Environmental Impact Statement - Vol 2 of 3 - Main Document

RIVER ILEN (SKIBBEREEN) DRAINAGE SCHEME 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

VOLUME II: MAIN DOCUMENT 

April 2013 

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RIVER ILEN (SKIBBEREEN) DRAINAGE SCHEME 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

VOLUME II: MAIN DOCUMENT

DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET 

Client 

Project Title 

Document Title 

Document No. 

Cork County Council & Office of Public Works (OPW) 

River lien (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme 

Environmental Impact Statement - Volume" Main Document 

RPS/MCE0703RPOO04F01 

This Document 

Comprises 

DCS 

1 

TOC 

Text 

7 247 

List of Tables 

List of Figures 

1 1 

No. of Appendices 

0 

Rev. 

Status 

Author(s) 

Reviewed By 

Approved By 

Office of Origin 

Issue Date 

A01 

Client 

Approval 

RPS 

Aileen 

Fitzgerald 

Brendan Brice 

Cork 

March 2013 

F01 

Final 

RPS 

Aileen 

Fitzgerald 

Jo¥ Barry 

Cork 

April 2013

River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme 

Environmental Impact Statement – 

Volume II Main Document 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 

1.1 Overview 1-1 

1.2 Study Area 1-1 

1.3 Brief Description of the Proposed Works 1-2 

1.4 Purpose and Scope of the EIS 1-2 

1.5 EIS Team 1-2 

1.6 EIS Structure 1-3 

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-1 

2.1 Background and Need for the Drainage Scheme 2-1 

2.2 History of Flooding 2-1 

2.3 Overview of the Key Characteristics Of The Proposed Scheme 2-3 

2.4 Detailed Description of the Proposed Works 2-4 

2.5 Site Investigation 2-9 

2.6 Outline Construction Stage Methodology 2-9 

3 METHODOLOGY 3-1 

3.1 Environmental Impact Statement 3-1 

3.2 Work Completed To Date 3-1 

3.3 Limitations Encountered 3-2 

3.4 Consultation 3-2 

4 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES 4-1 

4.1 Introduction 4-1 

4.2 Methodology on Assessment ff Alternatives 4-1 

4.3 Reasons for Choosing the Preferred Alternative 4-3 

4.4 Preferred Alternative 4-4 

5 STRATEGIC AND STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT 5-1 


5.2 Methodology 5-1 

5.3 Strategic Planning Context 5-1 

5.4 Statutory Planning Context 5-9 

5.5 Conclusions 5-18 

6 COMMUNITY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6-1 



6.3 Description of Existing Environment 6-3 

6.4 Potential Impacts 6-12 

6.5 Mitigation Measures 6-24 

6.6 Predicted Residual impacts 6-28 

7 AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA (INCLUDING WATER QUALITY AND 

FISHERIES) 7-1 



7.3 Existing Environment 7-4 



7.6 Residual Impacts 7-22 

8 TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA 8-1 




RPS/MCE0703RP0004 i Rev. F01







9 LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 9-1 



9.3 Receiving Environment 9-6 

9.4 Potential Landscape and Visual Impacts 9-9 


9.6 Conclusion and Residual Impact 9-25 

10 AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE 10-1 




10.4 Potential Air Quality and Climate Impacts 10-11 

10.5 Do-Nothing Impact 10-13 



11 NOISE AND VIBRATION 11-1 


11.2 Assessment Methodology 11-2 

11.3 Receiving Environment 11-5 


11.5 “Do Nothing” Scenario 11-14 

11.6 Predicted Impacts 11-14 

11.7 Proposed Mitigation Measures 11-17 

11.8 Monitoring 11-18 


12 CULTURAL HERITAGE 12-1 


12.2 Assessment Methodology 12-2 

12.3 The Receiving Environment 12-4 




13 SOILS, GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 13-1 






13.6 Cumulative Impacts 13-25 

13.7 Predicted Residual Impacts 13-25 

14 MATERIAL ASSETS 14-1 




14.4 Potential Impacts and Mitigation 14-5 

14.5 Residual Impact 14-9 

15 INTERACTION OF THE FOREGOING 15-1 

16 BIBLIOGRAPHY 16-1 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 ii Rev. F01




LIST OF FIGURES 

Chapter 1 

Figure 1.1 

Figure 1.2 

ARSR 

Overview of the proposed flood Relief Scheme 

Chapter 2 

Figure 2.1 

Current Flood Extents & Proposed Flood Benefit 

Chapter 5 

Figure 5.1 

Figure 5.2 

Figure 5.3 

Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 – 2015 Constraints Map 

Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 – 2015 – Zoning Map 

Skibbereen Local Area Plan 2011 – Zoning Map 

Chapter 6 

Figure 6.1 

Way-marked Cycle Routes based in Skibbereen 

Chapter 8 

Figure 8.1 

Figure 8.2 

Figure 8.3 

Figure 8.4. 

Figure 8.5. 

Figure 8.6 

An overview of habitats within the study area 

Dense stands of Japanese knotweed along the lower reaches of the Millrace 

Himilayan Balsam and Japanese Knotweed are patchy distributed along the Caol 

stream from the SuperValu Car Park for approximately 400 m upstream 

Japanese Knotweed along the main Ilen channel downstream of John F. Kennedy 

Bridge 

Locations of otter activity 

Historical locations for freshwater pearl mussel (needs to be updated) 

Chapter 9 

Figure 9.1 

Figure 9.2 

ZVI 

Viewpoint Locations 

Chapter 10 

Figure 10.1 

Figure 10.2 

Air Quality Locations 

Windrose for Cork Airport Met Station 

Chapter 11 

Figure 11.1 

Noise Monitoring Locations 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 iii Rev. F01




Chapter 12 

Figure 12.1 

RMPs in Study Area 

Chapter 13 

Figure 13.1 

Figure 13.2 

Figure 13.3 

Figure 13.4 

Figure 13.5 

Figure 13.6 

Soils Map - data from EPA website. 

Subsoil Map - data from GSI or EPA website. 

Bedrock Geology Map - data from GSI website. 

Hydrology Map - OS topo map with layout of proposed scheme. 

Bedrock Aquifer Map - data from GSI website. 

Aquifer Vulnerability Map - data from GSI website. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 iv Rev. F01




LIST OF TABLES 

Chapter 3 

Table 3.1 

Table 3.2 

Summary of Statutory Consultation 

Consultees during EIS Scoping Stage 

Chapter 4 

Table 4.1 

Weighting for each of the Core Criteria 

Chapter 6 

Table 6.1 

Table 6.2 

Population and Rates of Population Change at Local, County and State Levels for 

2002, 2006 and 2011 

Population of each area categorised into independent, dependent and childbearing 

cohorts between 2006 (to nearest %) 

Table 6.3 Average no. of persons per household, 2002 & 2006 

Table 6.4 (a) Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2011 

Table 6.4 (b) Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2006 

Table 6.5 (a) Persons at Work by Industry 2011 

Table 6.5(b) Persons at Work by Industry 2006 

Chapter 7 

Table 7.1 

Table 7.2 

Table 7.3 

Table 7.4 

Table 7.5 

Table 7.6 

Consultation 

Designated Sites Located Within 10km of the Proposed Development 

EPA biotic index scheme 

EPA Q values for the Waterways in Relation to the Study Area 

WFD Status of Watercourses within the Study Area 

Predicted impacts in the absence of mitigation 

Chapter 8 

Table 8.1 

Table 8.2 

Table 8.3 

Consultation 

Designated Sites Located Within 10 km of the Proposed Development 

Terrestrial habitat values and predicted impacts 

Chapter 10 

Table 10.1 Description of Air Monitoring Locations 

Table 10.2 Limit for Protection of Human Health 

Table 10.3 EU Directive 1999/30/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits 

Table 10.4 EU Directive 2000/69/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits 

Table 10.5 Ambient Air Quality in the Site of the Proposed Scheme (07/07/12 – 07/08/12) 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 v Rev. F01




Chapter 11 

Table 11.1 

Table 11.2 

Table 11.3 

Table 11.4 

Table 11.5 

Table 11.6 

Maximum Permissible Noise Levels at the Façade of Dwellings During Construction1 

(NRA Guidelines, October 2004) 

Significance Scale for Changes in Noise Levels (Perceptible to Human Beings) 

Baseline Noise Sensitive Receptor Locations 

Measured Baseline Noise Levels 

List of Construction Plant/Machinery and Associated Sound Power Levels 

Predicted Noise Levels at Noise Sensitive Locations During Construction 

Chapter 12 

Table 12.1 

Table 12.2 

List of identified archaeological sites within study area and potential scheme impacts 

List of architectural heritage sites in close vicinity to scheme and potential impacts 

Chapter 13 

Table 13.1 

Table 13.2 

Assessment of Magnitude of Impact 

Gauging Stations 

Chapter 14 

Table 14.1 

Table 14.2 

Table 14.3 

Access Routes 

Estimated Construction Traffic 

Existing Daily Traffic 

Chapter 15 

Table 15.1 

Interaction of Impacts 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 vi Rev. F01




List of Appendices 

(Volume III) 

APPENDIX 3 

Appendix 3.1 

Appendix 3.2 

Appendix 3.3 

METHODOLOGY 

EIA Scoping Report 

List of Responses from Statutory Bodies 

List of Responses from Scoping Stage 

APPENDIX 5 

STRATEGIC STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT 

Appendix 5.1 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning 

Authorities 2009 (Extract) 

APPENDIX 7 

Appendix 7.1 

Appendix 7.2 

Appendix 7.3 

AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA INCLUDING WATER QUALITY AND FISHERIES 

Site Evaluation Scheme and Criteria for Assessing Impact 

AA Screening Report 

Fish Survey Report 

APPENDIX 8 

Appendix 8.1 

Appendix 8.2 

TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA 

Habitats affected by the proposed scheme 

Bat Survey Report 

APPENDIX 11 NOISE AND VIBRATION 

Appendix 11.1 Noise Terminology 

APPENDIX 12 CULTURAL HERITAGE 

Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record 

Appendix 12.2 Inventory Descriptions of Recorded Archaeological Sites within Study Area 

Appendix 12.3 Protected Structures within the Study Area 

Appendix 12.4 Translation of Placenames in the Study Area 

Appendix 12.5 Summaries of Archaeological Investigations within the Study Area 

Appendix 12.6 Underwater Archaeological Assessment 

Appendix 12.7 Cartographic Sources extracts 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 vii Rev. F01




APPENDIX 13 SOILS, GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 

Appendix 13.1 Geotechnical Ground Investigation Borehole Logs and Site Investigation Report 

APPENDIX 14 MATERIAL ASSETS 

Appendix 14.1 ESB Network 

Appendix 14.2 Eircom Network 

Appendix 14.3 Broadband Network 

Appendix 14.4 CIS Water Network 

Appendix 14.5 Sewerage Network 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 viii Rev. F01




PREFACE 

The structure of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage 

Scheme is laid out in the preface of each volume for clarity. It consists of three volumes as follows:- 

Volume I - Non-Technical Summary 

A non-technical summary of the information contained within the Main Volume (Vol. II). 

Volume II - Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) 

This volume deals with the environmental impact of the proposed scheme and includes drawings to 

accompany the text of the EIS. 

Volume III - Technical Appendices 

This volume contains responses to written consultation and specialist technical information. 

Appendices numbering has been set so that numbering corresponds with Chapter number. 

Note: Certain Chapters do not include appendices. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 ix Rev. F01




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 

This Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared by RPS and their Environmental Subconsultants, 

with the assistance of the Office of Public Works and Cork County Council. 

Environmental Sub-Consultants 

Flora and Fauna (Aquatic and Terrestrial) 

Cultural Heritage 

DixonBrosnan and Associates 

John Cronin & Associates 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 x Rev. F01




1 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 OVERVIEW 

Cork County Council (CCC), in conjunction with the Office of Public Works (OPW), are undertaking a 

flood risk assessment and management study for an area of potential significant risk, Skibbereen, Co. 

Cork – the Skibbereen Flood Risk Assessment and Management Study (FRAMS). 

This Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) has been prepared for the River (Ilen) Skibbereen 

Drainage Scheme, a key deliverable from the Skibbereen FRAMS study, comprising engineering 

works designed to defend vulnerable areas in Skibbereen against flooding. 

The OPW is the lead agency for flood risk management in Ireland. The coordination and 

implementation of the Government’s policy on the management of flood risk in Ireland, in conjunction 

with its responsibilities under the Arterial Drainage Acts, 1945-1995, form one of the four core 

services of the OPW. 

The EIS will be put on public display in accordance with the Arterial Drainage Act (1945) and 

Amendment Act (1995), from 11 th April 2013 until 9 th May 2013 and the closing date for submissions 

will be 31 st May 2013. 

1.2 STUDY AREA 

Skibbereen Town centre is located around the junction of the River Ilen and its tributary the Caol 

Stream with development of the town being largely forced along the valleys of both due to steep hills in 

the east and south. 

The River Ilen itself is approximately 23 km in length and has a catchment of 245 km 2 to just upstream 

of its junction with the Caol Stream within the town. The River Ilen rises in the mountains north of the 

town at Mullagmesha, flows north to south before turning almost due west through approximately a 90 

degree bend at Skibbereen to ultimately discharge into Roaringwater Bay at Ringarogy Island, 10 km 

downstream. Skibbereen Town is located at the head of the estuary which is tidal to 1.5 km upstream 

of the town as far as the hospital at Lurriga. 

Details of the area identified as at risk from flooding, referred to as the Area of Potential Significant 

Risk (APSR) is presented in Figure 1.1 below. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 1-1 Rev. F01




1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED WORKS 

The design of the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme has evolved through an initial screening 

process of a range of potential engineering measures typically considered for drainage schemes, the 

development of potential options and finally the development of a preferred scheme design. 

The preferred scheme will largely consist of hard defences including flood walls and embankments, 

pumping stations and culverts. Other works will include localised regrading works and drainage 

works, strengthening works to existing masonry arch structures, and localised channel widening. An 

overview of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme is provided in Figure 1.2 below. 

Chapter 2 Project Description provides further details on the proposed Drainage Scheme. 

1.4 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE EIS 

The purpose of this EIS is to document the current state of the environment in the vicinity of the 

proposed scheme with an overall aim of quantifying the possible effects, if any, of the proposed 

drainage scheme on the environment. 

This Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared in accordance with EC (Environmental 

Impact Assessment) Regulations 1989 to 2001, and the recommendations of the Environmental 

Protection Agency’s (EPA) Draft Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental 

Impact Statements (2002) and Advice Notes on Current Practice (on the preparation of Environmental 

Impact Statements) (EPA, 1998) and in accordance Schedule 6 of the Planning and Development 

Regulation 2001, relating to the information to be contained in an EIS. Chapter 3 Methodology and 

Consultation below provides an overview of the methodology used in order to prepare this EIS. 

The classification of impacts in this EIS will follow the definitions provided in the Glossary of Impacts 

contained in two documents referred to above. The consistent application of terminology in the EIS 

facilitates the assessment of the proposed development on the receiving environment. 

1.5 EIS TEAM 

This EIS has been prepared by RPS consultants and additional specialist sub-consultants for the 

Cultural Heritage and the Aquatic and Terrestrial Flora and Fauna elements of the EIS. The study 

team comprises:- 

Socio Economic 

Aquatic Flora & Fauna 

Terrestrial Flora & Fauna 

Landscape & Visual 

Air Quality & Climate 

Noise and Vibration 


Soils, Geology, Hydrology & Hydrogeology 

Material Assets 

RPS 



RPS 

RPS 

RPS 

John Cronin & Associates 

RPS 

RPS 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





1.6 EIS STRUCTURE 

This EIS is contained within three volumes as follows. 

Volume 1: 

1. EIS - Non-Technical Summary: This document provides a non-technical summary description 

of the proposed development. It also outlines the application processes and the statutory 

consultation process. A summary description of the main potential impacts associated with the 

proposed development and the proposed measures to mitigate against these impacts is also 

provided. 

Volume 2: 

2. EIS - Main Report: The EIS includes 16 chapters, which are as follows:- 

Chapters 1-5 provide an introduction to the EIS, describes the consultation process and sets 

out the statutory application processes and legislative context. The Chapters also outline the 

need for the proposed development; the alternatives considered and describe the proposed 

development including the associated construction activities. 

Chapter 1 

Chapter 2 

Chapter 3 

Chapter 4 

Chapter 5 

Introduction 

Project Description 

Methodology and Consultation 

Consideration of Alternatives 

Strategic & Statutory Planning Context 

Chapters 6-14 provide details on the existing environment prior to the proposed development 

for the various specialist areas, describe the potential impacts (including residual and indirect 

impacts) during the construction and aftercare phases of the proposed development, the 

mitigation measures proposed in order to eliminate or reduce these impacts and any residual 

impacts. 

Chapter 6 

Chapter 7 

Chapter 8 

Chapter 9 

Chapter 10 

Chapter 11 

Chapter 12 

Chapter 13 

Chapter 14 

Community and Socio – Economic Impact Assessment 

Aquatic Flora & Fauna (Including Water Quality and Fisheries) 

Terrestrial Flora and Fauna 

Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 

Air Quality and Climate 

Noise & Vibration 


Soils, Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology 

Material Assets 

Chapter 15 – Summarises the indirect, cumulative and interaction of impacts. 

Chapter 16 – References / Bibliography 

Volume 3 – Technical Appendices 

Volume 3 includes the technical appendices, which contain supplementary information to the main 

EIS report including details on consultation, ecology, archaeology, etc. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 


0 50 100 

Legend 

Area of Potential 

Significant Risk (APSR) 

Study Area 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

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Project 

River Ilen (Skibbereen) 

Drainage Scheme 

 

Issue Details 

Drawn by: T Hurley 

Checked by: A Fitzgerald 

Approved by: B Brice 

Project No. MCE0703 

File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0001F01 

Scale: 

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Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

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Title 

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Skibbereen Study Boundary 

and Flood Extent 

1.1 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 

Mi0001 

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1. This drawing is the property of RPS Group Ltd. It is a 

confidential document and must not be copied, used, 

or its contents divulged without prior written consent. 

2. All levels are referred to Ordnance Datum, Malin Head. 

3. Ordnance Survey Ireland Licence EN 0005013 

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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 

2.1 BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR THE DRAINAGE SCHEME 

RPS were appointed by Cork County Council, in conjunction with the OPW, in February 2011 to 

complete a study to identify appropriate flood risk alleviation measures for the town of Skibbereen, 

Co. Cork and to prepare a Flood Risk Assessment and Management Plan (FRAMS). This scheme 

was progressed following severe flooding in Skibbereen in November 2009 and December 2009. 

Prior to November 2009, the most severe flood event affecting Skibbereen occurred in August 1986. 

Following detailed assessment of the flood risk in Skibbereen and evaluation of potential options for 

Flood Risk Management (see Chapter 4 Consideration of Alternatives) a Preferred Option was 

identified. The preferred River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme, the subject of this environmental 

impact assessment, is illustrated in Figure 1.2 Layout Plan of the Proposed Works and described 

in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 below. Figure 2.1 below details the Current Flood Extents & Proposed Flood 

Benefit areas. 





Impact Statements) (EPA, 1998) and in accordance Schedule 6 of the Planning and Development 

Regulation 2001, relating to the information to be contained in an EIS. Chapter 3 Methodology and 

Consultation below provides an overview of the methodology used in order to prepare this EIS. 

2.2 HISTORY OF FLOODING 

2.2.1 Overview of Flooding 

This scheme was progressed following severe flooding in Skibbereen in November 2009 and 

December 2009. Prior to November 2009, the most severe flood event affecting Skibbereen occurred 

in August 1986. Other recorded flood events in 1969, 1974, 1975 and 1982 were less severe. 

Frequent flooding also occurred in the 1940’s and 1950’s. 

Serious flooding of residential and commercial properties occurs in two main areas in Skibbereen: 

 

 

 

Adjacent to the Caol Stream and near its junction with the Ilen River. Flooding in this area 

invariably affects all of Townsend Street, the Baltimore Road, part of Market Street and 

Mardyke Street, 98 th Street, part of Main Street, and Bridge Street. This area includes much of 

the commercial heart of Skibbereen; and 

On the Mill Road affecting Glenilen Terrace and the houses between the junction with the Cork 

Road and Lurriga House. 

The Marsh Road and Glencurragh areas located to the north of the town have also been 

subjected to serious flooding in the past. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 


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2.3 OVERVIEW OF THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED 

SCHEME 

The proposed Drainage Scheme is based on Primary and Secondary flood risk management 

measures. 

The proposed height of the defences will typically be 500 mm above the predicted 0.5% Annual 

Exceedence Probability (AEP) event, often referred to as the 200-year flood event, levels as 

determined by hydraulic modelling completed as part of the Skibbereen FRAMS. Additional 

hydrological assessments are being undertaken by RPS in conjunction with the OPW that may result 

in a re-evaluation of estimated of design flood flows. While significant modifications to the scheme 

are described below are not anticipated, these assessments may result in minor modifications to the 

proposed defence height and lengths at ‘detailed design stage’. 

All engineering works will be designed in accordance with best practice procedures and guidelines. 

