Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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LADINO OR WHITE CLOVER Planting Date: September 1 - November 15 Seeding Rate a : 4-6 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 3-4 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/4 to 1/2-inch Comments: Ladino or white clover is a highly preferred and nutritious deer forage. It is initially slow growing in the fall, but will produce abundant forage from late winter until early- to mid-summer. Ladino is somewhat tolerant of wetter soils and dry weather, but does not do well on droughty soils. Once established, ladino clover stands can persist for several years on good sites if weed and grass competition is controlled. Control can be accomplished using mowing or treatment with herbicides. Ladino clover does well when planted with small grains (wheat, oats, rye). The two most commonly planted varieties are Osceola (best for sandy soils) and Regal (fairly drought tolerant). OATS Planting Date: September 1 - November 1 Seeding Rate a : 80-100 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 60-80 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/2 to 1-inch Comments: Oats are one of the most popular plantings for cool-season deer plots in the Southeast. Oats do well on most well-drained sites, but are not tolerant of poorly drained or sandy soils. Most varieties of oats are not as cold hardy as wheat or rye. Oats do well in combinations with other small grains and clovers. 160
RAPE Planting Date: August 15 - November 1 Seeding Rate a : 10-12 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 8-10 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/4 to 1/2-inch Comments: Rape is a warm-season, high protein perennial that closely resembles turnips. Rape can be planted as a warm-season crop or early cool-season crop. It can produce a large amount of forage due to its broadleaf growth form. Rape does well on damp sites. The variety most commonly planted for deer is Dwarf Essex. Many other varieties can be found in several deer plot seed mixtures. RED CLOVER Planting Date: September 1 - November 15 Seeding Rate a : 12-15 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 6-8 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/4 to 1/2-inch Comments: Red clover is an excellent deer forage with a very long growing season. This clover remains productive throughout most of the spring and summer, and in cooler regions, can last until early October. <strong>In</strong> areas where it is well adapted, red clover may be the most productive of all the clover species. This clover does best when planted on fertile, well-drained sites. Red clover is moderately drought resistant. It does best when planted alone, but can be planted with small grains (wheat, oats, rye). Commonly planted varieties include Redland II & III, Kenland, and Cherokee. 161
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Biology and Management of White-tai
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Table of Contents PREFACE .........
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JAWBONE EXTRACTION ................
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefu
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PREFACE White-tailed deer (Odocoile
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TAXONOMY The white-tailed deer is o
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darker winter coat. Fawns are born
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Deer have many glands that are used
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tiates antler growth. The secretion
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DEER BEHAVIOR VOCALIZATION AND COMM
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Among bucks, two males of equal sta
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out the Southeast have reported dis
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check their scrapes regularly to de
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The sex ratio of fawns at birth is
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(midges) are highest. To date there
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is extremely unlikely to fall prey
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and even fawn production—will be,
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and living body tissue. Many of the
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trace elements are important to a d
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are compatible with other objective
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tural crops may be used heavily as
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providing nutritious cool-season fo
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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMP
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Soil quality has a significant impa
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Determining CC for deer habitat can
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cycle of poor deer herd and habitat
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dam and her new fawns later in the
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POPULATION DENSITY The number of an
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determining exactly how many indivi
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searching for breeding opportunitie
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comes intense with improved buck ag
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the 1960s, deer were restocked in m
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sive quality deer management progra
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factors such as reproductive succes
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egulation of deer populations ensur
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The above graphs represent the hypo
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acceptable hunting satisfaction bec
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proportioned. Clearly, all the elem
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hunters to see numbers of deer whil
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In suboptimal habitats, body weight
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changes occur in herd structure and
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product of QDM and not a major goal
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offset the influences of dispersal
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Two controversial questions related
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It appears removing spike antlered
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guarantee the superior bucks hunter
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Perhaps the most common cause of di
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tivity of the property (Woods 1999b
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may justify a modification of the d
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ces and make management recommendat
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A method for removing jawbones that
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extractor towards the deer’s nose
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spread, basal circumference, and ma
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LACTATION Checking a doe for the pr
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deer seen into more specific classi
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and harvest recommendations for the
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of the year as a comparable type fo
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during the spring and summer, but t
Page 119 and 120: HERBICIDE TREATMENT Another techniq
Page 121 and 122: TIMBER HARVEST Periodic removal of
Page 123 and 124: foods in any area. Fertilizer incre
Page 125 and 126: WILDLIFE OPENINGS Of all the manage
Page 127 and 128: areas. Very few of the crops common
Page 129 and 130: samples. These boxes are usually av
Page 131 and 132: ag of fertilizer, while soil test r
Page 133 and 134: Applying the Seed Seed should be ap
Page 135 and 136: cult. Many of these new crops show
Page 137 and 138: acre), and wheat (one bushel per ac
Page 139 and 140: using small portions of the opening
Page 141 and 142: able weight loss at the conclusion
Page 143 and 144: trace minerals. Another considerati
Page 145 and 146: Number 8. P-R Project W-35, Alabama
Page 147 and 148: Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Page
Page 149 and 150: ings of the Role of Genetics in Whi
Page 151 and 152: APPENDICES 141
Page 153 and 154: Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 155 and 156: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 7: FIELD OBSERVATION FORM
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 9: COOL-SEASON PLANTING GU
Page 169: CRIMSON CLOVER Planting Date: Septe
Page 173 and 174: SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER Planting Date:
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 10: WARM-SEASON PLANTING G
Page 177 and 178: COWPEAS Planting Date: May 1 - July
Page 179 and 180: RAPE Planting Date: April 15 - June
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
Page 185: ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chris Cook receiv
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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