Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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Table of Contents PREFACE .............................................................................................1 TAXONOMY .........................................................................................3 BASIC DEER BIOLOGY ....................................................................4 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................... 4 SIZE AND PELAGE OF DEER .............................................................................. 4 SENSES OF DEER .................................................................................................... 5 ANTLER DEVELOPMENT ..................................................................................... 8 DEER BEHAVIOR ...................................................................................11 VOCALIZATION AND COMMUNICATION ...................................................... 11 DEER MOVEMENT PATTERNS ...........................................................13 HOME RANGE SIZE .............................................................................................. 14 DISPERSAL ............................................................................................................. 14 BREEDING PERIOD OR RUT ...............................................................16 GESTATION AND FAWNING PERIOD................................................18 DISEASE, PARASITES, AND PREDATION ................................19 DISEASES AND PARASITES ................................................................19 PREDATION ............................................................................................22 FEEDING HABITS AND NUTRITION ..........................................23 FOOD SELECTION AND FEEDING HABITS .....................................23 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................26 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS ..........................................................29 DEER HABITAT IN ALABAMA .............................................................29 FOOD – SEASONAL FORAGING HABITATS .....................................31 SPRING ..................................................................................................................... 31 SUMMER .................................................................................................................. 32 FALL .......................................................................................................................... 33 iii
Page 1: Biology and Management of White-tai
Page 6 and 7: WINTER ............................
Page 8 and 9: ALABAMA FROM 1986-87 THROUGH 2001-0
Page 10 and 11: Barnett, and Wyman Meinzer and repr
Page 12 and 13: cessful deer restoration in Alabama
Page 14 and 15: cies of whitetails, including O. v.
Page 16 and 17: has found color perception in deer
Page 18 and 19: ANTLER DEVELOPMENT Deer have antler
Page 20 and 21: This ear-tagged buck was photograph
Page 22 and 23: contact also is avoided. Dominant a
Page 24 and 25: ment. A hungry deer will move to fi
Page 26 and 27: BREEDING PERIOD OR RUT Throughout A
Page 28 and 29: However, doe fawns do not contribut
Page 30 and 31: Chronic health problems in a deer h
Page 32 and 33: Predation is not a limiting factor
Page 34 and 35: quality of food. There is no shorta
Page 36 and 37: Below are some common deer browse s
Page 38 and 39: genetic influence on antler growth.
Page 40 and 41: habitat has sufficient quantity and
Page 42 and 43: SUMMER The need for quality forage
Page 44 and 45: vest, but also have proven to be va
Page 46 and 47: tremely cold periods. Lack of suffi
Page 48 and 49: stand also is an example of edge. D
Page 50 and 51: forage for their nutritional requir
Page 52 and 53: animals that can be supported in go
Page 54 and 55:
cases where population levels are a
Page 56 and 57:
occupy the best habitat and general
Page 58 and 59:
weights by respective age class and
Page 60 and 61:
later estrous cycles will have fawn
Page 62 and 63:
natural breeding behaviors. Studies
Page 64 and 65:
Biologists use fetal measurements t
Page 66 and 67:
does taken in reproductive collecti
Page 68 and 69:
potential is documented at the Geor
Page 70 and 71:
often costly proposition. The level
Page 72 and 73:
deer—especially does—should be
Page 74 and 75:
Deer populations respond to varying
Page 76 and 77:
Key to this educational process is
Page 78 and 79:
deer in some areas. These recommend
Page 80 and 81:
tinctive differences between these
Page 82 and 83:
ible with available resources. Whil
Page 84 and 85:
iologist when assessing the feasibi
Page 86 and 87:
the population each year to produce
Page 88 and 89:
often are so low most hunters in Al
Page 90 and 91:
Mississippi study found most yearli
Page 92 and 93:
only opens up the door for higher b
Page 94 and 95:
DEVELOPING A DEER MANAGEMENT PLAN I
Page 96 and 97:
vested from the midwestern U.S., th
Page 98 and 99:
stood, the management process can p
Page 100 and 101:
A deer population is dynamic and to
Page 102 and 103:
Severinghaus’ tooth replacement a
Page 104 and 105:
Step 2 - Push the small end of the
Page 106 and 107:
WEIGHTS Weights can be collected as
Page 108 and 109:
3 - Basal circumference is the dist
Page 110 and 111:
servation log should be kept at the
Page 112 and 113:
damaged appendages, sloughing hoove
Page 114 and 115:
on them. Since soils found in the B
Page 116 and 117:
ity of these preferred plant specie
Page 118 and 119:
will not allow some of the woody pl
Page 120 and 121:
herbicide can greatly improve the q
Page 122 and 123:
to 70 square feet per acre (Yarrow
Page 124 and 125:
from 11 percent to 17 percent follo
Page 126 and 127:
log-loading decks, turn-arounds on
Page 128 and 129:
two-acre plot planted with these cr
Page 130 and 131:
two or three samples may be needed
Page 132 and 133:
to the recommended level. Having th
Page 134 and 135:
High protein foods are essential fo
Page 136 and 137:
Using clovers, such as crimson (top
Page 138 and 139:
are usually better suited for use i
Page 140 and 141:
Much of the food provided in trough
Page 142 and 143:
mineral supplements on antler size
Page 144 and 145:
LITERATURE CITED Baker, R. H. 1984.
Page 146 and 147:
441-449. Harmel, D. E. 1982. Effect
Page 148 and 149:
Koerth, B. H. and J. C. Kroll. 1994
Page 150 and 151:
485. Alabama Cooperative Extension
Page 152 and 153:
Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 154 and 155:
Appendix 2: DEER HARVEST AND HUNTER
Page 156 and 157:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 158 and 159:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 160 and 161:
Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 162 and 163:
Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 164 and 165:
Appendix 6: DEER HARVEST DATA FORM
Page 166 and 167:
Appendix 8: TEMPLATE FOR JAWBONE PU
Page 168 and 169:
AUSTRIAN WINTER PEA Planting Date:
Page 170 and 171:
LADINO OR WHITE CLOVER Planting Dat
Page 172 and 173:
RYE Planting Date: September 1 - No
Page 174 and 175:
VETCH (BIGFLOWER, COMMON, HAIRY) Pl
Page 176 and 177:
BUCKWHEAT Planting Date: May 1 - Ju
Page 178 and 179:
HAIRY INDIGO Planting Date: May 1 -
Page 180 and 181:
VELVETBEAN Planting Date: April 15
Page 182 and 183:
Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 184 and 185:
Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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