The Primary Measures as illustrated in Figure 1.2 include:- 

River Ilen 

• Embankments & flood walls. 

• Sealing of existing opes. 

• Localised channel widening upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. 

• Localised regrading works at John F. Kennedy Bridge. 

• Works at Mill Race upstream of Showgrounds Stream. 

Caol Stream 

• Hard defences including flood walls and the construction of a formed channel (circa 340m) 

(downstream of Baltimore Road). 

• Embankments / walls upstream of Baltimore Road. 

• Non-return valves on existing drainage. 

• Grouting/strengthening works to masonry arch structures. 

• Non return valve on existing uncontrolled storm drainage discharging into stream. 

• Pumping stations as required. 

Assolas Stream 

• Hard defences comprising embankments / walls. 

Glencurragh Stream 

• Pumping station (circa 1m 3 /s capacity). 

• Non return valve at crossing of Schull Road. 

Showgrounds Stream 

• Hard defences comprising embankments and flood walls 

• Two no. culverts under embankments. 

Local Drainage 

• Stormwater / road drainage upgrade at Baltimore Road / Castletownshend Road. 

• Upgrade of road drainage on Ilen Street. 

• Sealing of opes from historic redundant culverts. 

• Localised pumping or sealing of storm system, if necessary, to manage road drainage at Cork 

Road and Marsh Road. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





The secondary measures recommended as part of the Flood Risk Management Strategy include:- 

• Increased public awareness; 

• Proactive and planned maintenance programme; 

• Planning & development controls; and 

• Management of lands with flood plain. 

2.4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORKS 

2.4.1 River Ilen Flood Relief Proposals 

Beginning at the downstream end of the works, approximately 300 m upstream of the western 

extremity of the town (near Abbeystrowry Cemetery), the following flood defences are proposed along 

the River Ilen. 

(Ilen) 1 

Approximately 147 m of flood wall along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the Schull 

Road, along the boundary of a public seating area. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will 

be approximately 1.4 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road. 

(Ilen) 2 

Approximately 709 m of embankment along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the 

Schull Road, from the upstream end of the wall in 1 above to John F. Kennedy Bridge. The 

embankment will vary from approximately 1.2 to 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent 

Schull Road. 

(Ilen) 3 

A combination of approximately 135 m of floodwall and embankment along the southern bank of the 

river, located adjacent The Flax Mills. The wall/embankment will be approximately 1.2 m high in 

relation to the level of the adjacent access road around The Flax Mills houses. 

(Ilen) 4 

Approximately 105 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located just downstream of 

John F. Kennedy Bridge. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.2- 1.8 

m high in relation to the level of the adjacent carpark. 

(Ilen) 5 

Regrading of approximately 1670 m 2 of the bed of the River Ilen at John. F. Kennedy Bridge. 

(Ilen) 6 

Structural protection works to the bridge supports at John. F. Kennedy Bridge in the form of reinforced 

concrete beams constructed around the supports. This work will be required as a result of the 

regrading work proposed around the support structures. 

(Ilen) 7 

Approximately 270 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located upstream of John F. 

Kennedy Bridge. This section of works also incorporates flood walls to be constructed along the quay 

edge on the Caol stream, down stream of Main Street Bridge. The masonry faced wall will be 

approximately 1.4 -1.7 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent carparks and yards to the rear of 

Bridge Street properties, or approximately 0.9m above the access deck at Thornhills. Where feasible, 

the flood defence wall will be constructed along the existing quay edge. However, subject to detailed 

engineering design, it is possible that the wall will be constructed by sheet piling offset from the 

existing river wall by approximately 2 to 3 m in the river direction. In this instance and where works 

encroach significantly into the river so as to restrict channel capacity, then works will be completed on 

the opposite river bank to compensate for volume of river lost. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





(Ilen) 8 

Approximately 12 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located 62 m upstream of the 

new footbridge at Levis Quay. The height of the masonry faced reinforced concrete wall is to be 

approximately 1.7 m in relation to the level of the adjacent property and yard. Some works will also be 

completed at the new mixed use development at Levis Quay. It is proposed to construct a wall 

between six existing arches along a boardwalk over the River Ilen. The wall height will be 

approximately 500 mm, and a handrail is proposed to be placed on top. 

(Ilen) 9 

To the rear of the properties on North Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 210 m of 

embankment, floodwall and stone revetment along the eastern bank of the river. The top of the flood 

defence wall will be approximately 1.2 – 1.8 m higher than the level of the existing yards in this area. 

The overall width of the flood defences along this stretch of river is approximately 9.5 m, which 

encroaches into the river. The loss in channel flow capacity resulting form this defence on the eastern 

bank will be compensated on the western bank by widening of the river channel over this length of 

works. Where widened the formed river bank will be reinforced with gabions of similar existing sewer 

in line of proposed embankments which will be incorporated into the works. 

(Ilen) 10 

Between the eastern bank of the River Ilen and Cork Road, it is proposed to construct approximately 

313 m of embankment in the sports grounds of the school. The embankment will be approximately 

1.25 -1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent sports pitches. 

(Ilen) 11 

Approximately 424 m of flood embankment along the eastern bank of the river, from 70 m north of the 

Showgrounds stream to the Rugby Club property. The height of the flood defence embankment will 

be approximately 1.8 – 2.4 m above the levels in the adjacent fields. 

(Ilen) 12 

Approximately 308 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the river, located between the confluence 

of the River Ilen with the Showgrounds Stream and Skibbereen County Hospital. The masonry faced 

reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1 to 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent 

Mill Road. 

(Ilen) 13 

Between the western bank of the River Ilen and the rear of the industrial premises along Marsh Road, 

it is proposed to construct approximately 547 m of embankment at the river bank. The height of the 


industrial premises. 

(Ilen) 14 

It is proposed to construct approximately 217 m of flood embankment along the south side of the N71 

Skibbereen Relief Road. The embankment will be approximately 300 – 600 mm high in relation to the 

level of the adjacent Relief Road. 

(Ilen) 15 

It is proposed to construct approximately 211 m of flood embankment along the south side of the N71 

Skibbereen Relief Road. The embankment will be approximately 300 – 600 mm high in relation to the 

level of the adjacent Relief Road. 

2.4.2 Caol Stream Flood Relief Proposals 

Works along the Caol Stream downstream of Main Street Bridge are included in Ilen 7 above, 

beginning immediately downstream of Main Stream Bridge, in the town centre and travelling in an 

upstream direction, the following flood defences are proposed along the Caol Stream. 

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(Caol) 1 

Approximately 340 m of reinforced concrete formed channel section between Main Street Bridge and 

the Market Street road bridge in Field’s Supervalu Carpark. The channel width will be a minimum of 5 

m and the sides of the channel will be approximately 1.2 m to 1.6 m high in relation to the adjacent 

road/carpark level. There are two existing crossings along the Caol, the parapets of which are to be 

amended to be solid walls. A thalweg will be provided within the channel to emulate the existing 

streambed features in so far as possible (refer to Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna). The existing 

masonry arch bridges on either end of the proposed channel section are to be regrouted where 

required. Walls will be masonry faced on both sides of the channel as far as Warners Lane (chainage 

2,630 m) and on the public side only between Warners Lane and Market Street Bridge. 

(Caol) 2 

Upstream of Market Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 320 m of reinforced concrete 

flood wall along southern/western bank of the Caol Stream. The wall is to be constructed to the rear 

of the industrial premises along Castletownshend Road. The proposed wall will be approximately 1.5 

m high in relation to the level of the adjacent industrial areas. 

(Caol) 3 

Upstream of Market Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 83 m of masonry clad flood wall 

along northern/eastern bank of the Caol Stream. The wall is to be constructed in the grassed area 

adjacent Chapel Lane. The height of the wall will be approximately 1.2 m in relation to the level of the 

adjacent Chapel Lane roadway. 

(Caol) 4 

From the industrial premises on Castletownshend Road to the Caravan Park site, it is proposed to 

construct approximately 558 m of embankment wall along the southern/western bank of the Caol 

Stream. The embankment will be approximately 1.5 to 2.5 m high in relation to the level of the 

adjacent fields. 

2.4.3 Assolas Stream (Carrigfadda) Flood Relief Proposals 

The Assolas Stream passes under Townshend Street approximately 80 m northwest of the Baltimore 

Road / Townshend Street roundabout. Beginning at this point and travelling upstream, the following 

flood defences are proposed along the Assolas Stream: - 

(Assolas)1. 

Approximately 35 m of flood wall along the northern bank of the stream, located along a residential 

property boundary. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.3 m high in 

relation to the level of the adjacent garden. 

(Assolas)2. 

Approximately 65 m of embankment along the southern bank of the stream, located along the edge of 

a field adjacent the roundabout. The embankment will be approximately 1.3 m high in relation to the 

level of the field. 

(Assolas)3. 

Approximately 202 m of embankment along the northern bank of the stream, located along various 

property boundaries. The height of the embankment will vary from 0.6 to 1.8 m approximately in 

relation to the level of the adjacent land. 

(Assolas)4. 

Approximately 277 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the stream, located along property 

boundaries. There is an existing wall at Lidl but this does not have sufficient height to provide 500 

mm freeboard and it is therefore proposed to construct a concrete stub wall, approximately 450 mm 

high, on top of the existing bank through the grounds of Lidl. The remainder of the wall will be 

approximately 1.1 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent gardens. 

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(Assolas)5. 

Approximately 92 m of embankment along the southern bank of the stream, located in front gardens 

between the stream and the Baltimore Road. The embankment will be approximately 0.5 m high in 

relation to the level of the gardens. Works will also be required along the access roads to the three 

houses to bring the ground levels to flood defence level. 

(Assolas)6. 

An existing double culvert (2 x 600 mm diam pipes) to the east of the Care Centre on Baltimore road 

will be replaced with a single box culvert of similar or greater hydraulic capacity under the public 

roadway. 

(Assolas)7. 

Approximately 180 m of the Assolas is culverted (1500 mm diameter) upstream of its confluence with 

the Caol Stream. There are two manholes on the culvert which will be sealed as part of these works. 

A further open section of channel, on the downstream side of the where the Assolas crosses 

Townsend Street, will be sealed. 

2.4.4 Glencurragh Stream Flood Relief Proposals 

The confluence of the Glencurragh Stream with the River Ilen is located to the southwest of The 

Moorings housing estate on the Schull Road, N71. The following flood defence works are proposed 

along the Glencurragh Stream: - 

(Glencurragh)1. 

Immediately west of the Moorings Housing Estate, it is proposed to construct a pumping station 

adjacent the Glencurragh Stream. Flows from the stream will be pumped from the pumping station 

under the Schull Road to discharge to the River Ilen when water levels do not allow the stream to 

freely discharge to the main Ilen channel. A headwall and anti-scour measures will be provided at the 

discharge point. A non return valve will be fitted to the downstream side of the existing Glencurragh 

Stream under the Schull Road. An onsite electricity generating facility may also be provided to 

operate pumps as an alternative to the electricity station. 

The pumping station will require an underground pump sump with access points, an above ground 

control kiosk, and may require an electricity supply sub-station. A hard-standing area will be required 

in the location of the pump station to allow access and maintenance to the sump. 

2.4.5 Mill Race Flood Relief Proposals 

The confluence of the Mill Race with the River Ilen is located in the townland of Lurriga, along the 

northernmost section of floodwall proposed as part of the River Ilen flood defence works (Refer to 

(Ilen)12). Beginning at the confluence and travelling upstream, the following flood defences are 

proposed along the Mill Race. 

(Mill Race) 1. 

The downstream section of the existing Mill Race will be culverted over approximately 68 m upstream 

from the Mill Road crossing. The culvert will run parallel to a local road (east of Mill Road), and under 

this roadway. The Lurriga land drain will be diverted from its existing road crossing to this new 

crossing. 

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(Mill Race) 2. 

Approximately 117 m of embankment will be constructed to run parallel to the new land drain route. 

The height of the embankment, which will be constructed in fields, will vary from approximately 1.8 to 

2.0 m in relation to the level of the adjacent local road. Approximately 150 m of 400 mm diameter 

storm sewer will also be laid along this local road, catering for surface water runoff in the area. All 

manholes up to a level of 500 mm above flood level will be sealed. 

2.4.6 Showgrounds Stream (Clurrigha) Flood Relief Proposals 

The confluence of the Showgrounds Stream with the River Ilen is located to the northwest of the 

Showgrounds on the Mill Road. Beginning at this point and travelling upstream, the following flood 

defences are proposed along the Showgrounds Stream: - 

(Showgrounds) 1. 

Approximately 48 m of concrete culvert (approx 2.7 x 1.5) between the River Ilen flood defence 

embankment/wall and the Mill Road crossing. The culvert will pass under the roadway. 


Approximately 14.5 m of flood embankment and approximately 36 m of reinforced concrete flood wall 

along the eastern side of Mill Road. The embankment will be located within an open field and will tie 

into existing high ground levels locally and to the section of reinforced concrete flood wall. The flood 

will tie in on its southern end with Showgrounds 3. The top of this section of works will be a maximum 

of 1.9 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent road. 


Approximately 250 m of flood embankment along the southern bank of the stream, located along 

boundary of the Showgrounds. The embankment will be approximately 1.5 m high in relation to the 

level of the adjacent grounds. The bank will tie into a proposed section of masonry faced reinforced 

concrete floodwall at the eastern end of the Showground site. The wall will run parallel to the adjacent 

road. It will be approximately 77 m long and 1.2 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent road. 


Approximately 223 m of embankment running perpendicular to the stream along the roadside 

boundary of the Lurriga Road, and to the rear of a private property at the Cork Road/Lurriga Road 

junction. A short section of culvert will be laid under the line of the proposed embankment. The height 

of the embankment will vary from approximately 1.1 to 1.5 m in relation to the level of the adjacent 

road. 

2.4.7 Drainage Proposals 

Where required, new surface water sewers will be laid behind the proposed flood defences to collect 

existing surface water runoff and discharge it in a controlled manner via non-return valves through the 

flood defences to the river. As part of this work, new gullies and stormwater sewers may be required 

to connect to the new system. Existing stormwater outlets will also to be redirected to new sewers as 

required. Non-return valves will be installed on all outlets to the river. At a number of locations, small 

stormwater pumping stations will be constructed behind the flood defences at discharge points. 

Control kiosks will be required for any proposed pumping stations. When the river water level is high 

in times of flood, these pumps will become operational to ensure a continuous discharge of 

stormwater to the river. Onsite electricity generating facilities may also be provided within the pumping 

stations to operate pumps as an alternative to the electricity station. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





2.5 SITE INVESTIGATION 

Chapter 13 Soils, Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology provides summary details of Site 

Investigations undertaken to date. Further detailed geotechnical ground investigation will be carried 

out prior to the detailed design of the proposed works. A number of boreholes will be drilled behind 

the existing quay walls, along the proposed line of defences to determine the insitu ground conditions. 

Structural condition surveys of adjacent structures will be completed as part of detailed engineering 

design to determine their current structural condition. 

2.6 OUTLINE CONSTRUCTION STAGE METHODOLOGY 

2.6.1 General 

All relevant safety, structural and engineering codes and standards will be adhered to throughout the 

construction stage. 

2.6.2 Duration 

The contract duration will be determined by the Contractors work proposals accounting for any timing 

and seasonal restrictions imposed by the EIS or other statutory bodies. However, it is expected that it 

will take approximately 24 months to complete the proposed works. Typical normal working hours 

will be 08:00 to 18:00 Monday to Friday and 08:00 to 16:00 on Saturday but these may be varied in 

exceptional circumstances with the agreement of Cork County Council (on behalf of the OPW). 

2.6.3 Access 

Access to construct the proposed works will vary depending on the watercourse, the location of the 

works along the watercourse and the nature of works to be carried out. The Construction Contractor 

is likely to use a variety of access locations, temporary works and construction techniques. 

Where possible, it is expected that the Contractor will gain access from the river banks. However, in 

areas where working space is restricted on the landside, the Contractor may gain access and 

construct a temporary working area within the river channel. Similarly, for works such as masonry 

facing to proposed floodwalls, this may, depending on the Contractors preferred works proposals, be 

carried out from a temporary working platform on the riverside of the works. 

It is expected that access to construct the proposed flood defences which are located away from the 

river’s edge where possible will be from the landward side in order to avoid any impact to the river, 

e.g. embankments. 

Where in-stream works are proposed, e.g. regrading of the riverbed and structural works to piers at 

John F. Kennedy Bridge, the Contractor will be required to enter the watercourse at agreed 

designated safe access points on the river bank. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Further details of the access requirements at each location will be determined during the detailed 

design stage of the project. Should access from the river channel be required, the details will be 

discussed with staff from the various statutory bodies including the Inland Fisheries Ireland (IFI) and 

National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) and appropriate mitigation measures will be agreed to 

avoid negative impacts on the rivers/streams. 

2.6.4 Equipment 

It is expected that most of the equipment used will be standard construction plant for a project of this 

nature, e.g. mechanical excavators, dump trucks, dewatering pumps, ready mix concrete lorries, pile 

drivers, rock breakers etc. The results of the site investigation and the successful contractor’s 

construction methods will determine the specific equipment required. 

2.6.5 Temporary Protection Work 

It is not envisaged that temporary flood protection works to Skibbereen Town will be necessary prior 

to or during construction. It is likely, however, that the Contractor will require localised temporary 

works to keep his working area dry and/or protect the working area from inundation. 

These temporary works are likely to include but are not limited to earthen dams, steel sheet piles, 

sandbags and dewatering equipment, depending on the location of the works and the adjacent water 

level. Safety considerations will require the Contractor to provide temporary fencing to working areas. 

In some locations, this may involve temporary public road closures. 

2.6.6 Clearance of Vegetation 

In order to reduce potential damage to vegetation that will be retained following the works, efforts will 

be made to limit the amount of work to be carried out within the spread of trees, shrubs or hedges to 

be retained. No soil, spoil, construction materials or rubbish will be stored or tipped and no 

construction plant or vehicles will be parked within the spread of existing trees, shrubs or hedges. 

Clearance of some vegetation will be required at and adjacent to the proposed works. Where work 

must take place inside or close to the spread of trees to be retained, then a qualified Arboriculturist 

should be consulted and works should take place outside the nesting period. 

The Contractor will take all reasonable precautions to protect, in the course of his work, any existing 

plant materials from malicious or accidental damage and will endeavour to ensure that no branches 

will be lopped and no roots over 50 mm diameter severed from growing trees without prior 

consultation with an Arboriculturist. Where possible, vegetation will be reinstated following completion 

of the project. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 2-10 Rev. F01




2.6.7 Biotic Contaminants 

Invasive alien species such as Himalyan balsam and Japanese knotweed are present (See Chapter 

8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna) within the proposed works areas and these species could potentially 

be dispersed downstream via the River Ilen into Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC as a 

consequence of the proposed works. 

The Contractor will take every precaution to prevent the spread of invasive species (Japanese 

Knotweed in particular) encountered during the works by ensuring that all plant and equipment that 

comes in contact with these species (and soil deemed contaminated with species) are regularly 

cleaned in the appropriate manner. 

The Contractor will be obliged to comply with The European Communities (Birds and Natural 

Habitats) Regulations 2011 which contain important new provisions to address the problem of 

invasive species. 

See Section 8.5 of Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna for further details on mitigation measures 

with regards to the control of invasive species. 

2.6.8 Reinstatement 

Lands entered or disturbed during construction will be reinstated to their original condition upon 

completion of the main works. Landscaping is to take place following construction, in a manner 

appropriate to each particular area as detailed in Section 9.5 of Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual 

Impact Assessment. 

2.6.9 In Stream Works 

The most significant in-stream works are proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge (regrading works) and 

in the Caol Stream, where a concrete channel section is to be installed / constructed. 

The remainder of the proposed works primarily consist of the construction of flood defences on the 

river banks. Where possible, the flood defences are located away from the river’s edge to avoid 

encroachment into the river channel. However, certain flood walls may also be constructed in the 

river channel outside of the existing walls. 

It is therefore envisaged that temporary access to the river banks to construct the proposed flood 

defences may be required. 

The following areas have been identified where access for construction may be within or via the river 

channel:- 

• Approximately 43 m of in stream riverbed regrading works in the River Ilen at John F. Kennedy 

Bridge. 

• Structural works to bridge piers at John F. Kennedy Bridge. 

• Approximately 310 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the River Ilen, located upstream 

of John F. Kennedy Bridge. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 2-11 Rev. F01




• To the rear of the properties on North Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 260 m of 

embankment, floodwall and stone revetment along the eastern bank of the River Ilen. Working 

space and access to the rear of these properties is restricted. 

• To compensate for the loss of river channel along the eastern bank caused by the construction 

of the embankment, floodwall and revetment to the rear of North Street as outlined above, 

widening of the river channel over the same length of works is required along the western bank 

of the River Ilen. 

• Approximately 340 m of concrete channel section along the Caol Stream between Main Street 

Bridge and Market Street. 

• Approximately 290 m of flood walls along the banks of the Assolas Stream. 

• Approximately 330 m of flood walls along the banks of the Caol Stream. 

• Installation of a non return valve on the Glencurragh Stream. 

