Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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WINTER .................................................................................................................... 34 COVER ......................................................................................................35 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMPONENTS ..............37 THE IMPORTANCE OF EDGE ..............................................................37 IMPACT OF SOIL FERTILITY ON HABITAT QUALITY ..............38 CARRYING CAPACITY OF DEER HABITAT ......................................40 FACTORS INFLUENCING CARRYING CAPACITY ..........................43 POPULATION BIOLOGY ................................................................44 POPULATION STRUCTURE ................................................................44 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND HIERARCHY ....................................45 POPULATION DENSITY .......................................................................47 EFFECTS OF ADULT SEX RATIO AND BUCK AGE STRUCTURE .....................................................................................49 ADULT SEX RATIO ................................................................................................ 49 BUCK AGE STRUCTURE ..................................................................................... 51 REPRODUCTION STUDIES IN ALABAMA ........................................54 HERD MANAGEMENT ....................................................................57 POPULATION GROWTH POTENTIAL ................................................57 THE NECESSITY OF HERD MANAGEMENT .....................................59 THE BASICS OF HERD MANAGEMENT .............................................61 HERD MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND OPTIONS ..................65 TRADITIONAL DEER MANAGEMENT ............................................................ 66 QUALITY DEER MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 69 TROPHY DEER MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 74 GENETICS AND ANTLER DEVELOPMENT ..............................78 DEVELOPING A DEER MANAGEMENT PLAN .........................84 DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................89 HARVEST DATA ......................................................................................89 iv
JAWBONE EXTRACTION .................................................................................... 91 WEIGHTS .................................................................................................................. 96 ANTLER MEASUREMENTS ................................................................................ 96 LACTATION ............................................................................................................. 99 OBSERVATIONAL DATA .......................................................................99 ALABAMA’S DEER MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM ................................................................................ 102 HABITAT MANAGEMENT ........................................................... 103 LIMITATIONS ON DEER HABITAT ..................................................103 HABITAT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES ........................................106 PRESCRIBED FIRE ............................................................................................. 106 HERBICIDE TREATMENT ................................................................................ 109 MOWING/DISCING .............................................................................................. 110 TIMBER HARVEST .............................................................................................. 111 FERTILIZATION .................................................................................................. 112 WILDLIFE OPENINGS ....................................................................................... 115 Location and Size .............................................................................................................. 115 Soil Testing ......................................................................................................................... 118 Lime and Fertilizer ............................................................................................................ 120 Applying the Seed .............................................................................................................. 123 What to Plant ..................................................................................................................... 123 Exclosures .......................................................................................................................... 128 SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING ............................................................................. 129 MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS ............................................................................... 131 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 133 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................... 134 APPENDICES ................................................................................. 141 Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, ANTLER SIZE, AND LACTATION RATES OF DEER IN THE DIFFERENT SOIL REGIONS OF ALABAMA ...............................................................142 Appendix 2: DEER HARVEST AND HUNTER NUMBERS IN v
Page 1: Biology and Management of White-tai
Page 5: Table of Contents PREFACE .........
