣ Must reflect the concept of the project i.e. 

pesticides and poverty, health and safety 

etc. 

Focus areas 

‣ Poisoning incidences 

‣ Integrated Pest/ Vector Mang’t (IPM / IVM) 

‣ Organic farming & Indigenous knowledge 

‣ Obsolete stocks of pesticides 

‣ Labelling and empty containers 

‣ Spray equipment and PPE 

‣ Vulnerable groups – women, children 

‣ Industry advertisement 

Implementation of case studies 

‣ Contracting NGOs – ToR to be developed 

‣ Sectoral: : communities, farmers, workers, 

households – relevant CSOs/NGOs to be 

identified in each region 

149

Tanzania Multi Stakeholder Map - WebNG

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