• Two culverts, approximately 48 m and 15 m on Showgrounds Stream. 

• Approximately 60 m of culvert of Mill Race east of Mill Road. 

The extent of the temporary in-stream works is not limited to those outlined above. The full extent can 

only be determined at the detailed design stage, following a comprehensive geotechnical ground 

investigation. However, for the purpose of this assessment it has been assumed that all of the above 

works will be required and the resulting potential impacts have been addressed in each of the 

chapters. 

2.6.10 Construction of the Flood Defences 

Construction of the flood defences outlined above is likely to involve but is not limited to the following 

construction activities: 

• Site investigation 

• Temporary Works 

• Pile driving 

• Sheetpiling 

• Excavation for foundations, including over excavation of unsuitable materials 

• Blinding of formations 

• Steel fixing 

• Placing and stripping of formwork 

• Placing of cast in situ concrete 

• Placing of precast concrete components 

• Placing of fill material 

• Placing of pipes 

• Grouting of existing structures 

• Masonry facing 

• Landscaping 

• Reinstatement 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 2-12 Rev. F01




2.6.11 Construction of the Drainage Scheme 

The construction of the reinforced concrete flood defence walls is likely to be carried out by traditional 

methods whereby a hole is excavated large enough to accommodate the foundations. Then the 

foundation and wall steel reinforcement will be fixed. Temporary formwork is erected to form the 

faces of the wall. Concrete is poured to form the wall and the formwork is removed several days later. 

Then masonry cladding will be fixed to those parts of the wall that will be designated to receive 

masonry facing. Finally, the ground on both sides of the wall will be backfilled and reinstated. It 

should be pointed out that during the construction of foundations, it may be necessary to use 

dewatering pumps to keep the working area dry. 

Some of the proposed wall sections will be on sheet piled foundations. The sheet piles will be driven 

from the land side where possible; however it may be necessary to work from the river to complete 

these works, and the exact methodology will be determined by the successful Contractor. The 

appropriate pile driving methods will be determined when the geotechnical site investigation results 

are available. On completion of the pile driving, the ground to the rear of the piles will be excavated 

and a drainage pipe in a granular trench will be laid. Formwork for the concrete surround will be 

erected and concrete will be poured to form a wall around the top of the sheet pile to the required 

height. The formwork will then be removed, and a masonry facing will be fixed as required. A capping 

stone will also be fixed to the top of the wall where required. The ground will be backfilled and 

reinstated to its original condition on completion of the works. 

The design criteria for the proposed embankment is to ensure that they be stable and control seepage 

to acceptable levels. The type of material to be used will have low permeability characteristics 

overlain by grassed topsoil. The construction of the earthen flood defence embankments is likely to 

comprise excavation of existing ground to a create formation level for the bank, before placing and 

compaction of the bank material. The top layer of the embankment will consist of topsoil and will be grass 

seeded. A toe drain will be provided where required to provide drainage at the foot of the embankment. 

Alternative designs for seepage control such as sheet piling, grout curtains etc. will also be considered as 

part of the detailed engineering design. 

The construction of drainage and pumping stations will involve excavation to formation level, and 

placing and compaction of granular bedding material, before placing of pipes/chamber. The trench will 

be backfilled and compacted with suitable granular material, before the area is reinstated as 

appropriate. 

Concrete Culvert sections are also required as part of the works. These are expected to be pre-cast 

concrete sections which will be cast off-site and then delivered to site. The existing watercourse will 

be over-pumped or diverted while the works are being completed. The watercourse bed will be 

excavated to formation level before the culvert sections are lifted into place. The ground on either side 

of the culvert will then be backfilled and in general will be grass seeded. Where a watercourse is to be 

diverted from its original path, the ground will be excavated along the new route to formation level 

before the sections are dropped into place. The ground will be backfilled to the new culvert, and the 

surrounding ground will be reinstated as appropriate. The original watercourse channel will be 

backfilled using excavated material. The surface will be grass seeded or otherwise, as appropriate. A 

watertight seal between the new culvert sections and older sections/bridge crossings will be ensured. 

The extent of disturbance to the lands, to banks and the river bed will be dependent on the successful 

Contractor. In certain locations, where there is a possibility of seepage underneath the flood defence, 

either sheet piles or grouting techniques may be required to provide a cut-off. The sheet piles may be 

metal or plastic and will be driven to the required depth using a piling hammer or similar. 

A formed concrete channel with walls to flood defence level is to be laid along the Caol Stream. The 

existing river bed will be excavated to formation level, before the channel sections are placed. 

Existing walls/revetments along the bank will be removed where necessary. The ground behind the 

wall sections of the channel will be excavated and drainage placed to the rear of the wall sections. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 2-13 Rev. F01




The ground will be backfilled to the wall and reinstated as appropriate to its location. The parapets of 

existing bridges will be replaced with solid concrete sections also which will be tied into the wall 

sections of the channel. A watertight seal between all sections of the channel will be ensured. 

Masonry cladding will be fixed to those parts of the wall that are designated to receive masonry 

facing. It is expected that the concrete sections will be pre-cast off site and lifted into place. However 

exact method of construction of this section of works will be determined by the successful Contactor. 

The works required at John F. Kennedy Bridge will require the removal of river bed material from 

underneath the bridge. It is unlikely that the material excavated can be reused elsewhere on the 

project. It will be necessary to dispose of this unsuitable material off site in accordance with any 

requirements governing construction waste. Works will also be required to support the exposed bridge 

piers. This will involve the construction of a reinforced concrete apron at the piers. It will be necessary 

to complete this work in the dry. This involves erecting temporary dams around the working area, and 

dewatering works may be required. The bed level will be excavated to form formation level for the 

apron, before then the steel reinforcement is fixed. Temporary formwork is erected to form the faces 

of the apron. Concrete is poured to form the apron and the formwork is removed several days later. 

The temporary dams will be removed on completion of this work. 

2.6.12 Welfare Facilities 

Prefabricated temporary buildings will be provided for the site workers during the construction works. 

These facilities will include welfare facilities and office space as required. Any effluent generated from 

the welfare facilities will be discharged to the public sewer. 

Plant and machinery may also be stored at this location. A wheelwash will be provided at exit points 

from the works site to ensure that vehicles leaving the works area do not carry excess soil and 

material onto the adjacent public road infrastructure. 

2.6.13 Maintenance 

The Office of Public Works are obliged, under the terms of the Arterial Drainage Acts, 1945 and 1995, 

to maintain completed flood relief schemes in proper repair and effective condition. This may mean, 

inter alia:- 

• Clearing obstructions to flows from time to time, e.g., fallen trees, significant weed growth, build 

up of materials likely to impact on the performance of the scheme; 

• Repairing and rebuilding structures (walls and embankments); 

• Prevention of erosion/undermining of the completed works of the scheme; and 

• Regular inspection, maintenance and upgrade of all mechanical equipment associated with the 

proposed works 

While the maintenance requirements of the scheme will be monitored and reviewed on an annual 

basis, it is envisaged that maintenance works would only be undertaken as and when required, e.g., 

on a six to ten year cycle. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 2-14 Rev. F01




3 METHODOLOGY 

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 





Impact Statements) (EPA, 1998). The details of the methodology to be used in each individual 

discipline are given in the relevant chapter of the text. 

Each of the main section of the report follows the same general format, as follows:- 

• An Introduction describing the purpose of the section. 

• A description of the Methodology used in the section. 

• A description of the aspects of the Existing Environment relevant to the environmental topic 

under consideration. 

• An assessment of the Impact of the proposed development on the environmental topic under 

consideration. 

• Recommendation for Mitigation measures to reduce or eliminate any significant negative 

impacts identified. 

• An assessment of the Residual Impact, which will remain assuming that the recommended 

mitigation measures are fully and successfully implemented. 

3.2 WORK COMPLETED TO DATE 

The following tasks have been undertaken by the EIS and design team: 

• Environmental Constraints Report (RPS, July 2011) and Public Consultation on Constraints 

(public consultation 23 rd March 2011); 

• EIA Scoping Report (RPS, July 2012); 

• Identification of flood relief options; 

• Environmental inputs to overall Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) of flood relief options; 

• Selection of Preferred Flood Relief Option based on MCA results; 

• Public Consultation on the emerging Preferred Flood Relief Option (public consultation 25 th of 

January 2011); and 

• Appropriate Assessment Screening Report (See Appendix 7.2 AA Screening) (October, 2012 

and updated in February 2012). 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Where possible this EIS utilises existing information from previous studies in the area. Additional 

surveys have been carried out where necessary to update the baseline data for the current impact 

assessment. 

Additional reports completed by the design team that are referred to in the EIS comprise the 

following:- 

• Hydrology Report; 

• Hydraulic Model and Hydraulics Report; 

• Economic Damages Assessment; 

• Flood Risk Assessment and Flood Maps; 

• Preliminary Geotechnical Site Investigations; and 

• Multi-criteria analysis of Flood Relief Options. 

3.3 LIMITATIONS ENCOUNTERED 

No limitations were encountered during the preparation of this EIS. 

3.4 CONSULTATION 

Much of the guidance and legislation relating to EIA stresses the importance of inclusive consultation 

with key stakeholders and the public for any given project. 

3.4.1 Summary of Consultation during the Constraints Stage 

3.4.1.1 Public Consultation 

As part of the Constraints Study a Public Consultation Day was held in the Town Hall in Skibbereen 

on the 23 rd of March 2011 between 3pm and 9pm. 

The main objectives of the public consultation day were to:- 

• Gather information on flood events; 

• Gather information on possible flood relief options; 

• Outline the design and statutory process; 

• Provide an opportunity for comment at an early stage; and 

• Gather information about environmental constraints. 

The Public Consultation Day was initiated with a presentation from RPS, Office of Public Works 

(OPW) and Cork County Council (CCC) to the Members of Skibbereen Town Council, the purpose of 

which was to present the study area and the project to the elected members, prior to the Public 

Information Event, and to outline the process involved in the preparation of the Skibbereen Drainage 

Scheme. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





This presentation was held in Skibbereen Town Council between 2.00pm and 3.00pm. Following the 

presentation members of staff from the OPW, Cork County Council, Environmental Team and Design 

Team (RPS) were available to answer questions from members of the Council. 

Following the presentation the public exhibition opened at 3.00pm and remained open to the public 

until 9.00pm. During which time members of the public met and discussed key issues with members 

of the Design Team (RPS), the Environmental Team (RPS), Cork County Council, Skibbereen Town 

Council and the OPW. 

Questionnaires were also circulated at the Public Consultation Day and were returned by freepost to 

RPS. A total of 166 no. questionnaires were given out during the course of the day and 50 no. were 

returned to RPS. 

Notification of the Public Consultation Day was advertised as follows:- 

• Public notices were erected on traffic poles throughout Skibbereen Town; 

• Public notices were placed in schools, library, shops etc; 

• Public notice on the Southern Star Newspaper; and 

• Advertising on Red FM and C103. 

A consultation report was prepared (May, 2011) which summarised the information gathered during 

the course of the consultation day and from the key questionnaires posed and discussions with 

members of the public and the study team. Key information that was provided during this first stage of 

consultation comprised information on the following: 

• Types of property flooded; 

• Depths of flooding; 

• Source of flooding; 

• Flood mitigation measures currently in place by members of the public; 

• View on flood relief options; 

• Suggested flood relief options; and 

• Environmental Constraints. 

With regards environmental constraints in general people felt that while the environment should be 

protected, the protection of people and their homes was considered a priority. The protection of water 

quality emerged as most important environmental issue that should be addressed as part of the EIS 

(refer to Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna and Chapter 13 Soils, Geology Hydrology and 

Hydrogeology). 

3.4.1.2 Stakeholder Consultation 

Consultation, in writing, was carried out with a number of relevant stakeholders and consultees 

identified for this project (Table 3.1). These stakeholders were invited to submit information or 

requirements that they considered should be included in the constraints report. They were also 

notified and invited to the Public Consultation Day as described above in Section 3.4.1 above. 

Information gathered at the information say was used to inform the EIS and the design of the scheme. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Table 3.1: Summary of Statutory Consultation 

Environmental Authorities 

EPA Regional Inspectorate 

Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government 

Dept. of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources 

Primary Stakeholders 

OPW 

Cork County Council 

South West Regional Authority 

Skibbereen Town Council 

Secondary Stakeholders 

An Taisce 

Skibbereen Rowing Club 

Fáilte Éireann 

Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association 

Fáilte Ireland 

RIPPLE committee 

Geological Survey of Ireland 

Skibbereen Flood Committee 

The Heritage Council 

Coomhola Salmon Trust 

Landscape Alliance Ireland 

Skibbereen Tourist Information Office 

NPWS 

Teagasc Local group 

National Roads Authority 

Teagasc Headquarters West Cork 

Southern Regional Fisheries Board 

Skibbereen Historical Society 

South Western River Basin District Authority O'Donovan Rossa GAA Club 

Birdwatch Ireland 

Skibbereen Fire Service 

County Development Board 

Skibbereen Rugby Club 

Coillte Teoranta (Forest Service) 

Skibbereen Business Association 

Inland Fisheries Ireland 

Irish Wildlife Trust 

Irish Farmers Association 

Bat Conservation Ireland 

National Parks & Wildlife Service 

Birdwatch Ireland West Cork 

River Ilen Angler's Club 

Fáilte Ireland South West 

For this Consultation phase RPS received four responses from the following key stakeholders:- 

• National Roads Authority; 

• Inland Fisheries Ireland; 

• South Western River Basin District; and 

• Geological Survey of Ireland. 

A copy of these responses is included in Appendix 3.2 List of Responses from Statutory Bodies. 

3.4.2 Stage 2 - Summary of Consultation during the development of Preferred Flood 

Relief Option 

3.4.2.1 Public Consultation 

As part of the Stage 2 Consultation at Option Selection Stage, members of the public and 

stakeholders were again contacted, asked for their input and invited to a Public Consultation Day held 

on 25 th of January 2012. 

Notification of the Public Consultation Day was advertised as outlined above for Stage 1. 

The objective of public consultation at the Option Selection Constraints Stage was to: 

• Present an update of progress to date; 

• Present preliminary results from the study; 

• Present the emerging preferred option for flood risk management; and 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





• Solicit comments and response from stakeholders to the proposed Drainage Scheme. 

All attendees of the Public Consultation Day were encouraged to sign a register of attendance. A 

total of 110 signatures were received, although it was felt that the actual attendance was significantly 

higher, well in excess of 150 persons. 

A consultation report was prepared in January 2012 which summarised the information gathered 

during the course of the consultation day and from the questionnaires. During this stage of the 

consultation the comments received largely comprised of the following: 

• Additional Information Requests; 

• Concerns/clarification with regards to the potential for impact from the proposed measures on 

individual properties, including:- 

• Prevention of water coming through floors; 

• Access arrangements across embankments; 

• Specific details of measures on individual properties; 

• Compensation arrangements and the associated process; 

• Concerns regarding the capacity of the John F. Kennedy Bridge to cater for the flood 

flow; 

• Suggested alternative flood relief measures; 

• Clarification regarding the increase in water level and an increased frequency of 

flooding upstream of the proposed defences; 

• Clarification regarding planning implications of proposed works; 

• Availability of funding for the scheme; 

• Provision for future planned riverside walkway; and 

• Implications for potential development in the benefiting lands. 

3.4.3 Stage 3 - EIS Scoping Stage 

A Scoping Report was prepared in July 2012 and as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment 

(EIA) process, a copy of the Scoping Report (Appendix 3.1 EIA Scoping Report) was issued to key 

stakeholders outlined in Table 3.2. The purpose of this scoping report was to provide an overview of 

the options considered, a description of the key environmental issues/constraints, a brief description 

of the preferred option and the scope of the EIA and EIS. 

Consultees were invited to contribute to the EIA by suggesting baseline data, field survey techniques 

and potential impacts that should be addressed throughout the EIA process and in preparation of the 

EIS. 

Table 3.2 below provides a summary of the responses received during this Scoping Stage of the 

consultation process. (Refer to Appendix 3.3 List of Responses from Scoping Stage for full 

details). 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Table 3.2: Consultees During EIS Scoping Stage 

Consultee 

Cork County Council (Planning Section) 

Irish Planning Institute 

An Bord Pleanála 

Institute of Geologists 

South Western River Basin District 


Waterways Ireland 

Fáilte Ireland 

Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers 

Association 

National Roads Authority 

Summary Response 

Acknowledgement. 

Declined to comment given the IPA represent individuals in 

the private and public sector. 

Acknowledgement- No Comments at this stage. 

Acknowledgement- No comment. 

Scheme should comply with the objectives of the Water 

Framework Directive. Reference in particular should be 

made to Section 4.2.3 of the SWRBD Plan which refers to 

new modifications or sustainable development and Section 

6.1.1 Land Use Planning. 

Raised concerns over culverting streams widening of the 

main channel and the potential impact to fisheries. 

Recommended addressing in terms of fisheries loss of 

habitat and impact on fish passage. Advised that they 

would submit detailed comments upon review of the EIS. 

Acknowledgement- No comment. 

Fáilte Ireland Guidelines for the treatment of tourism in EISs 

should be adhered to. 

Avoid impacts to agricultural activity and/or farmland 

upstream or downstream of the proposed works. A full 

analysis of any proposal must be undertaken and 

guarantees given regarding the flooding of agricultural 

lands. 

Refer to the NRA Guidelines and circulars. Consultation 

with relevant Local Authority regarding existing and future 

road schemes, i.e. potential impacts associated with the 

N71. 

Address potential landscape and visual, dust and noise, 

traffic and safety impacts. 

Potential cumulative impacts associated within other road 

schemes in the areas. 

Department of Agriculture Food and the 

Marine 

Health Service Executive (2 responses) 

Potential impacts to soil quality including destabilization of 

banks, soil erosion, run-off and soil contamination. 

Avoidance of impacts to Agricultural activity. 

Human beings and potential impacts upstream and 

downstream of the works 

Landuse intensification in flood protected areas. 

Water and impacts to WWTP (wastewater treatment plant). 

Groundwater vulnerability. 

Air and noise impacts. 

Pest control. 

Provision of construction compounds. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





3.4.4 Consultation Meetings 

In addition to the consultation outlined above, DixonBrosnan and Associates (ecologists working on 

behalf of RPS) and the RPS Project Manager for the design of the proposed Drainage scheme 

consulted with Inland Fisheries representatives through a series of phone calls and site meetings on a 

number of occasions. 

Consultation was also undertaken with the NPWS District Conservation Officer (Mr. Declan O 

Donnell). 

Summary details of all consultation with regards to aquatic and terrestrial ecology is summarised in 

Table 7.1 of Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna and Table 8.1 of Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and 

Fauna respectively. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 


River Ilen (Skibbereen) Flood Alleviation Scheme 



4 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES 

4.1 INTRODUCTION 

This section of the EIS contains a description of the alternatives that were considered for meeting the 

objective of reducing flood risk in Skibbereen. 

Article 5 of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive (85/337/EEC) states that the 

information contained in an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should include an outline of the 

main alternatives studied by the developer and an indication of the main reasons for the final choice, 

taking into account the environmental effects. 

The consideration of alternatives is an effective means of selecting the option with the least 

environmental impact. The EPA document “Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in EISs 

(EPA, 2002) states that it is important to acknowledge however the existence of difficulties and 

limitations when considering alternatives including hierarchy, non environmental factors and site 

specific issues, as discussed below and detailed in the overall Multi Criteria Analysis Report (River Ilen 

(Skibbereen) Option Development Process Multi Criteria Analysis, RPS, January 2011). A description 

of the ‘no development’ or ‘do nothing’ scenario is also outlined in the MCA and summarised below. 

4.2 METHODOLOGY ON ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES 

A preliminary environmental constraints assessment was prepared by RPS in July 2011. The purpose 

of this report was to describe the environmental constraints in the Study Area that required 

consideration throughout the environmental impact assessment process to enable selection of 

possible flood relief options with the least environmental impact. 

Following this, RPS undertook an Option Development Process through the use of Multi Criteria 

Analysis (MCA). As part of the study a series of flood maps were prepared for Skibbereen (Area of 

Potential Significant Flood Risk, (APSR)). 

The primary objective of the MCA process was to identify a flood risk management solution capable of 

providing flood protection to the design standard within the APSR. 

Prior to the Multi Criteria Analysis stage of the option development process RPS completed a 

Preliminary Option Screening Process whereby a wide range of flood risk management measures 

were screened for their potential applicability in achieving the Flood Risk Management Objectives for 

the Skibbereen APSR. This Preliminary Measure Screening determined whether a measure was 

either practical and/or applicable and had the potential to achieve a positive benefit when evaluated 

under the core criteria which comprised:- 

• Applicability to the area; 

• Social; 

• Environmental; 

• Cultural; and 

• Economic. 

