Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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AUSTRIAN WINTER PEA Planting Date: September 1 - November 1 Seeding Rate a : 40-60 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 30-40 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/2 to 1-inch Comments: Austrian winter peas provide excellent fall, winter, and early spring deer forage. They can be easily overgrazed. Winter peas do well in well-drained sites, but can tolerate soils that may be too wet for most clovers and small grains. They do well when planted in combination with small grains (wheat, oats, rye). BALL CLOVER Planting Date: September 1 - November 15 Seeding Rate a : 4-5 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 3-4 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/4 to 1/2-inch Comments: Ball clover is not productive over as long a period as most other clovers. Peak production only lasts for a short time during early spring (late March to April). This clover is adapted to a wide variety of soils and can grow on sites not suited for other clovers. BERSEEM CLOVER Planting Date: September 1 - November 15 Seeding Rate a : 18-20 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 12-16 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/4 to 1/2-inch Comments: Berseem clover is not very tolerant of freezing conditions. This clover is tolerant of alkaline soils and is more tolerant of wet soils than most annual crops. Berseem clover is well-suited for non-acid Black Belt soils and high rainfall areas near the coast. Cold hardy varieties produce hard seed and will often reseed the following fall. 158
CRIMSON CLOVER Planting Date: September 1 - November 15 Seeding Rate a : 20-30 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 15-20 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/4 to 1/2-inch Comments: Crimson clover is an excellent forage producer during the winter and early spring. It can grow in a variety of sites and tolerates acid soils better than many other clovers. It does best on well-drained soils. Crimson clover initiates growth earlier in the fall than other clovers and also seeds out sooner than most other clovers. This makes it an excellent plant to include in combinations of small grains and clovers having peak forage productivity in late spring and early summer. Varieties include AU Robin, AU Sunrise, Chief, Dixie, and Tibbee. CHICORY Planting Date: August 15 - November 1 Seeding Rate a : 5-6 pounds per acre (broadcasted), 5-6 pounds per acre (drilled) Planting Depth: 1/4 to 1/2-inch Comments: This perennial herb is a member of the lettuce family. Chicory is currently found in several deer plot seed mixtures. Although planted in the fall, chicory does not begin rapid growth until spring and will continue producing until late summer. This plant can last for up to three years. 159
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Biology and Management of White-tai
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Table of Contents PREFACE .........
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JAWBONE EXTRACTION ................
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefu
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PREFACE White-tailed deer (Odocoile
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TAXONOMY The white-tailed deer is o
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darker winter coat. Fawns are born
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Deer have many glands that are used
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tiates antler growth. The secretion
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DEER BEHAVIOR VOCALIZATION AND COMM
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Among bucks, two males of equal sta
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out the Southeast have reported dis
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check their scrapes regularly to de
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The sex ratio of fawns at birth is
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(midges) are highest. To date there
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is extremely unlikely to fall prey
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and even fawn production—will be,
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and living body tissue. Many of the
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trace elements are important to a d
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are compatible with other objective
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tural crops may be used heavily as
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providing nutritious cool-season fo
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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMP
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Soil quality has a significant impa
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Determining CC for deer habitat can
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cycle of poor deer herd and habitat
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dam and her new fawns later in the
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POPULATION DENSITY The number of an
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determining exactly how many indivi
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searching for breeding opportunitie
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comes intense with improved buck ag
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the 1960s, deer were restocked in m
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sive quality deer management progra
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factors such as reproductive succes
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egulation of deer populations ensur
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The above graphs represent the hypo
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acceptable hunting satisfaction bec
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proportioned. Clearly, all the elem
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hunters to see numbers of deer whil
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In suboptimal habitats, body weight
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changes occur in herd structure and
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product of QDM and not a major goal
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offset the influences of dispersal
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Two controversial questions related
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It appears removing spike antlered
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guarantee the superior bucks hunter
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Perhaps the most common cause of di
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tivity of the property (Woods 1999b
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may justify a modification of the d
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ces and make management recommendat
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A method for removing jawbones that
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extractor towards the deer’s nose
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spread, basal circumference, and ma
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LACTATION Checking a doe for the pr
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deer seen into more specific classi
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and harvest recommendations for the
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of the year as a comparable type fo
Page 117 and 118: during the spring and summer, but t
Page 119 and 120: HERBICIDE TREATMENT Another techniq
Page 121 and 122: TIMBER HARVEST Periodic removal of
Page 123 and 124: foods in any area. Fertilizer incre
Page 125 and 126: WILDLIFE OPENINGS Of all the manage
Page 127 and 128: areas. Very few of the crops common
Page 129 and 130: samples. These boxes are usually av
Page 131 and 132: ag of fertilizer, while soil test r
Page 133 and 134: Applying the Seed Seed should be ap
Page 135 and 136: cult. Many of these new crops show
Page 137 and 138: acre), and wheat (one bushel per ac
Page 139 and 140: using small portions of the opening
Page 141 and 142: able weight loss at the conclusion
Page 143 and 144: trace minerals. Another considerati
Page 145 and 146: Number 8. P-R Project W-35, Alabama
Page 147 and 148: Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Page
Page 149 and 150: ings of the Role of Genetics in Whi
Page 151 and 152: APPENDICES 141
Page 153 and 154: Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 155 and 156: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 7: FIELD OBSERVATION FORM
Page 167: Appendix 9: COOL-SEASON PLANTING GU
Page 171 and 172: RAPE Planting Date: August 15 - Nov
Page 173 and 174: SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER Planting Date:
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 10: WARM-SEASON PLANTING G
Page 177 and 178: COWPEAS Planting Date: May 1 - July
Page 179 and 180: RAPE Planting Date: April 15 - June
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
Page 185: ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chris Cook receiv
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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