Page 9 and 10: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefu
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE White-tailed deer (Odocoile
Page 13 and 14: TAXONOMY The white-tailed deer is o
Page 15 and 16: darker winter coat. Fawns are born
Page 17 and 18: Deer have many glands that are used
Page 19 and 20: tiates antler growth. The secretion
Page 21 and 22: DEER BEHAVIOR VOCALIZATION AND COMM
Page 23 and 24: Among bucks, two males of equal sta
Page 25 and 26: out the Southeast have reported dis
Page 27 and 28: check their scrapes regularly to de
Page 29 and 30: The sex ratio of fawns at birth is
Page 31 and 32: (midges) are highest. To date there
Page 33 and 34: is extremely unlikely to fall prey
Page 35 and 36: and even fawn production—will be,
Page 37 and 38: and living body tissue. Many of the
Page 39 and 40: trace elements are important to a d
Page 41 and 42: are compatible with other objective
Page 43 and 44: tural crops may be used heavily as
Page 45 and 46: providing nutritious cool-season fo
Page 47 and 48: SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMP
Page 49 and 50: Soil quality has a significant impa
Page 51 and 52: Determining CC for deer habitat can
Page 53 and 54: cycle of poor deer herd and habitat
Page 55 and 56: dam and her new fawns later in the
Page 57 and 58:
POPULATION DENSITY The number of an
Page 59 and 60:
determining exactly how many indivi
Page 61 and 62:
searching for breeding opportunitie
Page 63 and 64:
comes intense with improved buck ag
Page 65 and 66:
the 1960s, deer were restocked in m
Page 67 and 68:
sive quality deer management progra
Page 69 and 70:
factors such as reproductive succes
Page 71 and 72:
egulation of deer populations ensur
Page 73 and 74:
The above graphs represent the hypo
Page 75 and 76:
acceptable hunting satisfaction bec
Page 77 and 78:
proportioned. Clearly, all the elem
Page 79 and 80:
hunters to see numbers of deer whil
Page 81 and 82:
In suboptimal habitats, body weight
Page 83 and 84:
changes occur in herd structure and
Page 85 and 86:
product of QDM and not a major goal
Page 87 and 88:
offset the influences of dispersal
Page 89 and 90:
Two controversial questions related
Page 91 and 92:
It appears removing spike antlered
Page 93 and 94:
guarantee the superior bucks hunter
Page 95 and 96:
Perhaps the most common cause of di
Page 97 and 98:
tivity of the property (Woods 1999b
Page 99 and 100:
may justify a modification of the d
Page 101 and 102:
ces and make management recommendat
Page 103 and 104:
A method for removing jawbones that
Page 105 and 106:
extractor towards the deer’s nose
Page 107 and 108:
spread, basal circumference, and ma
Page 109 and 110:
LACTATION Checking a doe for the pr
Page 111 and 112:
deer seen into more specific classi
Page 113 and 114:
and harvest recommendations for the
Page 115 and 116:
of the year as a comparable type fo
Page 117 and 118:
during the spring and summer, but t
Page 119 and 120:
HERBICIDE TREATMENT Another techniq
Page 121 and 122:
TIMBER HARVEST Periodic removal of
Page 123 and 124:
foods in any area. Fertilizer incre
Page 125 and 126:
WILDLIFE OPENINGS Of all the manage
Page 127 and 128:
areas. Very few of the crops common
Page 129 and 130:
samples. These boxes are usually av
Page 131 and 132:
ag of fertilizer, while soil test r
Page 133 and 134:
Applying the Seed Seed should be ap
Page 135 and 136:
cult. Many of these new crops show
Page 137 and 138:
acre), and wheat (one bushel per ac
Page 139 and 140:
using small portions of the opening
Page 141 and 142:
able weight loss at the conclusion
Page 143 and 144:
trace minerals. Another considerati
Page 145 and 146:
Number 8. P-R Project W-35, Alabama
Page 147 and 148:
Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Page
Page 149 and 150:
ings of the Role of Genetics in Whi
Page 151 and 152:
APPENDICES 141
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 161 and 162:
Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 165 and 166:
Appendix 7: FIELD OBSERVATION FORM
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 9: COOL-SEASON PLANTING GU
Page 169 and 170:
CRIMSON CLOVER Planting Date: Septe
Page 171 and 172:
RAPE Planting Date: August 15 - Nov
Page 173 and 174:
SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER Planting Date:
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 10: WARM-SEASON PLANTING G
Page 177 and 178:
COWPEAS Planting Date: May 1 - July
Page 179 and 180:
RAPE Planting Date: April 15 - June
Page 181 and 182:
Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 183 and 184:
Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
Page 185:
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chris Cook receiv
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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