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Following this initial screening exercise, a number of primary and secondary flood risk mitigation 

measures were carried forward to the Multi-Criteria Analysis which comprised the following:- 

a) Do nothing (BASELINE MEASURE against which all other options were be scored) 

Primary Measures 

b) Upstream storage 

c) Diversion of watercourse 

d) Improvement of channel conveyance 

e) Hard defences 

Secondary Measures 

f) Channel or flood defence maintenance works / programme 

g) Strategic development management 

h) Planning & development and building regulation control 

i) Proactive maintenance regime. 

j) Land use management 

k) Public awareness campaign 

l) Flood warning system 

Based on the above measures, RPS developed sixteen potential flood risk management options for 

the Skibbereen APSR assessment unit. These options were variant combinations of the primary 

measures identified as having flood management potential following initial hydraulic modelling of the 

options. In general, the options included combinations of the following elements:- 

Hard Defences 

• Cut-off wall; 

• Cut-off embankment; and 

• Culvert (following consultation with the IFI re-designed to comprise a U-box to avoid potential 

impacts to protected fish species). 

Diversion 

• Re-aligned River Ilen Channel with walls/embankments to contain peak water levels. Original 

channel to be retained as a water feature. 

Overflow Diversion 

• Overflow channel with walls/embankments to contain peak flows & water levels with flow 

control structure upstream & downstream to divert peak flows and levels. 

Overpumping 

• Storm pumping station with capacity up to peak flow and associated structures. 

Channel Conveyance 

• Channel widening; and 

• Channel deepening. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





In developing these options consideration was given to hydrological estimation, hydraulic modelling 

and available engineering records and surveys for the Skibbereen APSR, including:- 

• River Channel & Cross Section Survey (Murphy Surveys March 2011); 

• Aerial Survey (2m DTM & DEM) (OPW, August 2010); 

• Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme - Geotechnical Site Investigation (2005); 

• Skibbereen Flood Relief Scheme – Geotechnical Site Investigation (1988); 

• Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme – Collection System - Record Drawings (2010); 

• Defence Asset Survey (RPS 2011); 

• Review of existing & historic culverts and outfalls (RPS & CCC 2011); 

• Skibbereen Relief Road & Bridge – Scheme Drawings (2002); and 

• Various other records and surveys available to RPS. 

The options were assessed using Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). MCA evaluates the proposed option 

based on technical, economic, environmental and social core criteria. This uses a standardised 

evaluation system adopted by the Office of Public Works for CFRAM projects. 

The core criteria were weighted as indicated in Table 4.1 below. 

Table 4.1: Weighting for each of the Core Criteria 

Criteria Overall Marks (%) 

Technical 10 

Economic 30 

Environmental 30 

Social 30 

A number of objectives and sub-objectives were then assigned to each of the core criteria. Each 

objective was also assigned an indicator and minimum requirements / aspirational targets against 

which each option was scored. 

4.3 REASONS FOR CHOOSING THE PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE 

Based on the Multi-Criteria Analysis of the primary options, as outlined above, the following is the 

Preferred Option which emerged to meet the overall objective of the FRAMS by reducing Flood Risk 

in Skibbereen to the design standard required. This option was chosen as the preferred alternative as 

it had the highest ‘Benefit: Cost’ ratio and the highest MCA score (including technical, environmental 

and social criteria) out of all the 16 options representing a strong economic return. 

According to the MCA Report, the preferred option had the following benefits over the other options:- 

• Defence option will minimise risk to infrastructure. 

• Defences located to maximise existing flood plain where feasible while providing required flood 

protection. 

• Defences designed to minimise the risk of property flooding. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





• No significant impact on long term water quality. 

• No increased or decreased pollution risk is envisaged. 

• No longterm impact on fish populations is envisaged. 

• No impacts on recorded archaeological monuments. 

4.4 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE 

The Preferred Option is illustrated in Figure 1.2 and described in Chapter 2 Project Description. 

The preferred option is based on the Primary Measures and flood relief works in the following key 

areas within the APSR (refer to Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of Chapter 2 Project Description for details):- 

• River Ilen; 

• Caol Stream; 

• Assolas Stream; 

• Glencurragh Stream; 

• Showgrounds Stream; and 

• Local Drainage. 

In addition, Secondary Measures recommended as part of the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage 

Scheme include:- 

• Increased public awareness; 

• Proactive and planned maintenance programme; 

• Planning and development controls; and 

• Management of lands within flood plain. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





5 STRATEGIC AND STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT 


This Chapter provides an overview of the planning context for the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) 

Drainage Scheme. Strategic policy documents provide detail on the planning policy context for the 

town of Skibbereen nationally, regionally and county wide and for the proposed drainage scheme. 

This statutory planning review focuses on the relevant development plans, which provide local 

planning policies and objectives for the area where the scheme is proposed to be implemented. 

5.2 METHODOLOGY 

For the purposes of this EIS, RPS has undertaken a desktop review of the proposed flood relief option 

details against relevant planning policy documents and assessed the significance of these policy 

documents to the proposed scheme and the study area. A site visit was also undertaken on 

September 3 rd 2012 to inform this chapter. Consultation with relevant stakeholders, which included 

the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government, the South West Regional 

Authority, Cork County Council and Skibbereen Town Council as detailed in Chapter 3 Methodology 

and Consultation also informed this review. 

5.3 STRATEGIC PLANNING CONTEXT 

The following documents set the proposed Drainage Scheme in its strategic planning policy context:- 

EU Floods Directive 2007/60/EC; 

National Floods Policy 2004 and the Catchment Flood Risk and Assessment Programme 

(CFRAM); 

Water Framework Directive (See Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna for details); 

The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009; 

National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020; 

Our Sustainable Future: A Framework for Sustainable Development for Ireland 2012; 

National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012; 

National Development Plan 2007-2013; 

South West Regional Planning Guidelines 2010-2022; 

South Western River Basin District Plan; 

North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2002-2020; 

Cork County Development Plan 2009-2015 and Review 2013; and 

Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009 - 2015 

The proposed flood relief infrastructure will be located primarily in the functional area of Skibbereen 

Town Council and partly within the functional area of Cork County Council. The Skibbereen Town 

Development Plan 2009 and the Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan 2011 cover this area 

from a statutory planning perspective; therefore the relevance of the Cork County Development Plan 

2009-2015 is at a strategic level. Land use zoning and development management are discussed 

under the Statutory Planning heading (See Section 5.4 below). 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





5.3.1 EU Floods Directive 2007/60/EC 

Directive 2007/60/EC (Directive on the Assessment and Management of Flood Risks) came into effect 

in November 2007. Its aim is to reduce and manage the risks that floods pose to human health, the 

environment, infrastructure and property. It is applicable to coastal areas and to river basins where 

flood risk occurs. 

To implement this Directive, each state is required to carry out a preliminary assessment to identify 

river basins and associated coastal areas at risk of flooding. For zones identified, flood risk maps and 

flood risk management plans must be prepared by 2013 and 2015 respectively, to prevent flooding, 

and protect lands and structures. The improved provision of information on flood risk and flood risk 

management to the public is also a key tenet of the Directive. 

Long-term developments, such as climate change, as well as sustainable land use practices must be 

taken into consideration in co-ordinating flood risk management practices. Physical development in 

flood risk zones is one of the factors identified as contributing to flooding. 

The Directive was published on foot of the need for concerted action following the occurrence of over 

213 major damaging floods in Europe between 1998 and 2009, with particularly severe events in 

2002 and 2005. The European Commission reference EEA findings: ‘Between 1998 and 2009, floods 

in Europe have caused some 1126 deaths, the displacement of about half a million people and at 

least €52 billion in insured economic losses.’ 

(Ref.http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/flood_risk/index.htm). 

This EIS is being prepared as part of the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Flood Risk Assessment and 

Management Study to meet the requirements of Directive 2007/60/EC. 

5.3.2 National Flood Policy 2004 and the CFRAM Programme 

Ireland’s National Flood Policy is based on the adoption by Government of the recommendations 

made in the Report of the Flood Policy Review Group 2004. The policy objective is as follows:- 

'to minimise the national level of flood risk to people, businesses, infrastructure and the 

environment, through the identification and management of existing, and particularly potential 

future, flood risks in an integrated, proactive and catchment-based manner'. 

The policy identifies the Office of Public Works (OPW) as the lead agency nationally for the coordination 

of flood risk management, including the development of flood maps and catchment based 

Flood Risk Management Plans (FRAMS) in conjunction with other agencies. Key recommendations 

also include the development of policy and guidelines on the consideration of flood risk in planning 

and development management guidelines, and an increased focus on non-structural flood risk 

management measures, supported where necessary by structural flood relief measures. The policy 

seeks to reduce flood damage exposure by identifying and managing existing and potential future 

flood risks through an integrated, proactive approach. Flood risk management is to be conducted at a 

river basin level. 

The OPW and partner organisations, including local authorities, have been working towards the 

implementation of programmes to deliver the policy and the requirements of the EC Floods Directive 

2007. This work programme is generally covered by the national Catchment Flood Risk Assessment 

and Management (CFRAM) programme, which commenced in 2011. In implementing the CFRAM 

programme, the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive and the current River Basin 

Management Plans are being taken into account. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





The CFRAM Programme comprises three phases: Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment, CFRAM 

Studies and parallel activities, and Implementation and Review. Skibbereen falls under the South 

West CFRAMS project. This scheme was provided with funding by the OPW following the November 

2009 flood event and is at implementation and review stage. 

5.3.3 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning 

Authorities 2009 

The Guidelines for Planning Authorities ‘The Planning System and Flood Risk Management’ were 

issued by the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and Local Government and the Minister of State 

(Department of Finance) with special responsibility for the OPW in November 2009, and hereafter are 

referred to as the ‘Guidelines’. The Guidelines set out government policy on appropriate planning and 

development with respect to flood risk. 

The Guidelines discuss the impacts of flooding, which are important to note in the context of the 

proposed scheme and for the purposes of this EIS. Impacts include:- 

 

 

 

 

Impacts on People and Communities – e.g. physical injury, illness (including long-term chronic 

illness and stress) and loss of life, financial implications and inability to recover and maintain 

acceptable living conditions after a flood event, requirement for Major Emergency responses; 

Impacts on Property – e.g. damage to contents, electrical fittings, structural damage, 

displacement of occupants, financial costs; 

Impacts on Infrastructure – e.g. shut down or disruption of transport routes or utilities, damage 

to infrastructure, long-term closure of businesses and associated job losses; and 

Impacts on the Environment – e.g. soil erosion, bank erosion, land slides, damage to 

vegetation, impacts on water quality and habitats. 

The Guidelines set out a framework to ensure full consideration of flooding and flood risk in 

development and local area plans and development management. The purpose of the Guidelines is to 

ensure that either risks are not created in the first instance, or alternatively that existing risks to 

existing property and people are not exacerbated. 

Further detail is set out in Appendix 5.1 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – 

Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009 (Extract), which provides an overview of the content of 

the Guidelines, however in short, the Guidelines categorise land into three categories based on flood 

risk probability and group development into three types based on vulnerability to flooding. 

The proposed development in this instance is a drainage scheme and much of the content of the 

Guidelines relates to the policy and regulatory framework of other development types in flood risk 

areas. The Guidelines do have relevance in this case in that any works should not exacerbate existing 

risks and the implementation of the proposed drainage scheme will influence the probability of 

flooding in various areas of the town, thus altering future flood risk mapping and the types of 

development that may be permitted in particular areas that could not be sanctioned in the current 

environment. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





5.3.4 National Spatial Strategy 2002-2020 

The National Spatial Strategy (NSS) is a twenty year planning framework. It seeks to achieve a better 

balance of development and population growth between regions, with particular reference to 

rebalancing trends that have seen a concentration of investment and population in the Greater Dublin 

Area and the eastern part of Ireland generally. The concentration of major economic development 

there has meant that the ‘potential of other areas is systematically under-realised’, according to the 

NSS. The NSS aims to sustain an improved quality of life, an improved economic position and a high 

quality environment throughout Ireland through closer matching of where people live with where they 

work. The Strategy seeks to focus development within existing settlements, taking care to use urban 

land efficiently and sensitively. 

The NSS designates certain settlements as gateways and hubs (Cork City; Mallow and Tralee- 

Killarney respectively for the south west) to act as engines of growth for the regions in which they are 

located. Growth can then be supported by urban structures of appropriate scale and strength, 

including other large, medium and small towns. 

The NSS identified Skibbereen as a medium sized town (1,500-5,000 population), which plays an 

important economic and service function along a relatively remote part of the south-west coastline. 

Critical factors identified to activate the potential of towns such as Skibbereen in their important 

county roles include initiatives to release capacity in terms of land and services for sustainable 

growth. The town of Skibbereen is also identified as an urban strengthening opportunity; such towns 

are located on important economic and transport corridors or in important locations, have capacity to 

grow, and are to become a focus for the local authority settlement policies. The surrounding rural 

area of the town is considered as ‘diversifying, with emerging management issues’. 

5.3.5 Our Sustainable Future: A Framework for Sustainable Development for Ireland 2012 

This Framework, launched in June 2012 is Ireland’s main contribution to the Rio +20 Conference held 

earlier this year, and sets out a range of environmental, economic and social measures to implement 

the green economy and sustainable development agendas nationally. The Framework seeks to 

improve decision making, based on a move towards a greater evidence base that accounts for issues 

including susceptibility of lands to flooding. The Framework seeks to implement The Planning System 

and Flood Risk Management: Guidelines for Planning Authorities (2009) as part of its package of 70 

measures to improve the quality of life for current and future generations. 

5.3.6 National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012 

The National Climate Change Strategy 2007-2012, follows on from the first national strategy 

(published in 2000, reviewed in 2002), and takes account of the public consultation process that 

followed further review in Ireland’s Pathway to Kyoto Compliance (2006). The Strategy seeks to 

indicate how Ireland intends to meet its 2008-2012 commitments, to show how these measures 

position the country for the post-2012 period and identify areas where further measures are being 

researched and developed to enable Ireland to meet 2020 commitments. The principal measures 

contained within the Strategy include adaptation measures, including the development of a flood risk 

strategy. The Strategy supports the implementation of the recommendations of the Flood Policy 

Review Group and notes the increase in the exchange of information on flood research projects 

through the British-Irish Council. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





5.3.7 National Development Plan 2007-2013 

The current National Development Plan (NDP) seeks to guide the development of the country in the 

period 2007-2013. Strong urban centres are directly relevant to regional growth and development, 

affecting employment, incomes and quality of life throughout the regions. 

The NDP involves the investment of €52 billion from 2002 to 2006 and a predicted €184 billion 

between 2007 and 2013 in economic and social infrastructure, enterprise, science, agriculture 

sectors, education, training and environmental services. 

Chapter 10 of the NDP covers Social Infrastructure Priority: Flood Risk Management which aims to 

inject investment to provide flood relief, prevent the creation of new problem areas and maintain 

existing defences. This will be achieved through structural works (such as flood relief walls and 

embankments as proposed for Skibbereen) connected with the construction of Flood Relief Schemes 

in a number of locations at risk of flooding. The Schemes are to be implemented in an 

environmentally friendly fashion as far as possible, taking into account the principles of the 

Government’s National Biodiversity Plan. A programme of non-structural measures is also funded, 

including the Flood Hazard Mapping Programme. 

5.3.8 South Western Regional Planning Guidelines 2010-2022 

The Regional Planning Guidelines for the South West Region (hereafter referred to as the RPGs), 

provide a framework for the development of the South West Region over twenty years and seek to 

implement the NSS at regional and local level. 

The RPGs promote sustainable economic growth in the context of environmental protection and 

enhancement, noting that the conservation of freshwater and marine habitats are key issues. The 

guidelines acknowledge the quality of life in the southwest, which benefits citizens’ well-being and 

attracts population and investment. The RPGS seek to reduce the impact of climate change on the 

region by 2022. 

Skibbereen is located in the Western sub-area of the south west. The Western Area is characterized 

by rural areas of distinctive natural beauty, attractive towns and villages, a strong tourist base, 

potential for rural diversification, a location peripheral to hubs, gateways and the Atlantic Corridor and 

a more limited potential for employment opportunities than other planning areas. Improvements to 

infrastructure are considered necessary to reduce the impacts of peripherality. Access to recreational 

facilities is considered one of the key advantages to locating in settlements in the Western Area. 

Towns in the Western Area are noted as having market, service, tourism and enterprise functions. 

The importance of agriculture to the regional economy of the south west is noted and protecting the 

quality of the productive environment is an objective of the RPGs. Facilities to attract anglers are 

among the opportunities for further tourism development in the south west. 

Section 6.5 of the RPGs covers Flood Risk Management. Impacts of flooding on human activities are 

acknowledged and the RPGs refer to the likely increase in risk of flooding at both coastal and inland 

locations due to climate change. The need for policy and actions to be developed to reduce flood risk 

is highlighted, as is the need for local and regional authorities to co-operate on this matter as flood 

and water movement can cross functional area boundaries. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





The RPGs note the requirement for local authorities to implement the Flood Risk Management 

Guidelines of 2009 and a Flood Risk Appraisal was carried out for the RPGs in line with policy 

guidance contained therein. Regional Policy of note is set out in REAS-05: Flood Risk Management 

and states:- 

Consideration must be given to future appropriate land use policies in accordance with the 

requirements of the DEHLG Planning Guidelines The Planning System and Flood Risk 

Management. Strategic and local flood risk assessments and plans should be prepared where 

appropriate. 

It is an objective of the Regional Planning Guidelines to promote the completion by the local 

authorities in the region of CFRAM Studies covering the South West by 2016, including a 

review of long term flood risk management options. 

It is an objective of the Regional Planning Guidelines to ensure that significant developments in 

upland areas, such as wind farm developments, roadway construction, peatland drainage and 

forestry proposals, provide sufficient storm water attenuation so as to avoid the occurrence of 

river erosion or flooding downstream. 

This proposal meets the requirements of the RPGs. 

5.3.9 South Western River Basin District Plan 2009-2015 

This plan covers the period 2009–2015 and has been prepared in consultation with all stakeholders. It 

sets out the measures to be taken by all stakeholders and the tools to prioritise the application of 

available resources to those measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of the Water 

Framework Directive. 

This Plan notes that:- 

According to the Environmental Protection Agency 2009 report on urban waste water 

discharges, Skibbereen is among the 28 agglomerations nationally requiring secondary 

treatment that did not have the required level of treatment in place and were non-compliant with 

the requirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations. 

Section 4.2.3 of the Plan (New modifications or sustainable development) notes:- 

Alternative objectives can also be set in cases where certain developments may cause a failure 

to achieve good status or to maintain high status. This is subject to the developments being of 

overriding public interest and/or there being overriding benefits to human health and safety. 

Alternative options for delivering these benefits must be considered and all practicable steps 

must be taken to mitigate adverse impact on the water body as required by Regulation 33 of 

the European Communities Environmental Objectives (Surface Waters) Regulations, S.I. No. 

272 of 2009. 

The absence from the plan of such developments does not preclude them from progressing, 

but they must be reported to the EC during subsequent plan updates. Examples of such 

developments may include the implementation of measures such as flood relief schemes. 

Section 6.1.1 of the Plan (Land Use Planning) notes:- 

Any potential impacts from future development on waters can be mitigated by properly 

incorporating the objectives established in this plan into development plans to ensure 

sustainable development. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





The proposed Drainage Scheme EIS and Design has been prepared in accordance with the 

SWRBMPs (See Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna). 

5.3.10 North and West Cork Strategic Plan 2002-2020 

The North and West Cork Strategic Plan (N&WCSP) sets out a strategic framework for development 

for those parts of Cork County outside of the Cork Area Strategic Plan area. The N&WCSP aims for 

additional growth in towns such as Skibbereen, to try to rebalance the area’s population structure and 

provide a critical mass of population for the development of employment, services and other facilities 

to allow the town become self-sustaining and help support the wider area. 

In terms of water resource management the N&WCSP discusses the aquatic habitat and the river 

environment in a broad sense, noting the influence of flood plains and surrounding land use practices 

on this environment. Developments listed as causing changes to the ecology and hydrological 

patterns of rivers include flood relief and drainage works. The N&WCSP notes that impacts resulting 

from such developments can involve destruction of in stream habitats, interference and removal of 

fish spawning and nursery grounds, the decrease in flow or increased rapidity and scouring, with 

consequences for quality and amenity can occur. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna of this EIS 

addresses any potential impacts to water quality, habitats and fisheries from the proposed drainage 

scheme. 

The N&WCSP also acknowledges a shift from viewing rivers as an effluent outlet and flood nuisance 

cause to seeing rivers as an opportunity for amenity. Such increased access to rivers is considered a 

worthwhile goal, as awareness of water quality objectives tends to increase. River Corridor 

Management Plans for urban areas such as Skibbereen are promoted by the N&WCSP to improve 

habitats and provide attractive linear amenity facilities. 

5.3.11 Cork County Development Plan 2009-2015 

The current Cork County Development Plan (CDP) came into operation during February 2009 and 

provides a six-year planning framework for the county. 

For planning purposes, the County is divided into four planning areas; Skibbereen is located in the 

West Strategic Planning Area. The West Strategic Planning Area has been associated with declining 

socio-economic indicators, according to the CDP, but this is offset by its attractive towns and scenery. 

The main opportunity identified by the CDP to strengthen the permanent population structure of the 

area is through strengthening the economic and employment base of the towns and larger villages 

and by developing the tourism and leisure economy. 

