Memoir cover 0.tif - Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine
Memoir cover 0.tif - Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine
Memoir cover 0.tif - Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine
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WITMER-ANTORBITAL CAVITY OF ARCHOSAURS<br />
Levels <strong>of</strong> Inference A<br />
Extant Phylogenetic<br />
I<br />
Bracket<br />
1<br />
I P oe gl<br />
9 &*4 g<br />
A? *A ,.ta<br />
Lnial~r I ~y IUYGI IGLI~<br />
Bracket<br />
bracket<br />
ancestor<br />
decisive<br />
assessment<br />
s<strong>of</strong>t tissue present<br />
(0) osteological correlate<br />
inferred s<strong>of</strong>t tissue I<br />
Z@ or no<br />
equivocal<br />
assessment<br />
bracket<br />
ancestor<br />
Bracket<br />
w<br />
W<br />
decisive<br />
\no<br />
+ a negative<br />
assessmer<br />
ancestor<br />
FIGURE 4. Levels <strong>of</strong> inference. The s<strong>of</strong>t-tissue assessment at the outgroup node determines the level <strong>of</strong> inference and hence the relative amount<br />
<strong>of</strong> phylogenetic support such an inference draws. A, level I inference: as both extant members <strong>of</strong> the EPB possess the suspected s<strong>of</strong>t tissue (and<br />
its causally associated osteological correlates), the assessment at the outgroup node is decisive and positive. B, level I1 inference: as only one<br />
component <strong>of</strong> the EPB has the s<strong>of</strong>t-tissue attribute, the assessment is equivocal or ambiguous. C, level I11 inference: as neither component has<br />
the suspected s<strong>of</strong>t tissue, the assessment is decisive and negative. Level I1 and level I11 inferences might be justifiable if a compelling morphological<br />
evidence argument can be advanced.