Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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Using clovers, such as crimson (top left), arrowleaf (top right), red (bottom left), and ladino (bottom right), in combination with other cool-season crops can extend the productivity of winter food plots well into the following spring and summer. in late-September or early-October, this mixture will remain productive and palatable from November through June. Red clover (five pounds per acre) can be substituted for arrowleaf clover on more fertile sites. Using red clover can extend the productivity of a fall food plot well into late summer (August) in years with adequate rainfall. A popular perennial clover mix that can be planted in the fall includes ladino clover (six pounds per acre), red clover (ten pounds per 126
acre), and wheat (one bushel per acre). This combination provides high quality forage all the way though the summer months. If properly planted and maintained, ladino clover is a nutritious food source during most of the year and can persist indefinitely. Planting dates and seeding rates for other commonly planted cool-season forages are found in APPENDIX 9, pages 157-164. Many of the commonly grown warm-season crops can be more difficult to grow than most of the commonly grown cool-season crops. This primarily is due to problems with competition from weeds and grasses, as well as insect pests. Another potential problem with warmseason crops is most cannot handle heavy grazing pressure as well as the clovers and small grains commonly planted in the fall. This requires planting larger fields to prevent overgrazing of the crops. The positive attributes of most warm-season crops (e.g., soybeans, lablab, cowpeas, alyce clover, American jointvetch, etc.) are their palatability and high protein content. Consequently, these crops make excellent supplemental food sources for the all Most warm-season crops, such as lablab, are very nutritious, but cannot handle heavy grazing pressure in the early stages of development. important summer months, when both fawns and antlers are rapidly developing. Corn often is planted as a warm-season crop, but other crops 127
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Biology and Management of White-tai
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Table of Contents PREFACE .........
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JAWBONE EXTRACTION ................
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefu
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PREFACE White-tailed deer (Odocoile
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TAXONOMY The white-tailed deer is o
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darker winter coat. Fawns are born
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Deer have many glands that are used
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tiates antler growth. The secretion
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DEER BEHAVIOR VOCALIZATION AND COMM
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Among bucks, two males of equal sta
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out the Southeast have reported dis
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check their scrapes regularly to de
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The sex ratio of fawns at birth is
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(midges) are highest. To date there
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is extremely unlikely to fall prey
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and even fawn production—will be,
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and living body tissue. Many of the
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trace elements are important to a d
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are compatible with other objective
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tural crops may be used heavily as
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providing nutritious cool-season fo
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SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMP
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Soil quality has a significant impa
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Determining CC for deer habitat can
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cycle of poor deer herd and habitat
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dam and her new fawns later in the
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POPULATION DENSITY The number of an
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determining exactly how many indivi
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searching for breeding opportunitie
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comes intense with improved buck ag
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the 1960s, deer were restocked in m
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sive quality deer management progra
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factors such as reproductive succes
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egulation of deer populations ensur
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The above graphs represent the hypo
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acceptable hunting satisfaction bec
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proportioned. Clearly, all the elem
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hunters to see numbers of deer whil
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In suboptimal habitats, body weight
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changes occur in herd structure and
Page 85 and 86: product of QDM and not a major goal
Page 87 and 88: offset the influences of dispersal
Page 89 and 90: Two controversial questions related
Page 91 and 92: It appears removing spike antlered
Page 93 and 94: guarantee the superior bucks hunter
Page 95 and 96: Perhaps the most common cause of di
Page 97 and 98: tivity of the property (Woods 1999b
Page 99 and 100: may justify a modification of the d
Page 101 and 102: ces and make management recommendat
Page 103 and 104: A method for removing jawbones that
Page 105 and 106: extractor towards the deer’s nose
Page 107 and 108: spread, basal circumference, and ma
Page 109 and 110: LACTATION Checking a doe for the pr
Page 111 and 112: deer seen into more specific classi
Page 113 and 114: and harvest recommendations for the
Page 115 and 116: of the year as a comparable type fo
Page 117 and 118: during the spring and summer, but t
Page 119 and 120: HERBICIDE TREATMENT Another techniq
Page 121 and 122: TIMBER HARVEST Periodic removal of
Page 123 and 124: foods in any area. Fertilizer incre
Page 125 and 126: WILDLIFE OPENINGS Of all the manage
Page 127 and 128: areas. Very few of the crops common
Page 129 and 130: samples. These boxes are usually av
Page 131 and 132: ag of fertilizer, while soil test r
Page 133 and 134: Applying the Seed Seed should be ap
Page 135: cult. Many of these new crops show
Page 139 and 140: using small portions of the opening
Page 141 and 142: able weight loss at the conclusion
Page 143 and 144: trace minerals. Another considerati
Page 145 and 146: Number 8. P-R Project W-35, Alabama
Page 147 and 148: Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Page
Page 149 and 150: ings of the Role of Genetics in Whi
Page 151 and 152: APPENDICES 141
Page 153 and 154: Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 155 and 156: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 157 and 158: Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 159 and 160: Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 161 and 162: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 163 and 164: Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 7: FIELD OBSERVATION FORM
Page 167 and 168: Appendix 9: COOL-SEASON PLANTING GU
Page 169 and 170: CRIMSON CLOVER Planting Date: Septe
Page 171 and 172: RAPE Planting Date: August 15 - Nov
Page 173 and 174: SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER Planting Date:
Page 175 and 176: Appendix 10: WARM-SEASON PLANTING G
Page 177 and 178: COWPEAS Planting Date: May 1 - July
Page 179 and 180: RAPE Planting Date: April 15 - June
Page 181 and 182: Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 183 and 184: Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
Page 185: ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chris Cook receiv
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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