The policy and objectives of this plan for the West Strategic Planning Area include:- 

c. To establish an appropriate balance in the spatial distribution of future population growth so 

that Bantry, Castletownbere, Dunmanway and Skibbereen, can accelerate their rate of growth, 

broadly in line with the North and West Cork Strategic Plan, and achieve a critical mass of 

population to enable them to maximise their potential to attract new investment in employment, 

services and public transport. 

As a main town, Objective SET1-1 promotes the sustainable development of Skibbereen to achieve a 

target population and enhance its capacity to attract new investment for the benefit of its population 

and rural hinterland. Furthermore, Objective SET3-20, which refers specifically to the settlement of 

Skibbereen reinforces this objective, and designates Skibbereen as an important centre for 

population, employment, services and tourism, serving a wider rural area including the islands. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





The town is designated as a District Employment Centre in the CDP. Such centres will serve the 

employment needs of urban areas as well as large rural hinterlands. Land will need to be provided 

within Skibbereen to accommodate employment activities. Land use zoning is discussed in more 

detail in the Local Area Plan (see Section 5.4 below). Future development is to be sympathetic to the 

architectural and historic character of the town. 

As regards flood risk management, the overall strategy for the County, through Objective STA1-1(c) 

places flood risk management to the forefront of the development plan:- 

It is an objective of this plan to ensure that growth and development of the county is managed 

in a manner that does not expose the population to increased risk from natural hazards such as 

flooding. 

Section 6.5.22 of the CDP, in discussing surface water drainage management identifies a Major Flood 

Relief Scheme as a key infrastructural need. 

Policies on flooding are set out in Sections 6.5.23 to 6.5.26 of the CDP. The Council seeks to avoid 

or minimise the threat of flooding in new developments, to minimise the impact of structures and 

earthworks on flood plains and river flow, and to reduce, insofar as possible, the rate and quantity of 

surface water run-off from all new developments. 

Development that is sensitive to the effects of flooding, unless such development has been justified 

as essential in terms of sustainable and proper planning will be discouraged from locating in areas at 

risk of flooding. Any such development that is justified is to incorporate measures to reduce and 

manage flooding risks to the development itself and elsewhere through an appropriate flood risk 

assessment. 

Any embankments in or across flood plains or river channels are discouraged in case of restriction or 

obstruction of flow and increased risk of flooding to property and land upstream. Where such 

structures are necessary, in exceptional cases, they should be designed to minimise and/or 

compensate for any potential negative effects, according to Section 6.5.25. (It should be noted that in 

this instance, embankments proposed are specifically designed for flood relief purposes, with due 

cognisance of any potential upstream impacts). 

Appropriately designed developments that are less sensitive to the effects of flooding may be 

permissible in flood plains, provided they do not significantly reduce the flood plain area or otherwise 

restrict flow across the floodplain, e.g. parks, sports pitches and car park. Adequate drainage 

systems should be provided in these developments to deal with flood risk and minimise the rate and 

quantity of runoff through the use of semi permeable materials for example. 

Objectives INF 5-9 requires sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) in all new large-scale 

developments and Objective 5-10 is to provide support for funding and to improve and extend surface 

water infrastructure to accommodate planned levels of growth. 

Objective INF5-12 on Prevention of Flooding states the following:- 

It is a general objective to manage surface water catchments and the use and development of 

lands adjoining streams, watercourses and rivers in such a ways as to minimise damage to 

property by instances of flooding and with regard to any conservation objectives of European 

sites within the relevant catchments and floodplains. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





An Appropriate Assessment Screening Report was undertaken to ensure avoidance of impacts to 

Natura 2000 sites (refer to Appendix 7.2 AA Screening Report). 

Objective INF5-13 deals with Drainage and Flooding:- 

(a) 

(b) 

It is a general objective to implement the policies and guidelines of the Department of 

Environment, Heritage and Local Government and of the Office of Public Works in relation to 

flood plains and areas sensitive to flooding. 

It is an objective of this Plan to strongly discourage development, which is sensitive to the 

effects of flooding, unless justified as essential in terms of sustainable and proper planning, 

and, if so justified, incorporates measures to reduce and manage flooding risks to the 

development itself and elsewhere to the satisfaction of the planning authority, as developed 

through an appropriate flood risk assessment. Developments that are less sensitive to the 

effects of flooding, such as playing pitches, parks and car parks, may be permissible in flood 

plains, provided they do not significantly reduce the flood plain area or otherwise restrict flow 

across floodplains. 

In January 2013, Cork County Council commenced a review of the current County Development Plan. 

An Issues Paper: ‘Planning for Cork County’s Future’ has been published. This paper includes 

Climate Change Adaption among its key principles and notes the need to adapt to effects such as 

flooding. A Green Infrastructure Strategy is proposed, which for example, would protect river 

corridors from inappropriate development to assist in preventing flood risk. A County wide Strategic 

Flood Risk Assessment of the policies and objectives carried out in the forthcoming development plan 

will be carried out. 

The Issues Paper, in discussing retail and town centre development, advises vacancy is becoming 

more pronounced in some towns; Skibbereen has the highest overall general vacant gross floorspace 

of all towns surveyed. Future retail development will be encouraged to locate in existing vacant 

floorspace in the town centre. In this context the proposed drainage scheme is critical to reduce the 

impacts of flood risk on the use of such space. 

The Drainage Scheme as proposed meets Cork County Council requirements as set out in their 

statutory development plan. 

5.4 STATUTORY PLANNING CONTEXT 

The proposed development is located in the town of Skibbereen and its environs. Skibbereen Town 

is in the functional control of Skibbereen Town Council and guided by the principles of the Skibbereen 

Town Development Plan, 2009. The Skibbereen Environs and hinterland (Skibbereen Rural and 

Woodfort EDs) is within the functional control of Cork County Council and is guided by the principles 

of the Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan 2011. 

5.4.1 Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015 

The Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015 sets out proposals to guide the physical land 

use development of the town over a six year period. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





5.4.1.1 General Content 

In discussing physical development issues, the plan provides a detailed description of land uses 

within the town, identifying areas of retail, mixed use commercial, industrial and residential uses. 

Undeveloped land banks are also identified. 

In terms of townscape the 19 th century layout is cited as providing a distinct urban structure, the 

importance of the river and quays being obvious; however it is noted that the town moved away from 

the river in a southern direction along Market Street and Townshend Street in later times. The 

townscape is now reversing these trends and is beginning to recognise the role of the River Ilen; the 

river is acknowledged as having a strong part to play in the town’s enduring character. The natural 

floodplain must be recognised along with the river corridor and this flood plain and areas subject to 

flooding are identified in the plan. 

The town’s role as an administrative, employment, commercial, health, recreational and educational 

centre for a wide hinterland is acknowledged. The town also seeks to enhance its tourism function. 

Additional employment in the town is needed to retain and attract population; the plan considers that 

the town needs to reinvent itself and grow in confidence to attract investment and population. 

Fundamentally, to achieve objectives for the development of the town, Skibbereen must be a 

desirable place to live. 

An Architectural Conservation Area covers the entire town centre and 163 no. listed buildings are 

located within Skibbereen. The town is partially included within a Zone of Archaeological Potential. 

There are five Historic Quays in Skibbereen. Chapter 12 Cultural Heritage of this EIS addresses 

potential impacts to Cultural Heritage from the proposed walls and embankments. 

The River Ilen is listed as a strength and opportunity for the town but its flooding potential is 

considered a threat. A high level of vacant units in the town centre is noted among its weaknesses. 

This is discussed in detail in the plan as it affects investor confidence and if unchecked can adversely 

impact on town centre vibrancy and health; an overall assessment indicates acute problems in the 

town centre. 

The N71 is identified as a strategic route running through Skibbereen. A car park for 200 cars is 

proposed for the Marsh, linked by existing pedestrian bridge to Levis’ Quay. 

5.4.1.2 Town Centre Proposals 

Plans for the town centre, urban renewal and regeneration are set out in part 3 of the plan. Four 

quarters are identified, including a riverfront quarter and five opportunity sites are identified and 

prioritised for development (Policy TC1-1 applies and Policy TC1-2 considers their development in the 

context of flood risk management requirements). The opportunity sites are as follows:- 

 

 

 

Opportunity Site 1: Fair Field, considered suitable for town centre development; 

Opportunity Site 2: Yard to rear of North Street, considered suitable for town centre 

development; 

Opportunity Site 3: West Backlands, considered suitable for mixed town centre uses plus river 

walkway; 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-10 Rev. F01




 

 

Opportunity Site 4: Secondary Schools, considered suitable for educational or community 

purposes unless not needed for same; and 

Opportunity Site 5: Marsh Lands, considered suitable for public car park, Bus Eireann/tour bus 

stop/facility and open space uses. 

5.4.1.3 Open Spaces and Amenity Walks 

An Open Space Strategy has been provided for the town; much of the town’s open space provision is 

to the north of the town and much of that area is currently prone to flooding. Amenity walks are 

proposed, which are generally clustered around the river and its banks. The provision of one such 

walk along the southern bank of the Ilen is an objective of the plan. Policy ENV5 requires all future 

development on the southern bank of the Ilen to make provision for a 3 metre wide walkway along the 

waterfront. A high quality combined cycleway and walkway are also planned for the northern bank 

between the upstream bridge and the John F. Kennedy Bridge and beyond to link with the area of 

open space between the River Ilen and the Schull road (Objective ENV 8). 

5.4.1.4 Flooding 

One of the aims of the plan (set out in Section 14.1) is to protect existing and future population 

from possible future flooding events as far as possible. 

The Plan states that no detailed flood risk assessment/analysis had been undertaken as part of the 

plan preparation process and thus the development strategy set out adopts a precautionary approach 

in accordance with the flooding guidelines. The plan advises that no development other than 

sports/recreation uses will be permitted on land identified as a flood plain. Objective WU9 of the 

Skibbereen Town Plan states as follows:- 

‘Adopt a precautionary flood risk management approach including the continued 

implementation of flood remedial works and avoidance of flood risk areas for new 

developments.’ 

Surface water management policies are outlined in Policies WU3-1 and WU3-2, however the main 

policies of the Town Council pertinent to flooding area are set out in Policy WU4. These are informed 

by national guidelines and the text is provided in Appendix 5A of the Plan. 

The Plan illustrates a defined flood risk area in Map 2 as outlined in Figure 5.1 of this Report. This 

flood zone is derived from historical OPW Flood hazard mapping and is also inherited from the 

Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2004. It does not cover the extent of areas inundated during the 

November 2009 flood event. The extent of the 2009 flood area is covered by RPS flood mapping 

which is based on more up-to-date information (See Figure 1.1 APSR) 

5.4.1.5 Zoning 

On examining the areas proposed to benefit from the proposed flood defences (shown in yellow on 

Figure 2.1 Overview of the proposed flood Relief Scheme), these areas apply broadly to three 

separate areas of the town, i.e. northeastern, northwestern and southern blocks of land. Zoning is as 

follows:- 

Northeastern block – residential, open space/sports/recreation/amenity, commercial, 

educational/institutional/civic, mixed use and amenity walk; 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-11 Rev. F01




Northwestern block – commercial, residential, neighbourhood centre, open 

space/sports/recreation/amenity, landmark sites/nodal gateway; and 

 

Southern block – town centre, commercial, mixed use, residential, agriculture and indicative 

route of future distributor road. 

The current zoning maps for Skibbereen Town and environs are provided in Figures 5.2 and 5.3. 

Most of the proposed flood relief works will be located within the development boundary of the town 

and therefore are on or adjacent lands zoned under this plan. 

5.4.2 Skibbereen Urban Study 2002 

The Town Plan refers to the Skibbereen Urban Study 2002, which focuses on physical development 

options for an area defined by derelict riverfront lands to the south, the Marsh area and lands just 

north of the relief road. The study examined the development potential of these lands in the context 

of the flood risk posed by the River Ilen. 

The Marsh area was deemed unsuitable for commercial development given restrictions that included 

necessary flood relief measures in the form of a relief channel 1 . It was recommended that the land be 

used for car parking 2 and amenity purposes. Land to the north of the relief road was noted as prone 

to flooding and part of this area was recommended to be used for amenity purposes; the remainder of 

those lands were identified for industrial use. 

Pedestrian linkages were central to the recommendations of the study to ensure that the riverfront 

area became a focal point of the town; a pedestrian bridge has been provided at Levis’ Quay to link 

the Marsh land with the town centre. A boardwalk along the southern bank of the river 3 and additional 

pedestrian bridges were proposed linking the riverfront sites to the marsh lands. Development at the 

Marsh and at some of the key riverfront sites had commenced at the time of writing of the 2009 Town 

Plan. The West Backlands and part of the East Backlands (See 5.4.1.2 above) opportunity sites 

follow through from key development opportunities identified during the study. 

5.4.3 Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan 2011 

5.4.1.6 General Content 

The Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan, 2011, (SEALAP), was adopted in July 2011. The 

SEALAP focuses on implementation of the development strategy for County Cork at a local level. At 

the outset it must be noted that significant changes to plans of this level since the previous plan 

period include the ‘assessment and management of flood risks in relation to future development and 

the inclusion of ‘Indicative Flood Extent Maps’ for the settlements of this electoral area’. This is due 

1 

This relief channel was not implemented and is not part of the current flood relief scheme proposal. 

2 

Part 8 Planning Permission is now in place for the proposed car park and the proposed scheme modelling has taken account 

of this future use. 

3 

Boardwalks have been provided in a limited area near Levis’ Quay. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-12 Rev. F01




to the increase in concerns over the incidence and effects of flooding. The SEALAP implements the 

principles of the Guidelines for Planning Authorities ‘The Planning System and Flood Risk 

Management, November 2009’. Further details on the flood risk mapping provided for this plan are 

set out in Appendix 5.1 The Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for 

Planning Authorities 2009 (Extract). Objectives of the plan relating to Flood Risk and this proposed 

drainage scheme are in line with national policy and are also set out in Appendix 5.1 The Planning 

System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning Authorities 2009 (Extract). 

Skibbereen is one of three main settlements within this electoral area. Section 1.5.12 identifies the 

main towns as the most significant material asset of the areas:- 

They represent the product of many decades of investment in buildings…, health facilities, 

schools, social and community facilities and wealth of supporting infrastructure. Across the 

County as a whole, the 2006 census recorded that over 25% of the population lived in the main 

towns. In addition, many people who live in villages, smaller settlements or rural areas rely on 

the main towns for at least one important aspect of their daily lives (e.g. work, shopping, 

education etc). 

The SEALAP seeks to make the best use of investments in the built fabric and infrastructure in the 

main towns, establish these as the main location for future investment and prioritise investment in 

infrastructure to support the development of land identified for the future needs of the towns. 

According to this plan, the strategic aims for Skibbereen are ‘for continued growth and development 

with Skibbereen acting as the primary urban centre for a large rural hinterland with key employment, 

educational, service and tourism functions. Set in the heart of West Cork, Skibbereen as a county 

town and growth/development centre performs an important employment, service and social function 

for an extensive rural hinterland’. 

Skibbereen is described as an attractive town in terms of landscape and townscape. Future 

development must be sympathetic to the architectural and historic character of the town, according to 

the SEALAP. 

5.4.2.2 Flooding 

A detailed discussion on flooding is included in the SEALAP; parts of the town are identified as being 

at risk of flooding and these follow the path of the River Ilen through the town. Amendments to zoning 

have been made based on the potential flood risk to these lands. The floodplain of the River Ilen is 

noted as lying to the north of the town; this is identified in the Skibbereen Town Development Plan 

2009-2015 (see Section 5.4.1 of this EIS). Areas of land subject to flooding historically are also 

identified therein. 

The SEALAP refers to river alignment works that have reduced flooding frequency and note further 

alleviation measures contained in the Skibbereen Urban Study 2002, which also contains specific 

proposals to offset any increase in flood water level caused by the potential development of the Marsh 

area for community and recreation purposes. Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems will be required 

for developments within the area. 

5.4.2.3 Zoning 

The land use zoning map for Skibbereen Environs is illustrated in Figure 5.3. Based on the Indicative 

Flood Extent Maps, significant areas of Skibbereen Town are located within Flood Zone A, and within 

Flood Zone B to a lesser extent. Much of this land will benefit from the proposed drainage scheme. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-13 Rev. F01




Lands within the Environs of Skibbereen, as covered by the SEALAP, which are zoned for 

development in/adjacent to current flood risk areas include most of the area of land zoned for industry 

I-02 at the north of the town. Residential area R-02 abuts an area susceptible to flooding; however 

an area previously zoned for residential development south of this has been dezoned based on 

indicative flood extent maps. Open space area O-01 is predominantly located in an area of flood risk. 

A small area of land block I-01 at the northeast of the town, zoned for industry, is located within a 

Zone A flood susceptible area and a small part of R-04, zoning for residential development at the 

south east corner of the town is located within a Zone B area. Relevant zoning objectives within the 

SEALAP 2011 are set out in Figure 5.3. 

Development Boundary Objective DB-04 requires all proposals for development within areas 

identified as being at risk of flooding to comply with Objectives FD 1-1- to 1-6 (see above and 

Appendix 4A of the Plan) and with the provisions of the Ministerial Guidelines ‘The Planning System 

and Flood Risk Management’. Where specific parcels of zoned lands are included within areas 

susceptible to flooding, the zoning objective also specifically provides that any proposal for 

development on these sites is accompanied by a flood risk assessment that complies with Chapter 5 

of the Guidelines. 

In terms of proposed flood relief infrastructure, much of this development is to take place on, adjacent 

or near lands zoned for development within the SEALAP. 

A green belt for Skibbereen Town has been identified in the Plan, where development will be 

restricted and lands will be reserved primarily for agriculture, open space and recreation uses. 

5.4.2.4 Other 

The existence of the Lough Hyne Nature Reserve cSAC and pNHA c5km from the town is noted as 

are scenic routes S82, S90 (N71 Skibbereen to Leap and Skibbereen to Ballydehob) and S88 (R595 

Skibbereen to Baltimore). The SEALAP refers to the Draft Landscape Strategy 2007, which 

designates landscape in the area as of low value, medium sensitivity and of local level landscape 

importance. Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment discusses visual impact from 

the proposed drainage scheme. The existence of archaeological monuments in the environs area 

which require protection is also noted and is discussed in Chapter 12 Cultural Heritage of this EIS. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-14 Rev. F01

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5.5 CONCLUSIONS 

5.5.1 Strategic Planning Context 

The proposed development complies with the strategic planning context as set out above. The 

proposed scheme has been developed on a river catchment basis, taking into account the drainage 

regime of the River Ilen basin and crossing local authority boundaries as the study area is located in 

both the Cork County and Skibbereen Town Council functional areas. The overall flood risk 

management scheme includes both structural and non-structural aspects in an integrated approach to 

flood prevention. This is in line with European Directives and national policy for flood risk 

management. The progress of the drainage scheme is ahead of the target date for the preparation of 

the schemes for the south west region. This scheme is considered a major infrastructural need in 

current county level planning policy. 

In keeping with national policy guidance, the proposed development seeks to prevent and reduce 

flood risk in the River Ilen basin. This will benefit Skibbereen Town, identified as a main town within 

county level planning policy and an important service centre for its hinterland, as recognised by 

national, regional and local strategic policy. Current planning policy seeks to guide development to 

settlements and encourage growth. Reducing flood risk provides a more favourable and certain 

environment for residential, commercial and other development necessary to provide accommodation, 

employment and services for the town’s residents, the wider rural community and visitors. 

Infrastructural improvements such as those proposed protect existing assets and encourage the 

provision of further facilities, which are important in settlements in peripheral areas like West Cork, 

with particular reference to Skibbereen’s designation as an urban strengthening opportunity in the 

NSS and a District Employment Centre in the current Cork County Development Plan. The reduction 

of flood risk in the town centre is considered an essential factor in reducing vacancy rates. 

The scheme complies with national and regional policy in that it is subject to Environmental Impact 

Assessment (as set out in this EIS) and Appropriate Assessment Screening included in Appendix 7.2 

AA Screening Report to take into consideration any potential adverse environmental effects. The 

scheme has been designed with due cognisance of environmental constraints (as documented in the 

Environmental Constraints Report, RPS 2011) and has been modified where necessary to avoid and 

reduce impacts. Mitigation is proposed where necessary throughout this EIS. Assessments carried 

out include consideration of changes to the river’s hydrological and ecological patterns. 

The County Development Plan policy discourages embankments that might restrict or obstruct flow 

and increase risk of flooding upstream. In this case the proposed embankments and flood walls are 

designed to increase the holding capacity of the natural flood plain and work with the river’s regime. 

There will be displacement of floodwaters to upstream areas during flood events as a result of the 

proposed works. This will be limited to the holding of additional floodwaters in existing floodplains. 

No highly vulnerable land uses, as defined within the Flood Risk Management Guidelines, are 

anticipated to be affected. This matter is discussed further in Chapter 6 Community and Socio- 

Economic Impact Assessment of this EIS. 

The scheme also takes account of the amenity value of the River Ilen. 

