Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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Appendix 2: DEER HARVEST AND HUNTER NUMBERS IN ALABAMA FROM 1986-87 THROUGH 2001-02 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF HUNTERS ESTIMATED HARVEST Gun and Archery Gun and Archery Season Gun Archery Combined* Gun Archery Combined* 1986-87 213,471 37,426 215,764 288,487 17,653 300,115 1987-88 219,280 42,023 221,285 309,517 15,683 322,977 1988-89 191,862 44,259 195,032 257,734 18,854 275,032 1989-90 182,080 40,232 186,211 225,077 20,798 242,033 1990-91 193,600 53,200 200,700 263,100 31,300 294,400 1991-92 199,700 58,900 205,200 269,500 25,500 295,000 1992-93 203,300 62,500 211,100 261,500 31,600 293,100 1993-94 204,000 66,300 210,600 305,300 45,200 350,500 1994-95 203,700 58,900 211,200 290,600 40,400 331,000 1995-96 223,700 70,900 229,600 353,000 45,100 398,100 1996-97 217,400 61,100 220,900 334,200 32,600 366,800 1997-98 212,400 64,300 217,300 367,900 55,500 423,400 1998-99 204,800 59,100 210,600 349,000 41,300 390,300 1999-2000 215,300 69,600 221,700 368,500 47,200 415,700 2000-01 213,200 65,700 218,400 435,100 43,600 478,700 2001-02 210,900 55,400 213,400 376,200 34,500 410,700 *Estimates for gun and archery hunters do not sum to the combined estimate because each include hunters participating in both seasons. 144
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH REPLACEMENT AND WEAR For over 5 decades, wildlife biologists have used a technique for aging deer based on tooth wear and replacement. This technique was developed based on jawbones from 26 known-age deer (Severinghaus, 1949). Over the years, some biologists have raised questions about the accuracy of this technique. <strong>In</strong> fact, all biologists who have evaluated this technique using known-age jawbones were unable to consistently assign accurate ages to deer beyond 2-1/2 years old (Ryel et al. 1961; Sauer, 1971; Jacobson and Reiner, 1989; Mitchell and Smith, 1991; Hamlin et al. 2000; Gee et al. 2002). Additionally, another study noted that buck and doe teeth wear at different rates—this pattern of wear is common among other cervids (Van Deelan et al. 2000). It is logical to suggest that all deer do not display similar tooth wear rates. Some deer’s teeth wear faster than do those of other deer. Soil composition and the type and amount of foods eaten can influence tooth wear. Some deer tend to chew more on one side of their mouth. This aspect of feeding behavior also can influence tooth wear and subsequent attempts to accurately age deer. There is great reluctance among many in the deer management community to question, let alone abandon, the Severinghaus aging technique. However, the fact remains that this technique cannot reliably assign precise ages to deer older than 2-1/2 years of age. These shortcomings notwithstanding, the tooth wear and replacement aging method remains a valuable tool for discerning between fawns, yearlings, and adult deer. For most deer managers, this technique can be used in conjunction with other physical characteristics in their efforts to ex- 145
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Biology and Management of White-tai
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Table of Contents PREFACE .........
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JAWBONE EXTRACTION ................
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefu
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PREFACE White-tailed deer (Odocoile
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TAXONOMY The white-tailed deer is o
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darker winter coat. Fawns are born
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Deer have many glands that are used
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tiates antler growth. The secretion
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DEER BEHAVIOR VOCALIZATION AND COMM
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Among bucks, two males of equal sta
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out the Southeast have reported dis
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check their scrapes regularly to de
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The sex ratio of fawns at birth is
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(midges) are highest. To date there
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is extremely unlikely to fall prey
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and even fawn production—will be,
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and living body tissue. Many of the
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trace elements are important to a d
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are compatible with other objective
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tural crops may be used heavily as
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providing nutritious cool-season fo
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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMP
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Soil quality has a significant impa
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Determining CC for deer habitat can
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cycle of poor deer herd and habitat
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dam and her new fawns later in the
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POPULATION DENSITY The number of an
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determining exactly how many indivi
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searching for breeding opportunitie
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comes intense with improved buck ag
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the 1960s, deer were restocked in m
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sive quality deer management progra
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factors such as reproductive succes
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egulation of deer populations ensur
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The above graphs represent the hypo
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acceptable hunting satisfaction bec
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proportioned. Clearly, all the elem
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hunters to see numbers of deer whil
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In suboptimal habitats, body weight
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changes occur in herd structure and
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product of QDM and not a major goal
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offset the influences of dispersal
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Two controversial questions related
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It appears removing spike antlered
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guarantee the superior bucks hunter
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Perhaps the most common cause of di
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tivity of the property (Woods 1999b
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may justify a modification of the d
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ces and make management recommendat
Page 103 and 104: A method for removing jawbones that
Page 105 and 106: extractor towards the deer’s nose
Page 107 and 108: spread, basal circumference, and ma
Page 109 and 110: LACTATION Checking a doe for the pr
Page 111 and 112: deer seen into more specific classi
Page 113 and 114: and harvest recommendations for the
Page 115 and 116: of the year as a comparable type fo
Page 117 and 118: during the spring and summer, but t
Page 119 and 120: HERBICIDE TREATMENT Another techniq
Page 121 and 122: TIMBER HARVEST Periodic removal of
Page 123 and 124: foods in any area. Fertilizer incre
Page 125 and 126: WILDLIFE OPENINGS Of all the manage
Page 127 and 128: areas. Very few of the crops common
Page 129 and 130: samples. These boxes are usually av
Page 131 and 132: ag of fertilizer, while soil test r
Page 133 and 134: Applying the Seed Seed should be ap
Page 135 and 136: cult. Many of these new crops show
Page 137 and 138: acre), and wheat (one bushel per ac
Page 139 and 140: using small portions of the opening
Page 141 and 142: able weight loss at the conclusion
Page 143 and 144: trace minerals. Another considerati
Page 145 and 146: Number 8. P-R Project W-35, Alabama
Page 147 and 148: Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Page
Page 149 and 150: ings of the Role of Genetics in Whi
Page 151 and 152: APPENDICES 141
Page 153: Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 7: FIELD OBSERVATION FORM
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 9: COOL-SEASON PLANTING GU
Page 169 and 170: CRIMSON CLOVER Planting Date: Septe
Page 171 and 172: RAPE Planting Date: August 15 - Nov
Page 173 and 174: SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER Planting Date:
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 10: WARM-SEASON PLANTING G
Page 177 and 178: COWPEAS Planting Date: May 1 - July
Page 179 and 180: RAPE Planting Date: April 15 - June
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
Page 185: ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chris Cook receiv
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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