Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

BREEDING PERIOD OR RUT
Throughout Alabama, some breeding takes place from as early
as mid-November to as late as the end of February or early March. For
most of the state, peak-breeding activity occurs around mid- to late January.
Research conducted by state biologists has documented average
conception dates around Thanksgiving, mid-December, early January
and even into early February. Causes for such highly variable breeding
dates are discussed later in this book (see EFFECTS OF ADULT SEX
RATIO AND BUCK AGE STRUCTURE, page 49).
During the breeding season, or “rut”, whitetail bucks undergo
hormonal changes. Adult bucks become much more aggressive and often
are less cautious than normal. Physically, rutting bucks are
characterized by large, swollen necks and a strong, musky odor resulting
from increased rub-urination behavior. During this time, bucks
mark and defend breeding territories. Territories are established by
creating numerous rubs and scrapes within the area. A buck attempts
to saturate an area with his scent and sign. Rubs are “sign-posts” made
by rubbing the antlers and forehead against small trees and saplings.
Deer often choose aromatic species like cedar, pine, sassafras, and bay
trees for rubs. The unique scent of a particular buck is deposited on
these rub trees through the forehead gland.
Scrapes are important calling cards of adult bucks. A buck creates
these areas of bare earth by pawing beneath an overhanging limb.
Urine is deposited in the scrape by means of the rub-urination behavior.
The urine is infused with scent from the tarsal glands while the
buck rubs his face, forehead, and antlers on the overhanging limb. Bucks
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