5.5.2 Statutory Planning Context 

5.5.2.1 Overall Context 

The proposed scheme will protect and enhance Skibbereen’s role as a population, service and 

employment centre and a tourist centre within the wider area. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-18 Rev. F01




The proposed scheme will help improve town centre vitality and vibrancy, which is important to 

develop and maintain a strong urban centre and attractive environment. This is important in the 

context of the relatively high vacancy rates in the town centre, which might otherwise be exacerbated 

by persistent and/or serious flood damage. Further discussion on this matter is provided in Chapter 6 

Community and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of this EIS. 

The implementation of the scheme will influence future flood risk mapping. Managing flood risk to 

protect significant areas of the town will allow more flexibility and certainty when formulating future 

development plan zoning objectives for these areas, i.e. for premises which are currently located 

within Flood Risk Zones A and B, but are to benefit from the proposed scheme. Where site 

development would currently be restricted to low vulnerability development classes, or where strong 

justification would be needed to allow a development to proceed that would be suitable for the 

particular location if flood risk were not a factor, higher vulnerability classes are likely to be 

permissible in future. 

The scheme takes account of the natural flood plain of the river and seeks to maximise its capacity for 

the containment of flood waters. It should be noted that the flood relief measures outlined in the 

Skibbereen Urban Study, such as the proposed flood relief channel, will not proceed and will be 

superseded by the development proposals outlined in this application for should the scheme be 

approved. 

The proposed scheme respects the importance of the river to the character of the town. Proposed 

flood defences will be kept to an optimal height to deal with severe flood events, with appropriate 

reserves, but will not exceed the necessary heights. This avoids excessive loss of river views and 

overly dominant structures. In terms of historic character and the built environment, Chapter 12 

Cultural Heritage discusses the proposed scheme in detail as it relates to the cultural heritage of the 

town; Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment addresses visual impact. In the 

context of the public realm, the proposed flood walls will be stone finished in keeping with many of the 

existing walls in the town centre and on approach roads such as the R593 Drimoleague Road/Mill 

Road. 

5.5.2.2 Impacts on Potential Future Development Sites 

Some undeveloped zoned lands will benefit from the provision of flood defences. These lands include 

a residentially zoned area at the northwest of the town, a proposed neighbourhood centre site (also 

northwest of the town centre), areas zoned for open space and amenity uses and brownfield 

development sites located in the area designated for town centre uses (See Figures 5.2 and 5.3). 

There will be some landtake required to construct flood defences on undeveloped but zoned lands. 

These plots are predominantly zoned for open space; the main objectives and proposals in place for 

such lands include amenity walks, which are discussed in detail below, and the proposed car park at 

the Marsh, which will be unaffected. 

Works to be carried out to the west of the Ilen (the northern part of ‘Ilen 13’ as per details outlined in 

Section 2.4) will result in a small section of embankment (150 m of the 547 m section of embankment 

to be provided in this location) being located within plot I-02, which is zoned for industrial uses in the 

SEALAP. This area is minimal in the context of the size of the overall site (15.6 ha) and the structure 

itself will not preclude future industrial development at this location. Part of the site will be contained 

as part of the future floodplain by the proposed embankment; however much of the site is currently 

susceptible to flooding given its location within the existing floodplain and this would be a 

consideration in any flood risk assessment for development proposals at the site in the absence of the 

proposed scheme. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-19 Rev. F01




The embankment proposed perpendicular to the stream along the roadside boundary of the Lurriga 

Road (‘Show 4’), which is to comprise an area of c.100 m long embankment will dissect a 

commercially zoned land block, however the proposed line of the embankment is located within 

agricultural land along a field boundary that separates the land from a dwelling house and garden. 

Based on property ownership information received from the client, it appears that the dwelling house 

and associated curtilage are in separate ownership. The embankment in itself will not preclude 

commercial activity at either side of the embankment. It will benefit the western portion of the land 

block (the section in residential use) which is currently susceptible to flooding. The eastern portion of 

the land block will remain susceptible to flooding and thus no change in development constraints is 

anticipated in that area. 

While works described under ‘Caol 4’ are to be located in residentially zoned lands, the flood relief 

wall in question will be provided adjacent an area of incidental open space currently connected to the 

access to an existing housing development (Cois Caol). Access to the remainder of the residentially 

zoned land block beyond will be unaffected. 

Works detailed as ‘Assolas 3’ will involve the construction of an embankment on residentially zoned 

land; however, the proposed embankment will protect the remainder of the lands, which are currently 

susceptible to flooding, from future flood events and thus create a more favourable environment for 

any future development proposals. 

The proposed pumping station (Glen 1) adjacent the Glencurragh Stream will be located in lands 

zoned for Phase II Residential Development. The pumping station will include an underground pump 

sump with access points, an above ground control kiosk and possibly, an electricity substation. A 

hard-standing area will be required for access and maintenance purposes. In the context of the 

overall area of land zoned for future residential development, it is anticipated that the proposed 

pumping station will be located beside the road and that intrusion on this area of zoned land will be 

minimal. The future development of residential uses in this area will not be precluded, however the 

development of a layout for a housing area will need to consider the proposed infrastructure as a 

constraint. 

In considering the potential development of the opportunity sites identified in the Skibbereen Town 

Plan (See Section 5.1.4.2), it is considered that the proposed scheme will indirectly allow several 

sites to be brought forward for development in a more certain context (subject to meeting 

requirements of the Planning System and Flood Risk Management – Guidelines for Planning 

Authorities 2009). Opportunity Sites 2 and 3 (East and West Backlands) will benefit from the flood 

relief works; landtake from the proposed flood relief structures in these areas is likely to be minimal 

and will not prevent redevelopment. These sites are particularly important in terms of achieving 

compact urban development and a strong urban core. Impacts on amenity walks which should be 

provided as part of the redevelopment of these sites are considered below. The north-western part of 

Opportunity Site 4 (Secondary Schools) will benefit from the drainage scheme but will have to 

accommodate an embankment; landtake is minimal in the context of the overall site. Limited river 

channel widening works will be required at the southern part of Opportunity Site 5 (The Marsh) but will 

not impact on proposals for this site in any significant manner; proposed car parking and amenity 

uses in line with the Skibbereen Urban Study including a riverside walkway will remain implementable 

at this location. The proposed scheme is based on modelling that takes account of proposals for the 

Marsh lands. Opportunity Site 1 (Fair Field) will be unaffected. 

5.5.2.3 Amenity Walks 

The current Skibbereen Town Development Plan objectives for the town set out a number of amenity 

walks, most of which are routed along the river banks. The amenity walk lines are indicative only and 

do not form part of proposals for the proposed Drainage Scheme. The proposed scheme has 

however avoided impinging on these indicative walkway lines should they be developed in the future. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-20 Rev. F01




On the northern bank, the proposed works will not interfere with likely future walking routes at The 

Marsh. The objective to provide a walkway/cycleway along the northern bank of the Ilen on the Schull 

Ballydehob road will however need to be considered in consultation with the local authority and 

property owners where necessary at detailed design stage. The indicative route along the river will 

not be affected but access to the road from the riverside at the western end of this area could be 

obstructed by the proposed embankment and flood wall in this location. The proposed works will not 

preclude access over the embankment/wall if necessary in the future. 

At the southern bank, the existing route west of John F. Kennedy Bridge will be unaffected. Where 

flood walls are to be provided west of John F. Kennedy Bridge, the works required to provide these 

structures will aim not to preclude the future provision of boardwalks or other walkways by others to 

allow a complete riverside loop walk to be in place in the future. Walks will not be provided as part of 

the proposed scheme (current planning policy states that 3 m wide walks are to be provided for as 

part of any developments in this area). 

East of John F. Kennedy Bridge, details of access to the river front at the West Cork Hotel grounds 

will be finalised at detailed design stage; views of the river will remain. Existing boardwalks where 

they have been provided at new developments east of Levis’ Quay will remain. The works required to 

provide flood walls and embankments at the rear of properties on North Street will aim not to preclude 

the future provision of boardwalks or other forms of pedestrian facilities at this location by others. As 

advised above, 3 m wide walks are to be provided as part of developments on the southern side of 

the Ilen in this location under current planning policy. 

The potential for the development of a proposed riverside amenity walk running north along the Ilen 

from the town rugby grounds will be influenced by an embankment. Alternative access arrangements 

and/or rerouting is likely to be required should this route be developed in future. The Town Council 

can consider provision of the amenity walk here in future without compromising the integrity of the 

flood defence embankment. 

5.5.3 Overall Conclusion 

The proposed development complies with strategic planning policy. No specific mitigation is 

recommended. 

In terms of the statutory planning policy context for the town of Skibbereen, the following is noted: 

Future development proposals on zoned land that is susceptible to flooding are currently required to 

be assessed in accordance with the relevant Flood Risk Guidelines. Any undeveloped zoned land 

that remains susceptible to flooding following scheme implementation will remain subject to that 

requirement. Some undeveloped zoned land will benefit from the proposed scheme and on balance 

the impact will be significant, positive and long-term. 

At operational stage, the proposed scheme will influence design and route options for the future 

implementation of policy objectives to provide amenity walks and a cycleway for the town in some 

areas. In these areas, the works required will aim not to preclude the future development of walking 

routes by other parties in future. Consultation will be carried out with the local authority and property 

owners as necessary at detailed design stage. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 5-21 Rev. F01




6 COMMUNITY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT 

ASSESSMENT 


Human beings comprise one of the most important elements of the “environment”. Any potential 

impact on human beings that may arise from the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme 

must therefore be appropriately assessed. The principal concern is to ensure that human beings 

within the study area experience no significant unacceptable diminution in aspects of “quality of life” 

as a consequence of the construction and operation of the proposed development. Relevant 

components of “Human Beings” in this section of the EIS include: population, employment, and 

community aspects. 

This section considers in detail the existing socio-economic context of the site, identifies the various 

sensitive ‘communities’ within the vicinity of the site, and assesses the potential for impact on same. 

Other sections of this EIS, which are relevant for the purposes of assessing impact on the socioeconomic 

characteristics of the town and its environs, as appropriate, are referenced as necessary. 


6.2.1 Evaluation and Impact Assessment 

The proposed development is a Drainage Scheme to be located within Skibbereen Town and its 

environs, within the catchment of the River Ilen. Proposed infrastructure comprises a pumping 

station, walls, embankments, culverts, overflow channel and some localised channel widening as well 

as drainage works, bridge regrading works (J.F.K. Bridge), works to a mill race, insertion of valves 

and general facilitating works. These works are typical requirements of a Drainage Scheme in an 

urban area. Non-structural measures are also proposed as part of the overall flood risk management 

scheme and these include increased public awareness, proactive and planned maintenance 

programme, planning and development controls and the management of lands within the flood plain. 

Such secondary measures are increasingly part of policy on integrated approaches to flood relief. 

The fundamental goal of the proposed drainage works is to protect human beings and their activities 

from adverse impacts associated with flood events to their properties. However, the impacts 

associated with the construction and operation of the scheme must be considered, particularly in light 

of the location of the works within and around a settlement that is home to a significant resident 

population. Skibbereen also serves as an important employment and service centre for its hinterland 

and its location within West Cork places it in a busy tourist area. Impacts on the working and visiting 

communities must therefore also be taken into account. 

This socio-economic impact assessment is carried out by way of a combination of desk-based studies 

and site visits and investigations. The methodology adopted is based on the guidelines and 

recommendations contained in the EPA advice documents as follows:- 

• Guidelines on the information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements (2002); 

and 

• Advice notes on Current Practice in the preparation of EIS (2003). 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Having regard to these advices, the issues examined include economic activity, social considerations, 

land use, and health and safety matters. Where appropriate we have examined impacts on human 

beings as impacts on different groupings of people in general, rather than specific individuals. 

Information on the demographic and employment characteristics of the resident population within the 

catchment area which are considered of relevance is provided. Population information is sourced 

mainly from the Census of Population 2011 and 2006. Consideration of current unemployment 

patterns is based on up-to-date information available from the Live Register (Skibbereen Area). 

Information on tourists visiting the area was obtained from Fáilte Ireland Annual Tourism Fact Sheets 

which were accessed via their website. 

Information on insurance issues was sourced from representatives of the insurance industry and from 

an internet search. 

Identification of sensitive communities and land uses was undertaken by a mix of site visits and a 

review of Development Plan mapping. 

The focus of the chapter is therefore to establish the potential for socio-economic impacts on 

population and employment in the area and on potential impacts to the community, including the 

resident, working and visiting community. Land use is considered in addressing potential impacts on 

the resident and working community. In this regard, any particularly sensitive land uses are identified 

and considered in this assessment. Each section will set out the detail of the existing environment, 

the characteristics of the development that could have socio-economic impacts; the consequences of 

such impacts; and mitigation measures where considered necessary. 

6.2.2 Consultation 

A summary of consultation carried out and of responses to consultation relevant to this chapter is 

provided in Chapter 3 Methodology and Consultation of this EIS. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and 

Fauna addresses all consultation responses with regards to potential impacts to fisheries, water and 

protected species,. Relevant consultees include Fáilte Ireland, Inland Fisheries Ireland, River Ilen 

Angler’s Club, Skibbereen Rowing Club, Skibbereen Rugby Club, Skibbereen Flood Committee and 

various other local groups, government departments and semi-state bodies. Issues raised are also 

discussed where relevant throughout this Chapter. 

6.2.3 Site Visit 

A site visit to inform this chapter was carried out on September 3 rd 2012. The site visit comprised of a 

walkover of the scheme where access was available; in other areas the sites were viewed from the 

public road. In a limited number of areas, full views were unavailable; however aerial photography 

provided sufficient information. The site visit also confirmed land uses and provided an overview of 

the town and environs. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





6.3 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 

6.3.1 Demography and Employment - Statistical Context 

The most recent Census of Population for which population statistics are currently available is the 

Census of Population 2011. The Small Area Population Statistics provide detailed, local information 

on socio-economic groups and employment in the area, on an Electoral Division basis. 

Live Register information presents the most up to date situation as regards unemployment. 

For the purposes of comparison, information on population levels and change within the State, County 

Cork and for the Electoral Divisions of Skibbereen Urban, Skibbereen Rural and Woodfort (in which 

the study area is located), is provided. While these EDs do not correlate precisely to the study area, 

they are considered the best fit for the purposes of providing meaningful statistics. The study area is 

determined on a river catchment basis and therefore does not directly relate to any political or 

administrative boundaries; therefore for the purposes of statistical analysis figures provided cover the 

entire areas of each ED which the study area fully or partially contains. 

Population Levels 

Table 6.1 below presents population figures for the years between 2002 and 2011. It incorporates a 

comparison between rates of growth/decline across the Electoral Divisions of the immediate 

catchment area, as well as comparisons with the County and State averages. 

Table 6.1: Population and Rates of Population Change at Local, County and State Levels for 

2002, 2006 and 2011 

Area 

Population 

2002 

Population 

2006 

Population 

2011 

Change 

2002 - 2006 

(% Change) 

State 3,917,203 4,234,925 4,588,252 +8.2 +8.3 

County Cork 324,767 361,877 399802 +11.4 +10.4 

Study Area Totals 3550 3932 4197 +10.7 +9.8 

Skibbereen Urban 2,000 2,338 2568 +17 +9.8 

Skibbereen Rural 1,146 1,200 1252 +4.7 +4.3 

Woodfort 404 394 377 -2.5 -4.3 

Source: Census of Population 2002, 2006 and 2011 

Change 2006 - 

2011 

(% Change) 

The population of the State increased at rates of 8.2% and 8.3% between the inter-censal periods of 

2002 to 2006 and 2006 to 2011. Growth within Cork County has been higher during those periods, at 

11.4% and 10.4% respectively. Population growth within the overall study area lies between the two; 

ahead of the state average but slower than the county rate. This relatively strong growth is 

attributable particularly to the growth rates in the Skibbereen Urban area in both inter-censal periods, 

especially during 2002-2006, where growth stood at 17%. It is likely that this level of growth occurred 

primarily because of the occupation of new housing developments in the town during that time. 

Population in Woodfort ED, the more rural of the EDs considered, has declined due to natural 

decrease or out-migration. Growth within the Skibbereen Rural ED has been relatively low over the 

same timeframe. The rate of growth within the study area is likely to be below the county average 

due to the distance of the location from the Cork Metropolitan area. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Age Profile 

The age profile of the catchment population of the State, Cork County and the relevant Electoral 

Divisions for 2006 and 2011 are highlighted in Table 6.2 below. For ease of analysis of the structure 

of the population residing within each catchment area, three categories are examined:- 

• The dependant population (i.e. those persons within the 0-14 and 65+ age cohorts); 

• The working/independent population (i.e. those persons residing within the 15-64 year age 

cohorts); and 

• The childbearing population (aged 15-44). 

Table 6.2: Population of Each Area Categorised into Independent, Dependent and Childbearing 

Cohorts between 2006 and 2011 (to nearest %) 

Area 

15-64 Years (0-14) And 65+ Years Child-Bearing 

Independent Dependent 

15-44 Years 

2006 2011 2006 2011 2006 2011 

State 69 67 31 33 47 44 

Cork County 68 65.9 32 34 46 43 

Skibbereen Urban 68 65 32 35 46 43 

Skibbereen Rural 60 55 40 45 32 32 

Woodfort 69 66 31 34 44 36 

Study Area 66 62 34 38 41 37 

Source: Census of Population 2006 and 2011 

From an analysis of the above, it is concluded that the proportion of the population in the independent 

age cohort for the study area was below the county and state figures in 2006 and had fallen to a lower 

level again by 2011. This could be attributed to out-migration from the area among this age group in 

recent years. The Skibbereen Rural ED showed a particularly significant drop between 2006 and 

2011, i.e. from 60% to 55%. 

There is a higher proportion of population in the dependant age group within the study area for both 

2006 and 2011 than in the county or state areas. This has increased between 2006 and 2011 and 

has implications in that these categories, particularly those in the 65+ cohort are more vulnerable to 

the impacts of flood events than those in the independent age cohort. Again the Skibbereen Rural ED 

is of note due to the fact that it has a particularly high level in this cohort (45% in 2011 as opposed to 

35% and 34% in Skibbereen Urban and Woodfort EDs respectively). 

The child-bearing cohort, or the younger sub-groups of the independent cohort, is significantly lower 

than the State and County average and has declined between 2006 and 2011 from 41% to 37%; 

particularly high levels of decline in Woodfort ED are influential where the proportion of the population 

in this cohort declined from 44% to 36% in the corresponding period. National and county levels in 

this cohort have also declined, however, as advised previously, these are at a higher level. Numbers 

in this cohort have implications for the population profile and population trends in the area in future. A 

low and declining number in this cohort is likely to result in population decrease or a slower rate of 

increase in forthcoming intercensal periods excluding other factors such as in and out migration. 

Household Size 

Table 6.3 below illustrates the average no. of persons per household in the study area, Cork County 

and the State in 2006 and 2011. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Table 6.3: Average Number of Persons per Household, 2002 & 2006 

Area 2006 2011 

State 2.9 2.72 

Cork County 2.9 2.82 

Study Area Average 2.84 2.64 

Skibbereen Urban 2.34 2.27 

Skibbereen Rural 3.07 2.75 

Woodfort 3.12 2.9 

Source: Census of Population 2006 & 2011 

The average number of persons per household for the State in 2011 was 2.72 persons, falling from 

2.9 persons per household in 2006 (continuing a trend of decline from the average of 3.2 persons per 

household in Ireland in 2002). Household size in County Cork also fell between 2006 and 2011, albeit 

by a smaller margin (from 2.9 to 2.82). The relevant electoral areas follow a similar trend of decline, 

which is particularly noticeable in the Skibbereen Rural ED. The overall study area has a lower 

average household size in both years analysed; in 2011 this stood at 2.64. 

Employment Status 

The most recent information available from the Census of Population in respect of the principle 

economic status of the local population of the relevant Electoral Divisions, is from the 2011 Census of 

Population. 

This information, together with corresponding detail from the 2006 Census is shown in Tables 6.4 (a) 

and (b) below. 

In this regard, it is clear that the unemployment level of the local catchment area is close to the state 

average and is significantly above the county average. The Skibbereen Urban area experienced a 

particularly high level of unemployment in 2011, at 18.3%. These unemployment levels are generated 

purely from the principle economic status of persons over 15 years recorded in the Census of 

Population and are useful for comparing the relative performance of an area compared with State or 

County averages. Significant increases at all levels are noted since corresponding data was collected 

for 2006, which is representative of the current recession. 

Table 6.4 (a): Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2011 

Area 

At Work 

1 st time 

Jobseeker 

Unemployed 

Work Force 

Unemployment 

Level 

State 1,807,360 34,166 390,677 2,572,121 15.1% 

Cork County 164,441 2,006 26,597 224,115 11.8% 

Study Area Total 1,579 31 332 2,227 14.9% 

Skibbereen 

Urban 

972 25 262 1,430 18.3% 

Skibbereen Rural 438 3 49 576 8.5% 

Woodfort 169 3 21 221 9.5% 

Source: Census of Population 2011 

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Table 6.4 (b): Labour Force and Unemployment Level, 2006 

Area 

At Work 

1 st time 

Jobseeker 

Unemployed 

Work Force 

State 1,930,042 29,372 150,084 2,109,498 7.1% 

Cork County 167092 1839 8646 213,423 4% 

Study Area Total 1758 20 120 2254 5.3% 

Skibbereen 

Urban 

Skibbereen 

Rural 

Woodfort 

1085 14 89 1,384 6.4% 

470 5 27 618 4.4% 

203 


1 4 252 1.6% 

Unemployment 

Level 

A recording of numbers receiving unemployment benefits is obtained from live register figures 

recorded by the Central Statistics Office. Live register 1 figures are updated on a monthly basis. In 

this regard, it should be noted that the standardised unemployment rate recorded for the State as a 

whole in January 2013 was 14.6%. This includes casual and part-time workers entitled to payments. 

