Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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LITERATURE CITED Baker, R. H. 1984. Origin, Classification, and Distribution. Pages 1-18 in L. K. Halls, ed. White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. The Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. Ball, D. M., C. S. Hoveland, and G. D. Lacefield. 2002. Southern Forages, Third Edition. The Potash and Phosphate Institute and the Foundation for Agronomic Research, Norcross, Georgia. 322 pages. Brown, R. D. 1985. Water Requirements of White-tailed Deer. Pages 19- 26 in R. D. Brown, ed. Livestock and Wildlife Management During Drought. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Texas. Brown, R. D. 1997. Nutrition and Reproduction of White-tailed Deer. Proceedings of the Second Annual White-tailed Deer Shortcourse, Gulf States Paper Corporation, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Pages 105- 113. Carroll, D. J. and M. K. Causey. 1995. Effects of Early Weaning on Survival and Growth of Captive White-tailed Deer. Annual Meeting of the Southeast Deer Study Group. Volume 18, Pages 31-32. Caughley, G. 1977. Analysis of Vertebrate Populations. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 234 pages. Causey, M. K. 1991. Nutrition Enhances Growth and Antler Development of Alabama White-tailed Deer. Highlights of Agricultural Research. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station. Volume 38(1), Page 9. Causey, M. K. 1993. The Effects of Mineral Supplementation on Growth and Antler Development of Alabama White-tailed Deer. Alabama Game and Fish Report. P-R Project W-44, VIII, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, Alabama. Davidson, W. R. and V. F. Nettles. 1997. Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases in the Southeastern United States, Second Edition. Southeastern Cooperative Disease Study, Athens, Georgia. 417 pages. Davis, J. R. 1979. The White-tailed Deer in Alabama. Special Report 134
Number 8. P-R Project W-35, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Montgomery, Alabama. 60 pages. Demarais, S. 1998. Managing for Antler Production: Understanding the Age – Nutrition – Genetic Interaction. Proceedings of the Role of Genetics in White-tailed Deer Management Symposium, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Volume 1, Pages 33-36. DeMarais, S. and B. Strickland. 1999. Buck Movements and Mortality: Limitations in Deer Management Programs. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual White-tailed Deer Shortcourse, Gulf States Paper Corporation, Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 4, Pages 9-18. Downing, R. L. and B. S. McGinnes. 1976. Movement Patterns of Whitetailed Deer in a Virginia Enclosure. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners. Volume 29, Pages 454-459. Downing, R. L., and D. C. Guynn, Jr. 1985. A Generalized Sustained Yield Table for White-tailed Deer. Pages 95-104 in S. L. Beasom and S. F. Robertson, eds. Game Harvest Management. Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Kingsville, Texas. Gee, K. L., J. H. Holman, M. K. Causey, A. N. Rossi, and J. B. Armstrong. 2002. Aging White-tailed Deer by Tooth Replacement and Wear: A Critical Evaluation of a Time-honored Technique. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Volume 30, Pages 387-393. Gray, W. N., S. S. Ditchkoff, M. K. Causey, and C. W. Cook. 2002. The Yearling Disadvantage in Alabama Deer: Effect of Birth Date on Development. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners. Volume 56 (In Press). Griffin, B. and H. Jacobson. 1994. Food Plantings for Deer in Mississippi. Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks, Jackson, Mississippi. 16 pages. Hamlin, K. L., D. F. Pac, C. A. Sime, R. M. DeSimone, and G. L. Dusek. 2000. Evaluating the Accuracy of Ages Obtained by Two Methods for Montana Ungulates. Journal of Wildlife Management. Volume 64, Pages 135
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Biology and Management of White-tai
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Table of Contents PREFACE .........
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JAWBONE EXTRACTION ................
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefu
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PREFACE White-tailed deer (Odocoile
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TAXONOMY The white-tailed deer is o
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darker winter coat. Fawns are born
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Deer have many glands that are used
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tiates antler growth. The secretion
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DEER BEHAVIOR VOCALIZATION AND COMM
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Among bucks, two males of equal sta
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out the Southeast have reported dis
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check their scrapes regularly to de
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The sex ratio of fawns at birth is
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(midges) are highest. To date there
Page 33 and 34:
is extremely unlikely to fall prey
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and even fawn production—will be,
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and living body tissue. Many of the
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trace elements are important to a d
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are compatible with other objective
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tural crops may be used heavily as
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providing nutritious cool-season fo
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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMP
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Soil quality has a significant impa
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Determining CC for deer habitat can
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cycle of poor deer herd and habitat
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dam and her new fawns later in the
Page 57 and 58:
POPULATION DENSITY The number of an
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determining exactly how many indivi
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searching for breeding opportunitie
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comes intense with improved buck ag
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the 1960s, deer were restocked in m
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sive quality deer management progra
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factors such as reproductive succes
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egulation of deer populations ensur
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The above graphs represent the hypo
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acceptable hunting satisfaction bec
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proportioned. Clearly, all the elem
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hunters to see numbers of deer whil
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In suboptimal habitats, body weight
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changes occur in herd structure and
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product of QDM and not a major goal
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offset the influences of dispersal
Page 89 and 90:
Two controversial questions related
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It appears removing spike antlered
Page 93 and 94: guarantee the superior bucks hunter
Page 95 and 96: Perhaps the most common cause of di
Page 97 and 98: tivity of the property (Woods 1999b
Page 99 and 100: may justify a modification of the d
Page 101 and 102: ces and make management recommendat
Page 103 and 104: A method for removing jawbones that
Page 105 and 106: extractor towards the deer’s nose
Page 107 and 108: spread, basal circumference, and ma
Page 109 and 110: LACTATION Checking a doe for the pr
Page 111 and 112: deer seen into more specific classi
Page 113 and 114: and harvest recommendations for the
Page 115 and 116: of the year as a comparable type fo
Page 117 and 118: during the spring and summer, but t
Page 119 and 120: HERBICIDE TREATMENT Another techniq
Page 121 and 122: TIMBER HARVEST Periodic removal of
Page 123 and 124: foods in any area. Fertilizer incre
Page 125 and 126: WILDLIFE OPENINGS Of all the manage
Page 127 and 128: areas. Very few of the crops common
Page 129 and 130: samples. These boxes are usually av
Page 131 and 132: ag of fertilizer, while soil test r
Page 133 and 134: Applying the Seed Seed should be ap
Page 135 and 136: cult. Many of these new crops show
Page 137 and 138: acre), and wheat (one bushel per ac
Page 139 and 140: using small portions of the opening
Page 141 and 142: able weight loss at the conclusion
Page 143: trace minerals. Another considerati
Page 147 and 148: Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Page
Page 149 and 150: ings of the Role of Genetics in Whi
Page 151 and 152: APPENDICES 141
Page 153 and 154: Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 155 and 156: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 7: FIELD OBSERVATION FORM
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 9: COOL-SEASON PLANTING GU
Page 169 and 170: CRIMSON CLOVER Planting Date: Septe
Page 171 and 172: RAPE Planting Date: August 15 - Nov
Page 173 and 174: SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER Planting Date:
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 10: WARM-SEASON PLANTING G
Page 177 and 178: COWPEAS Planting Date: May 1 - July
Page 179 and 180: RAPE Planting Date: April 15 - June
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
Page 185: ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chris Cook receiv
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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