Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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Barnett, and Wyman Meinzer and reprinted with permission from QDMA; other photos and drawings acknowledged throughout the book were provided by: Jamie Banks, Yellowbluff Hunting Club; Rick Claybrook, Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries; Bruce Cook, Arkansas Game and Fish Commission; Dave Edwards, Westervelt Wildlife Services; Joe Hamilton, The Nature Conservancy; Dr. Harry Jacobson, Professor Emeritus, Mississippi State University, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries; Rhett Johnson, Solon Dixon Education Center, Auburn University School of Forestry and Wildlife Science; Jeff Shaw, Visual Productions; the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study; Stan Stewart, Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries; Bobby Watkins, BASF Corporation; and Jean Watson, White Bluff Hunting Club. Photographs and drawings not acknowledged were provided by the authors. The Department of Conservation and Natural Resources does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, age, gender, national origin, or disability in its hiring or employment practices nor in admission to, access to, or operations of its programs, services, or activities. viii
PREFACE White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are some of the most familiar and recognizable animals in Alabama. They are common sights along roadsides, in fields, and even in some backyards throughout the state. Deer are common residents of most rural parts of Alabama, as well as many of the urban and suburban areas of the state. This has not always been the case. Not all that long ago deer were rare in most areas. In the early 1900s, it was estimated only about 2,000 deer existed in the entire state of Alabama. After decades of restocking and management efforts, Alabama’s deer population reached an estimated 1.75 million animals in 2000. In fact, many areas in Alabama are overpopulated with deer and have been for many years. As a result, crop damage, deer/vehicle collisions, and other negative deer/ human interactions have become more common. Despite the problems deer cause in some areas, the fascination with this magnificent animal is almost universal. Hunters and nonhunters alike still marvel at the sight of deer, even though they are now more common than ever. In the 2001-02 hunting season, over 213,000 deer hunters spent over 3,900,000 man-days in pursuit of deer. Those hunters harvested 410,700 deer. Deer hunting is now one of the major industries in Alabama—generating hundreds of millions of dollars in the state each year. Recognizing and understanding the economic impact of deer hunting is important. However, the economic impact of the deer hunting business cannot be the primary determinant of deer management policy. A sound approach considers a variety of factors, including deer herd health, impacts on other species, and deer/human conflicts. Suc- 1
Page 1: Biology and Management of White-tai
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents PREFACE .........
Page 7 and 8: JAWBONE EXTRACTION ................
Page 9: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefu
Page 13 and 14: TAXONOMY The white-tailed deer is o
Page 15 and 16: darker winter coat. Fawns are born
Page 17 and 18: Deer have many glands that are used
Page 19 and 20: tiates antler growth. The secretion
Page 21 and 22: DEER BEHAVIOR VOCALIZATION AND COMM
Page 23 and 24: Among bucks, two males of equal sta
Page 25 and 26: out the Southeast have reported dis
Page 27 and 28: check their scrapes regularly to de
Page 29 and 30: The sex ratio of fawns at birth is
Page 31 and 32: (midges) are highest. To date there
Page 33 and 34: is extremely unlikely to fall prey
Page 35 and 36: and even fawn production—will be,
Page 37 and 38: and living body tissue. Many of the
Page 39 and 40: trace elements are important to a d
Page 41 and 42: are compatible with other objective
Page 43 and 44: tural crops may be used heavily as
Page 45 and 46: providing nutritious cool-season fo
Page 47 and 48: SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF HABITAT COMP
Page 49 and 50: Soil quality has a significant impa
Page 51 and 52: Determining CC for deer habitat can
Page 53 and 54: cycle of poor deer herd and habitat
Page 55 and 56: dam and her new fawns later in the
Page 57 and 58: POPULATION DENSITY The number of an
Page 59 and 60: determining exactly how many indivi
Page 61 and 62:
searching for breeding opportunitie
Page 63 and 64:
comes intense with improved buck ag
Page 65 and 66:
the 1960s, deer were restocked in m
Page 67 and 68:
sive quality deer management progra
Page 69 and 70:
factors such as reproductive succes
Page 71 and 72:
egulation of deer populations ensur
Page 73 and 74:
The above graphs represent the hypo
Page 75 and 76:
acceptable hunting satisfaction bec
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proportioned. Clearly, all the elem
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hunters to see numbers of deer whil
Page 81 and 82:
In suboptimal habitats, body weight
Page 83 and 84:
changes occur in herd structure and
Page 85 and 86:
product of QDM and not a major goal
Page 87 and 88:
offset the influences of dispersal
Page 89 and 90:
Two controversial questions related
Page 91 and 92:
It appears removing spike antlered
Page 93 and 94:
guarantee the superior bucks hunter
Page 95 and 96:
Perhaps the most common cause of di
Page 97 and 98:
tivity of the property (Woods 1999b
Page 99 and 100:
may justify a modification of the d
Page 101 and 102:
ces and make management recommendat
Page 103 and 104:
A method for removing jawbones that
Page 105 and 106:
extractor towards the deer’s nose
Page 107 and 108:
spread, basal circumference, and ma
Page 109 and 110:
LACTATION Checking a doe for the pr
Page 111 and 112:
deer seen into more specific classi
Page 113 and 114:
and harvest recommendations for the
Page 115 and 116:
of the year as a comparable type fo
Page 117 and 118:
during the spring and summer, but t
Page 119 and 120:
HERBICIDE TREATMENT Another techniq
Page 121 and 122:
TIMBER HARVEST Periodic removal of
Page 123 and 124:
foods in any area. Fertilizer incre
Page 125 and 126:
WILDLIFE OPENINGS Of all the manage
Page 127 and 128:
areas. Very few of the crops common
Page 129 and 130:
samples. These boxes are usually av
Page 131 and 132:
ag of fertilizer, while soil test r
Page 133 and 134:
Applying the Seed Seed should be ap
Page 135 and 136:
cult. Many of these new crops show
Page 137 and 138:
acre), and wheat (one bushel per ac
Page 139 and 140:
using small portions of the opening
Page 141 and 142:
able weight loss at the conclusion
Page 143 and 144:
trace minerals. Another considerati
Page 145 and 146:
Number 8. P-R Project W-35, Alabama
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Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Volume 2, Page
Page 149 and 150:
ings of the Role of Genetics in Whi
Page 151 and 152:
APPENDICES 141
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Appendix 1: AVERAGE BODY WEIGHT, AN
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 3: AGING DEER USING TOOTH
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 4: SELECTIVE ANTLERLESS DE
Page 161 and 162:
Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 5: GUIDELINES FOR AGING LI
Page 165 and 166:
Appendix 7: FIELD OBSERVATION FORM
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 9: COOL-SEASON PLANTING GU
Page 169 and 170:
CRIMSON CLOVER Planting Date: Septe
Page 171 and 172:
RAPE Planting Date: August 15 - Nov
Page 173 and 174:
SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER Planting Date:
Page 175 and 176:
Appendix 10: WARM-SEASON PLANTING G
Page 177 and 178:
COWPEAS Planting Date: May 1 - July
Page 179 and 180:
RAPE Planting Date: April 15 - June
Page 181 and 182:
Appendix 11: CONTACT INFORMATION FO
Page 183 and 184:
Appendix 12: SUGGESTED READING AND
Page 185:
ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chris Cook receiv
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Biology And Management Of White-tailed Deer In Alabama

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