This rate has almost trebled from the January 2008 figure of 4.9%. 

The number of people on the live register for the local Skibbereen Social Welfare Office for January 

2013 was 1,315; this number is a significant increase from 2008 when the numbers stood at 413 for 

the corresponding month. January 2012 figures were 1,268. Figures reached a high point in 2011, 

with 1,375 people on the live register in this area. Emigration is likely to be a factor in fluctuating 

numbers in recent years. The rate of increase in the live register figures locally in the period 2008 to 

2013 is higher than that of the state increase. This is likely to relate to the study area’s lack of 

proximity to a major urban area and trends are consistent with those concluded from an assessment 

of the census data on the principle economic status of the population. 

The Census information from 2011 and 2006 also provides information on the type of industry in 

which local people are employed in. This information is also provided for the State and County levels 

for comparative purposes. The key employment sectors in the study area in 2011 were commerce 

and trade and professional services. This is typical of such a study area which predominantly 

comprises an urban area; a more rural study area would indicate a higher number engaged in 

agriculture, fishing and forestry. The most significant changes in the industries providing employment 

in the study area between 2006 and 2011 were the reductions in the numbers employed in building 

and construction and in manufacturing industry. 

Table 6.5 (a): Persons at Work by Industry 2011 

Area 

Agri. 

Forestry 

and 

Fishing 

Building and 

Construction 

Manuf’g 

Industry 

Commerce 

and Trade 

Transport 

and 

Comm’ns 

Public 

Admin. 

Professional 

Services 

State 91,526 87,371 209,803 456,289 146,530 113,860 425,349 276,632 1,807,360 

Cork County 1,564 731 7,922 18,561 2,796 3,647 28,347 11,722 75,290 

Study Area Total 21 7 36 216 14 45 265 154 758 

Skibbereen 5 3 28 147 11 18 166 119 497 

Urban 

Skibbereen 

Rural 

9 3 3 50 3 23 78 25 194 

Woodfort 7 1 5 19 0 4 21 10 67 


Other 

Total 

1 The Live Register does not record ‘unemployment’ as it also captures employed people such as those in casual 

or part-time employment that are in receipt of payments from the state such as Jobseeker’s Benefit. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Table 6.5(b): Persons at Work by Industry 2006 

Area 

Agri. 

Forestry 

and 

Fishing 

Manuf’g 

Industry 

Transport 

and 

Comm’ns 

Public 

Admin. 

Building 

and 

Construction 

Commerce 

and 

Trade 

Professional 

Services 

State 22,421 155,774 239,396 44,4818 85,392 100,354 302,349 265,800 1,616,304 

Cork County 2,652 15,068 25,206 33,716 6,480 7,311 25,909 17,944 134,286 

Study Area Total 32 153 197 350 69 68 296 166 1,331 

Skibbereen 15 110 154 231 39 35 167 123 874 

Urban 

Skibbereen 

Rural 

10 34 27 82 25 26 96 32 332 

Woodfort 7 9 16 37 5 7 33 11 125 


Other 

Total 

6.3.2 Community and Population Groupings 

Resident Population 

The town of Skibbereen and its environs is the only settlement within the study area. Residential 

areas have developed along linear routes, i.e. the main approach roads to the town and there is also 

a strong residential component within the town centre, comprised of older housing stock and more 

recent development including new apartment buildings. Residential areas on the outskirts comprise 

planned housing developments, and individual houses on their own plots. The larger planned 

developments are predominantly located at the west of the town, along the southern bank of the Ilen 

(e.g. Inis Alainn, Newbridge Park) and to the north of the N71 (e.g. The Moorings), and to the east 

and southeast of the town centre (e.g. The Hawthorns, The Mills, Pound Hill). The town centre 

accommodates most of the older units. Services for residents, including retail and business services 

are concentrated within the town centre. 

The Skibbereen Electoral Area Local Area Plan advises that there were 1427 dwellings in Skibbereen 

in 2010. There were 10 units under construction that year, 49 units were vacant. There were 

outstanding planning permissions for 338 units. No new additional development is required to 

accommodate the town’s 2020 population target according to the plan. There is zoned land potential 

for a further 1629 residential units within the town and its environs. 

Significant areas of residential property within Skibbereen are currently subject to flooding. These 

include established residential properties within the town centre (to the south of the River Ilen and 

adjacent/near the Caol Stream), residential areas along the Glencurragh Road/north of the 

Schull/Ballydehob Road, part of The Flax Mills development south of the Ilen west of the town centre, 

dwellings and gardens on Mill Road including Glenilen Terrace, a number of properties on the 

Baltimore Road and an area near the Cork Road at the east of the town. See Figure 1.2. 

Some of the proposed flood relief measures will take place on or adjacent residential properties. 

These include embankments and walls to the northwest of the Baltimore Road, walls along the Caol 

Stream both to the rear of residential properties or visible along approaches to residential 

developments, a wall north of properties at The Flax Mills (and embankments to the east and west), 

an embankment and wall to the rear of residential properties on North Street (many of these buildings 

have a commercial component), embankments and walls along/in the area of Mill Road and a 

proposed pumping station near dwellings at Glencurragh (The Moorings Residential Estate). See 

Figure 1.2. 

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Working Population 

Skibbereen is designated as a District Employment centre in the Cork County Development Plan, 

which is discussed in more detail in Chapter 5 Strategic and Statutory Planning Context. As a 

service and employment centre for its residents and hinterland, the town accommodates a significant 

working population. 

Employment is provided in public facilities within the town centre and outside it at locations such as 

the Civil Defence Cork West, Skibbereen Fire Station and the Health Service Executive facilities at 

the hospital grounds. The Marsh Road, to the north of the town is the key industrial location in 

Skibbereen; facilities located here include CH Marine, Cork Co-operative Marts, the NCT centre and 

also, a business park which is occupied by some retail warehousing units (Heat Merchants/Electric 

Merchants and Seán O’Driscoll Bedding & Furniture) among other uses. There are a number of 

unoccupied units here. Commercial areas include the Castletownshend Road for example, where 

businesses operating include Carbery Pre-Cast and Field’s Bakery. Commercial enterprises, such as 

professional services, are located within the town centre and at smaller sites scattered throughout the 

study area. 

Retail activity is concentrated within the town centre including convenience stores such as Field’s 

Super Valu, and comparison outlets, with a strong interiors/crafts emphasis. Family run businesses 

dominate the retail sector within Skibbereen. There are some retail multiples in operation within the 

town, including a Lidl store on the Baltimore Road. Retail activity is important as a service for the 

wider rural hinterland and for the vitality and vibrancy of the town centre as well as for direct economic 

impacts. Some retail warehousing is evident at the business park on the Marsh Road, as discussed 

above, and near the Baltimore Road Roundabout. 

In terms of employment in the tourism and recreation sector, there are two hotels, along with a 

number of guesthouses and B&Bs that provide employment. Employment in the bar/restaurant sector 

is boosted by the tourist trade. 

Many of the town’s employment providers are located in areas currently subject to flooding, for 

example, the industrial area east of the Marsh Road, the commercial area east of the Baltimore Road 

roundabout and areas within the town centre where services (including tourism), retail and 

professional services are located. 

Visiting Population 

Fáilte Ireland’s ‘Overseas Visitors to Counties in 2011 – Preliminary Estimates, July 2012’ advises 

that 1,081,000 people visited County Cork in 2011, generating an estimated revenue of €432 million. 

Cork was the second most visited county after Dublin. Visitor numbers to Cork were highest from 

Britain (396,000), followed by Mainland Europe (390,000) and North America (220,000). Preliminary 

estimates for tourism numbers by region provide a figure of 1,614,000 visitors to the South West in 

2011, second only to the Dublin region. Estimated revenue for the South West is €618 million. If 

these estimates are confirmed by the CSO on release of final figures, this will represent a change in 

trends from the decline in visitor numbers that has occurred since 2007. For example, 1,448,000 

people visited the South West in 2010 but 1,514,000 people visited the region in 2009. 

In the context of Skibbereen and West Cork, any increase in tourist numbers to the South West region 

must be cautiously considered, as media reports in recent times suggest a strong upturn in visitor 

figures to Cork City, stemming from the listing of the city as one of Lonely Planet’s recommended top 

ten city breaks in 2009 and the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to the city in 2011. 

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More detailed information on visitor numbers, origins and reasons for visits are available for the South 

West region for 2010. As outlined above, this region is particularly popular for European and British 

visitors. British visitors often arrive to visit friends or family in the region and tend to stay within the 

south west for this reason. Three in five visited between March and October 2010; the arrival of 

British holidaymakers specifically peaked in August. European visitors to the region travelled here 

mainly for holidays and June, July and August were the peak arrival months. The largest proportion 

of North American visitors travelled to the South West in September. While more North American 

visitors visited Kerry, a greater number of British and European visitors visited Cork in 2010. 

Revenue from overseas tourists was higher in County Cork than in County Kerry (€352mn versus 

€154mn). 57% of overseas visitors in 2010 stayed in hotels, guesthouses or B&Bs, while 27% stayed 

with friends and relatives. Visitor numbers include those on business trips. 

While a summer peak is evident, visitors do come to the region throughout the year; visits to friends 

and family are particularly more spread across the calendar year. None of the region’s top ten visitor 

attractions for 2010 are located within the study area, however Skibbereen does contain a number of 

tourist attractions. 

The main visitor facility is the Skibbereen Heritage Centre which is located within the restored Old 

Gasworks Building on Upper Bridge Street. The Heritage Centre includes an exhibition on the Great 

Famine, an archaeology trail of Skibbereen and genealogy services. It is also home to the Lough 

Hyne Visitor Centre. The West Cork Arts Centre is located in the town. The traditional streetscape 

and the riverside location in itself are also attractions of the town. An organised historical walking 

tour of Skibbereen visits locations that have direct links with the Great Famine. A mass famine grave 

site is located at Abbeystrowery Graveyard just west of the town. 

The town is a cycling hub, designated as such by Fáilte Ireland in the national cycling strategy. A 

number of full and half day cycling routes are based in the town. Routes include loops towards 

Tragumna and Toe Head, Baltimore and Lough Hyne and to Mount Kid northwest of the town. See 

Figure 6.1 below: 

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Figure 6.1: Way-marked Cycle Routes based in Skibbereen 

The River Ilen offers salmon and sea trout game angling, from the town centre north for 5 km, with 

some fishing for brown trout. 2 Accessible angling sites in the area are at Ballyhilty Bridge, which is 

over 1km upstream of the proposed physical flood relief works. Rudd and pike are found at Lough 

Abisdealy; Liss Ard Estate provides fishing on the grounds as part of its accommodation and activity 

offer. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna provides detailed information on fisheries in the study 

area. 

The River Ilen is also used for rowing; Skibbereen Rowing Club has a boathouse at the west of the 

town at Drisheen. 

In the immediate area, there is also an 18-hole golf course. The West Cork area is a popular venue 

for walking (there are mapped routes within the Liss Ard Residential Estate for example). 

Annual events held in the town which attract visitors include ‘A Taste of West Cork Food Festival’, 

Skibbereen Arts Week, Skibbereen Show and the Liss Ard Music Festival held just outside the town. 

An adventure race is being held at Liss Ard this year. The current Skibbereen Electoral Area LAP 

promotes the town as a centre for Arts and Crafts for West Cork; a new building for the West Cork 

Arts Centre is planned just west of the Caol Stream south of Levis’ Quay. 

2 According to Fáilte Ireland figures, 127,000 overseas visitors engaged in angling while in Ireland in 2010; 

57,000 of these visitors came from Britain. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-10 Rev. F01




Skibbereen is also an important base for tourists visiting West Cork. Within easy reach of the town are 

the fishing and boating villages of Glandore, Union Hall, Baltimore and Castletownsend. Scuba diving 

is available in areas such as Lough Hyne and in Baltimore. The town is also close to ferry points at 

Baltimore and Cunnamore Point for Oileáin Chleire, Sherkin and Heir Islands. There are also sites of 

archaeological interest in the area. 

Within the town, there are a number of small guesthouses and B&Bs, with accommodation for visitors 

also provided by hotels such as the Eldon Hotel and West Cork Hotel (both located on the southern 

banks of the Ilen). A hostel is also located within the town on Main Street. The Hideaway Camping & 

Caravan Park is located on the Castletownsend Road. The town also contains a number of bars, 

restaurants and cafés. The Liss Ard Residential Estate outside the town also provides 

accommodation. 

Within the study area itself, the most important area for visitors is the town centre as this is the main 

focus for tourist activity; the Heritage Centre, West Cork Arts Centre, heritage walks, tourist 

accommodation, hotels, bars, restaurants and café’s are located here. Much of the town centre is a 

designated Architectural Conservation Area, with a significant number of protected structures of 

architectural and historic importance, which contribute to its attractive streetscape. 

Consultation has been undertaken with Fáilte Ireland, the local Tourist Office and relevant 

recreational groups within the town regarding the proposed Drainage Scheme. 

6.3.3 Land Use 

The most vulnerable land uses in the context of flood risk include Garda, ambulance and fire stations, 

hospitals, emergency access points and command centres that would require to be operational during 

flood events, schools, dwelling houses, hostels, residential institutions, caravans/mobile home parks, 

sheltered housing and essential infrastructure 3 . Essential infrastructure, such as telecommunications, 

is discussed in Chapter 14 Material Assets. 

The Skibbereen Community Services Campus, operated by the Health Service Executive is located to 

the north of the town, just outside the study area on the R593. This facility includes the County 

Hospital, ambulance base, mental health services and a day care centre. The main access to this 

facility from the town centre is via Mill Road which is prone to flooding. 

Currently, significant numbers of properties and facilities classed as highly vulnerable land uses and 

developments in Skibbereen are susceptible to flooding. These include significant residential areas, 

as discussed above, other premises that are occupied by people overnight such as the Eldon Hotel, 

facilities required to remain operational during flood events, such as the Fire Station on Marsh Road 

and the access road to the ambulance base, and schools such as St. Fachtna’s de la Salle. 

While other uses are considered, ‘less vulnerable’ in the context of flood risk management, flood 

impacts can regardless be costly and traumatic events for occupants and owners. The study area 

contains many retail, commercial, industrial and leisure buildings, a bus depot and agricultural lands, 

which all fall under this vulnerability category. The study area also contains ‘water-compatible’ uses 

such as recreational facilities, for example, playing pitches and changing rooms associated with the 

town’s rugby (Skibbereen RFC), soccer and GAA (O’Donovan Rossa) clubs. The town’s playground 

and Showgrounds are susceptible to flooding. 

3 Ref: The Planning System and Flood Risk Management: Guidelines for Planning Authorities – See Chapter 5 

Planning Context for Further Details. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-11 Rev. F01




Some of the land uses extant within Skibbereen are concentrated in clusters. Educational facilities 

are concentrated at the northeast of the town. Open space and recreational facilities are located 

primarily to the north of the town. Clusters of industrial and commercial activity are discussed above 

under employment. 

A large tract of land to the north of the River Ilen and town centre has not been developed due to 

historic flooding, this area is locally known as the Marsh area. 

There is an existing riverside walkway, forming part of the town’s Slí na Sláinte walking route at the 

western side of the town, along the southern bank of the Ilen; the route lies north of housing 

developments such as Inis Álainn, Newbridge Park and Riverdale Estate and is used regularly. 

There are formal and obvious access points to the river located at Levis’ Quay (steps), the West Cork 

Hotel (steps and pontoon) and north of the Flax Mills housing development (slipway). 4 There are also 

likely to be less obvious and informal access points to the river. 

6.3.4 Health and Safety Aspects 

Currently significant areas of Skibbereen are prone to flooding. Flood events have implications for 

human health and safety. The study area’s communities are at risk of injury or illness during flood 

events, including those trapped in flooded buildings, wading through floodwaters and those employed 

in the emergency services and volunteer groups. 

No works are proposed to current road safety barriers along the town’s relief road. 

number of life buoys located adjacent the rivers within the study area. 

There are a 

6.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS 

6.4.1 Construction Phase 

6.4.1.1 Demography and Employment 

Population 

The construction phase of the proposed development does not have the potential to materially impact 

on population levels or the profile of the local population. A number of construction workers may 

move into the area on a temporary basis for the duration of the construction phase, i.e. over 24 

months. This could have a slight short-term positive impact for local businesses and 

accommodation providers but is not likely to impact on population levels. 


It is expected that the construction of the River Ilen Drainage Scheme will be for a duration of 24 

months. It is not known at this stage how many jobs will be created, however employment will be 

4 Note this was roped off on date of site inspection and does not appear to be frequently used. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-12 Rev. F01




generated directly by the proposed scheme. Additionally, some existing employment is likely to be 

supported through local spending generated by construction workers, e.g. on fuel, food, building 

supplies, haulage services etc. This will generate a slight positive short-term impact, particularly in 

the context of the downturn in construction employment locally and nationally in recent years. 

Some disruption to existing businesses may arise during the construction period, due to works close 

to premises, road closures etc., however this will be for a temporary period only and no significant 

impacts such as job losses due to this construction phase are likely. Impacts are likely to be neutral. 

Overall a slight positive short-term impact on employment is predicted. 

6.4.1.2 Community and Population Groupings 


The construction of the proposed development will give rise to some disruption for the resident 

population. The construction phase is likely to involve works including pile driving, excavation, placing 

of cast in situ concrete, placing of pipes and masonry facing along with other construction processes 

as set out in Section 2.3 and 2.4 of this EIS. Potential impacts include construction noise, and issues 

with dust and vibration, arising from the construction processes and from associated construction 

traffic. Also there is likely to be disruption to vehicular and pedestrian traffic due to works under or 

adjacent public roads (culverting at two locations on the R593, U-box construction on the Caol Stream 

between Levis’ Quay and the bridge at the southern end of Market St., embankment construction, 

drainage works, sheet piling on the Caol Stream etc.) the movement of construction vehicles and 

potential road closures or requirements for signalling during culverting, regrading and drainage works. 

Visual amenities for the resident population will be impacted upon by the presence of plant and 

security fencing and the nature of the works being undertaken. Such impacts on the resident 

population as a group are predicted to be moderate temporary adverse impacts and intermittently, 

may be significant in particular locations. 

Temporary disruption to amenity uses in parts of the river is also anticipated; this is covered in more 

detail in the discussion on the Visiting Community below. 

Impacts will arise particularly to the residential amenities of the occupants of specific residential 

properties within the study area where some of the proposed flood defences are to be constructed on 

or adjacent residential properties (i.e. embankments constructed within residents gardens). 

Residents predicted to be most affected by construction works and associated impacts are those on 

or adjacent whose lands elements of the proposed flood defence scheme are to be constructed. 

These are as follows:- 

• Residents of dwelling houses on the Baltimore Road, where embankments are to be 

constructed in front gardens (3 no. properties). 

• Residents of dwelling houses on the Baltimore Road and fronting onto the local road to west of 

same, where flood walls or embankments are to be constructed in rear gardens. 

• Residents of Market Street where a walled channel is to be provided within the Caol Stream at 

the rear boundary of residential properties. 

• Residents of The Flax Mills, where flood walls and embankments are to be constructed 

(Numbers 1-10 particularly). 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-13 Rev. F01




• Residents of properties on the western side of North street where a significant embankment, 

floodwall and stone revetment is to be constructed in the Ilen. 

• Residents of Mill Road where flood walls and embankments are to be constructed adjacent 

residential properties (c.8 properties). 

• Residents of a dwelling on the Cork Road, where an embankment is to be constructed to the 

rear of a residential premises (1 no. dwelling house). 

• Residents of Upper Bridge St., where a flood wall is to be constructed (c.2 properties in 

particular). 

Predicted impacts include temporary loss of residential amenity through construction noise, vibration 

and dust, temporary loss of use of part of private gardens in places (particularly residential properties 

on Baltimore Road), temporary loss of privacy through the presence of construction workers and 

impacts on visual amenity within private properties while works are in progress. Some localised 

removal of trees and planting will also be required. Cumulatively, these impacts are considered to be 

moderate to significant temporary adverse impacts. However, this must be considered in terms of 

the operational impacts on these properties, which will benefit from the provision of the overall 

Drainage Scheme . 


The sources of potential impact during the construction phase are generally similar to those likely to 

be experienced by the resident population, i.e. primarily noise, dust and vibration from the 

construction process and construction traffic, disruption to movement and circulation due to traffic 

management measures (including road closures) and construction traffic, disruption to public parking 

areas that are likely to be used by employees and customers of town centre businesses and visual 

impacts due to the construction process and the presence of temporary plant and temporary 

hoardings. ‘Visibility/Prominence’ of commercial premises and access to some properties may be 

impacted upon during the construction phase. Impacts are anticipated to be moderate to 

significant, temporary, short-term. 

Potential effects on particular individual premises and properties accommodating workers are 

discussed under land use. 


Visitors will experience some disruption during the construction period, due to construction related 

process and activities(noise, dust, vibration, construction traffic movements, temporary access 

arrangements in the study area due to road closures etc.) in the same manner as residents and 

workers, though the visiting community will experience these impacts for a much shorter time period. 

Works will not be continuous over all areas where construction activity is required during the two-year 

period. Views of the river from the town (the river being an important amenity feature in this regard) 

will be impacted temporarily where works, including in-stream works are being carried out (See 

Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment). Generally impacts are anticipated to be 

short-term, moderate and negative. 

Visitors availing of tourist facilities within and around the town may experience some disruption during 

their stay in locations where works are being carried out. For example, works will need to be carried 

out at or adjacent the West Cork Hotel, the Heritage Centre, the Eldon Hotel, The Hideaway Camping 

& Caravan Park and some bars and restaurants. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-14 Rev. F01




Activities at the Heritage Centre will be carried out adjacent to construction work activities and visitors 

may experience some noise, dust and vibration; where a wall is to be provided. The orientation of the 

visitor centre access should keep impacts to slight-moderate, negative and temporary. 

Visitors to the West Cork Hotel are also likely to be inconvenienced and experience disruption during 

the construction process; particularly given that the enjoyment of the seating and amenity 

area/boardwalk within the hotel grounds is premised upon its riverside location. Impacts are 

anticipated to be slight-moderate, negative and temporary 

A wall is to be constructed at the rear of the Eldon Hotel car park and temporary disruption due to 

construction processes here is likely to arise impacting on visitors in a slight temporary negative 

manner. 

An embankment is to be constructed at The Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park, this could have 

temporary, moderate, negative impacts on visitors to the site in terms of noise, dust and conflict with 

construction traffic as well as the loss of riverside amenity. 

Construction activities will impact negatively (temporary, moderate) on the terrace of the Riverside 

Café where an outdoor seating area overlooks the river. 

Visitors utilising the town’s amenity walk (Slí na Sláinte route) and/or the cycle routes based in the 

town will experience disruption when construction activities are being carried out in the areas where 

these are located. Pedestrian routes and cycle routes will be affected for only relatively short 

distances at the start and finish of loops and minor inconvenience on a temporary basis only is likely 

to occur. These are considered to be temporary, slight, negative impacts. 

Visiting anglers may be inconvenienced while works are ongoing; this is considered an unavoidable 

temporary impact of a slight magnitude given the numbers involved. Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora 

and Fauna provides further detail on impacts to fisheries. 

6.4.1.3 Land Use 

Construction works may affect land uses within the study area through temporary landtake for 

construction purposes, temporary severance of particular land areas to facilitate construction works 

and temporary access restrictions (access to land uses, including amenity areas, and to the river may 

be affected). 

Land uses occurring within the study area are set out above under the description of the existing 

environment. The most sensitive land uses likely to be affected during construction are residential 

units, hotels and other tourist amenities, and schools. 

Impacts on hotels and tourist amenities are considered for the most part under the Visiting 

Community. 

Amenity and recreation uses to be affected by construction works include the Showgrounds, the 

grounds of the Skibbereen RFC, the town soccer pitches, the playing pitch associated with St. 

Fachtna’s de la Salle and the O’Donovan Rossa GAA grounds. The operations of the various sports 

clubs could be disrupted during the relevant playing seasons. A public seating area (separate to the 

sports facilities) north of the Ilen on the Schull road will be unavailable for use during the construction 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-15 Rev. F01




of a flood wall in this location and part of an embankment adjacent. The use of the sports pitches and 

showgrounds is not continuous and avoidance of construction during events such as matches can 

minimise impacts. Overall impacts are expected to be temporary, slight and negative. 

Retail and commercial facilities, particularly those in the town centre will be affected by disruption to 

traffic circulation during road closures and works to areas such as the insertion of the U-box into the 

Caol Stream from Levis’ Quay to the upstream bridges. This disruption to access and temporary land 

take in public parking areas will impact workers and customers. This will occur for a temporary period 

only and is considered an unavoidable slight to moderate adverse impact. 

Particular premises are likely to be subject to temporary landtake for construction, for example the Lidl 

outlet on the Baltimore Road, commercial premises on North Street and Bridge Street and industrial 

premises between Market Street and the Baltimore Road roundabout on the Marsh Road. However, 

where working room is tight, access for construction will be from platforms within the river. Thus 

construction land take will be limited to areas where suitable space is available. Impacts will be slight 

to moderate, temporary and negative. 

Some flood relief measures are to be located on agricultural lands and accordingly limited areas of 

agricultural land will be affected during the construction phase; impacts will be temporary, slight and 

negative. 

Construction traffic could conflict with traffic generated by uses such as schools. Works are proposed 

to be carried out adjacent St. Fachtna’s de la Salle and the access road to the other secondary 

schools in the town (Mercy Heights and Rossa College) and on lands across the road from 

Abbeystrowery N.S. Impacts predicted will be temporary, negative and moderate. 

Water based uses will also be affected temporarily during construction; and some works, particularly 

in-stream works, will affect activities of anglers (see Visiting Community above and Chapter 7 

Aquatic Flora and Fauna) of the rowing club, particularly those works in the area around John F. 

Kennedy Bridge. However, as previously stated, works will not be ongoing in all areas for the entire 2- 

year construction period and the impacts are considered to be temporary, negative and slight to 

moderate. 

Access points to the river will be unavailable for use in certain areas during the construction process; 

these include the steps at Levis’ Quay during the construction of the adjacent wall, the slip north of 

the Flax Mills from the commencement of construction of the wall and flood gate and the steps to the 

pontoon at the West Cork Hotel from the commencement of the construction of the adjacent wall. 

These are unavoidable temporary moderate adverse impacts, although it should be noted that 

some of these access points will be unavailable on a permanent basis and this is detailed below 

under Operational Stage Impacts. 

6.4.1.4 Health and Safety Aspects 

The construction process has the potential to impact on the health and safety of two groups; 

construction workers and members of the public. Where possible, construction access will be taken 

from the riverbank, however where working space is restricted on the landside, it will be necessary to 

construct temporary working platforms within the river channel. Masonry facing to flood walls may 

also be carried out from in-stream temporary working platforms. In-stream works such as river bed 

regrading and bridge regrading, as well as the construction of the walled channel within the Caol 

Stream, will need to be carried out from within the watercourse. Works will therefore be undertaken in 

and adjacent the river and its tributaries in and close to a busy urban environment. Works on and 

adjacent public roads will also be required and public safety must be considered accordingly. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-16 Rev. F01




The construction of the proposed new flood relief infrastructure will be carried out under the 

supervision of a Project Supervisor Construction Stage (PSCS) in accordance with Heath and Safety 

Regulations. The PSCS will manage and co-ordinate health and safety matters during the 

construction stage in accordance with the provisions and requirements of the Safety, Health and 

Welfare at Work (Construction) Regulations, 2006. The PSCS will be appointed before the 

construction work begins and will remain in that position until all construction work on the project is 

completed. All work, including in-stream works and works within, under or adjacent the public road 

will also be managed in this regard. Generally, any potential adverse impacts regarding health and 

safety issues at construction stage are considered to be temporary and slight at most given the 

requirement to adhere to relevant Health and Safety Regulations during construction. 

A reduction in the number or lack of accessibility to life buoys of such features could have significant 

adverse impacts. This could result in a temporary significant negative impact should a potential 

drowning incident occur in the absence of a life buoy in the vicinity of a life saving device location. 

6.4.2 Operational Phase 


Population Levels 

There are a significant number of residential properties located within the town centre and its environs 

which are currently subject to flooding, according to the RPS Flood Study Zone mapping (See Figure 

1.2). These residential areas are described above in Section 6.3.2 and will benefit from the proposed 

scheme. Severe flood events occurred within the town in November 2009 and December 2010. 

Other flood events of significance occurred in 1986 (severe) and 1982, 1975, 1974, 1969 (less 

severe). Frequent flooding was recorded in the 1940s and 1950s. Given that flood water damage 

can render homes inhabitable for a temporary or even permanent period, repeated serious flood 

events could reduce population levels in parts of the town prone to regular flooding, in the event that a 

Drainage Scheme is not put in place. Information provided from the insurance industry confirms that 

2% of the Irish population are currently excluded from flood cover; flood cover is unlikely to be 

provided by insurance companies following one serious (or two minor) flood events that impact a 

property. 5 This represents an economic deterrent to those living in or considering relocating to a 

residential property in an area susceptible to flooding. 

The development of the proposed Drainage Scheme has the potential to generate a significant 

positive long-term impact in this regard, as it could help to maintain existing population and 

furthermore might attract additional population to residential areas of the study area if concerns 

relating to floodrisk are allayed. Furthermore, as discussed in Chapter 5 Strategic and Statutory 

Planning Context, the development of this Drainage Scheme will reduce the risk of flooding on 

residentially zoned lands. 

At operational stage, maintenance and repair work will be carried out as necessary but this is 

anticipated to be infrequent and therefore does not have the potential to impact on population levels 

through the attraction of a related permanent workforce to the study area. 

Overall, impacts on population are expected to be positive, long-term and significant in that 

reduced risk, uncertainty and trauma associated with flood events should help retain existing 

population and possibly support increases in the population of the study area. 

5 Source: Irish Insurance Federation and Media Reports (September 2012). 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-17 Rev. F01





The Office of Public Works is obliged to maintain flood relief and drainage schemes in proper repair 

and in an effective condition. Works such as clearance of obstructions, repair or rebuilding of 

embankments and prevention of erosion will need to be carried out as required, for example on a six 

year cycle, with needs determined based on annual inspection. However, the works are not expected 

to be significant or to require a large number of workers for a significant period. Therefore, the 

potential for any material changes to employment levels in the area based on physical works 

requirements is considered low and in any case, impacts would be positive. 

The overriding impact of the proposed scheme at operational stage for employment is expected to be 

the improved certainty for operators of businesses in parts of the study area that are currently prone 

to flooding. The reduction of the risk of flooding in the locations identified will reduce incidences of 

flood damage to premises, goods, and services such as telephones and IT facilities, thus reducing 

clean-up costs and insurance premiums and preventing the need for businesses in the town to close 

either temporarily or permanently to remediate properties. Businesses experience the same 

difficulties in obtaining flood insurance cover as residential properties, which are discussed above. 

This should result in the retention of existing jobs. 

A reduction in the occurrence of flood damage to businesses should improve investor confidence in 

Skibbereen as a location. This should encourage new businesses to establish and allow expansions 

which might otherwise have been deferred or cancelled on foot of uncertainty regarding flooding. 

These are potential positive impacts. 

Employment is not expected to be negatively affected by any factors at operational stage; no land 

take proposed is expected to impede the future continuance of existing economic activity. 

On the whole, predicted impacts for employment as a result of the proposed Drainage Scheme are 

expected to be moderate, positive and long-term. While no materially significant change in 

employment is to be generated by the operation of the flood relief measures themselves, improved 

certainty in the business environment, reduced costs associated with clean up operations and 

improved opportunities to obtain flood cover from the insurance industry should assist businesses in 

continuing operations in the study area, thus reducing a threat to existing jobs and encouraging the 

establishment of new businesses. 



The proposed scheme will protect approximately 170 residential properties from flood risk during a 1 

in 200 year flood event. Therefore the scheme will have a significant positive impact on residents 

through the reduction of risk from serious flooding events to homes; this will reduce financial costs 

incurred following flood damage to homes and gardens, difficulties arising in obtaining insurance 

cover and occurrences of displacement from homes and the associated disruption and stress with 

such an impact. Therefore, economic and health benefits are likely to occur. The proposed 

development has the potential to create significant long-term positive impacts for the residential 

population as a group. 

The quality and appearance of the urban environment and the retention of businesses, services, 

amenities and associated employment are also likely to result in positive impacts for residents of the 

area. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-18 Rev. F01




The proposed scheme may result in some imperceptible to moderate negative impacts for some 

individual residents, through the physical and visual changes to property boundaries or other parts of 

properties. There is likely to be loss of planting and trees on private residential properties along parts 

of the proposed scheme route. For example, adjacent the Assolas Stream (i.e. Assolas 4 and 

Assolas 5 in Chapter 2 Project Description), and along the Caol Stream, particularly where works 

are to be carried out at the section described as Caol 1. However, where walls are to be provided 

within or adjacent to such private residential properties a high quality of masonry finish is proposed 

and where embankments are proposed, these are to be seeded with grass. While some negative 

impacts could arise at individual properties where flood defences are to be constructed, it is set out as 

part of the Outline Construction Methodology (Chapter 2 Project Description) that lands entered on 

or disturbed during construction will be reinstated to their original condition upon completion of the 

main works; landscaping is to take place following construction in a manner appropriate to each area. 

This will mitigate against any material negative impacts at operational stage. The OPW will have the 

right to enter private residential properties to inspect and maintain the flood defences in future. This 

could have impacts such as further temporary damage to gardens, loss of privacy and residential 

amenity for temporary periods, etc. 

Notwithstanding same, the residential properties where flood defences are to be constructed will 

benefit from the works to be carried out by way of protection from future flood events. This will also 

outweigh impacts arising from any future requirement for access for inspection or maintenance. 

Therefore the overriding impact on the residential population will be significant, long-term and 

positive impact. 


As discussed above in relation to employment, many of the town’s working community will see a 

significant positive impact due to reduction in severity and occurrence of flood events. The proposed 

scheme will protect 136 non-residential properties from flood risk during a 1 in 200 year flood event. 

The risk of flood damage to properties, stock, telecommunications and other infrastructure, will be 

reduced in areas of the town where commerce is centred, such as the town centre south of the Ilen 

along the Caol Stream and the industrial units north of the town on Marsh Road. This will reduce 

incidences of temporary or permanent closure of business premises and the associated disruption 

and stress to the working community. The development of the Drainage Scheme for the River Ilen 

and its tributaries has the potential to generate increased certainty among business owners and their 

employees in terms of the trading environment in the town, thus improving the likelihood of job 

security. The scheme will reduce the burden of the financial costs of closures, which is particularly 

relevant in the current economic climate, where business operating environments are already 

constrained. Repeat occurrences of flood damage can hinder the ability to obtain insurance cover and 

prevent a business from recovering from a serious flood event and recommencing trading. The likely 

improvements in certainty of business operating conditions can have an important positive impact on 

town centre appearance, vibrancy and vitality. The proposed Drainage Scheme is anticipated to 

have a significant positive impact on the working population of Skibbereen at operational stage by 

reducing flood risk and associated effects on the working community. 

The proposed scheme will generally alter the appearance of the study area in places, which will be 

visible to the working community. Landscaping appropriate to the area will be carried out during 

reinstatement works. Visual impact is discussed in Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact 

Assessment. 

Outside of the town, some displacement of flood waters is expected to occur, however it is anticipated 

that this will be limited to the holding of additional flood waters within existing flood plains. No land 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-19 Rev. F01




uses considered as ‘highly vulnerable’ under current flood risk guidelines are anticipated to be 

affected; however, some disruption to the farming community in upstream locations may occur. This 

would be considered a slight negative long-term impact given that the areas affected are to be 

existing flood plains. 


A number of facilities located within the study area will benefit from the proposed Drainage Scheme 

as they are currently prone to flooding. These include the Skibbereen Heritage Centre on Upper 

Bridge St., the Eldon Hotel, the car park of the West Cork Hotel and a number of bars and 

restaurants. The site of the proposed new West Cork Arts Centre is also currently susceptible to 

flooding. The scheme therefore has the potential to result in a significant positive impact for 

visitors to the town, who currently risk disruption to their activities and enjoyment due to flood events. 

The proposed reduction of town centre flood damage occurrence should facilitate improvements in 

the quality of the urban environment, including an improvement in the appearance of buildings in the 

traditional townscape and knock-on effects such as reductions in vacancy rates. This should improve 

or at least maintain the attractiveness of Skibbereen as a place to visit. 

Impacts on visiting anglers could arise due to interference with fish levels at operational stage arising 

from loss of habitat due to the existence of the proposed structures or impeded movements of fish 

through culverts for example. Research indicates that no commercial salmon or sea trout were 

caught on the River Ilen during 2010 (according to the latest published data from Inland Fisheries 

Ireland). The Ilen river’s attractiveness for angling is not as strong as other rivers in the area, such as 

the Bandon. This suggests that any impacts arising are likely to be slight to moderate in terms of the 

numbers of visitors affected. However, from consultation with local anglers, the IFI and NPWS as set 

out in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna, and findings outlined therein that advise that angling is 

carried out in the area, that the river is of national importance and is an important salmonid fishery, it 

is clear that there is potential for adverse impacts on angling. 

In terms of activity at Lough Abisdealy, a walled channel is proposed at the Caol Stream (this 

replaces an earlier culvert proposal). This proposal has been discussed with the IFI, and there have 

been no objections raised. The channel will be designed to be “fish-friendly”, and a thalweg will be 

provided within the channel to emulate the existing streambed features in so far as possible. No 

impact (Neutral) on activity at Lough Abisdealy is envisaged. 

Some flood defences have the potential to impact negatively on the visiting community. Flood walls 

are proposed to the north of the Heritage Centre and the West Cork Hotel and an embankment with a 

wall is proposed adjacent the rear terrace of the Riverside Cafe on North Street. These structures 

could interfere with the attractive visual connection with the river at these locations. 

No significant changes in outlook from the Heritage Centre are proposed; the wall at this location will 

be relatively low. Impact at operational stage is expected to be positive overall. 

The works adjacent the West Cork Hotel will impact on the current enjoyment of the riverside location 

by hotel visitors. However, views to the river are to remain. Seating will be available on the riverside 

of the proposed wall. Operational stage impacts on this property in this respect are considered likely 

to be neutral (see also Land Use below). 

A walled channel is to be constructed adjacent the site for the proposed new West Cork Arts Centre, 

this has replaced an earlier proposal for culverting at this location. The current proposal, while the 

river will remain open, will involve the construction of walls ranging from 1.2 m to 1.6 m high in relation 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-20 Rev. F01




to the level of the adjacent roads and car park, thus representing a change to the visual relationship of 

this area with the river. However river views will remain, particularly from the proposed cantilevered 

first floor and as the site is currently susceptible to flooding, the overall impact on this property is 

expected to be moderate, positive and long-term. 

Views of flood defences along scenic routes, such as the N71 towards Ballydehob and Schull, from 

approach roads into the town such as Mill Road and from central areas such as publicly accessible 

areas beside the Caol Stream have the potential to impact on the visual amenities of visitors. 

However, a high quality masonry finish is proposed to be provided where appropriate and 

embankments are proposed to be seeded with grass. Visual impact is discussed in detail in Chapter 

9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. 

Overall, a significant long-term positive impact is expected for the visiting community at operational 

stage as the risk of disruption to holidays and business trips through flooding of accommodation, 

restaurants and entertainment venues, visitor facilities and generally around footpaths and roads in 

the study area will be reduced. 


As discussed throughout this chapter, it is clear that a significant number of land uses within the study 

area will benefit from the proposed Drainage Scheme . These include residential, industrial, 

commercial, retail, educational, social and community, and amenity and recreational land uses. 

Given the number of activities and scale of lands affected, the reduction of flood impacts on these 

land uses, is likely to be a significant long-term positive impact. 

Where feasible the scheme as proposed will maintain open areas, including the existing flood plain, 

for the storage and conveyance of flood waters. It will provide additional and secured capacity within 

a flood plain to store waters in the event of a 1 in 200 year flood. Any displacement of flood waters to 

new areas is to be limited to the holding of additional flood waters in existing floodplains. No highly 

vulnerable land uses are anticipated to be affected. However, there could be impacts on agricultural 

operations at these locations. 

There will be some land take which will affect users of particular parts of the study area. Land take 

will predominantly be from public areas. There will be limited loss of public amenity however. 

At Upper Bridge Street, a low wall is proposed to be provided relative to the level of the boardwalk 

adjacent the town’s Heritage Centre (Ilen 4 – note levels provided in Chapter 2 Project Description 

refer to car park level as opposed to boardwalk); this will not impede existing views and the boardwalk 

will be replaced as necessary. The Heritage Centre will benefit from the proposed Drainage Scheme. 

Any land take of private property in this area will be limited as ground conditions in public areas are 

favourable. Furthermore, properties east of the Heritage Centre will also benefit from the proposed 

scheme. 

An embankment and wall is proposed to be provided to the rear of properties on North Street (Ilen 9). 

These structures will be carried out within the river bed where possible and channel widening will be 

carried out on the opposite side of the river. There may be some requirements for land take of private 

property at this location should obstacles to the current proposals be encountered at detailed site 

investigation stage. The exact extent will be determined following detailed site investigation; 

consultation will be carried out with the relevant landowners and compensatory measures put in place 

as necessary. Landowners in this location, where they currently enjoy access to the river bank and 

the amenity afforded by views of same, will lose this connection. However, these properties will 

benefit from a reduced risk of flooding. 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-21 Rev. F01




A small portion of the car park and planted area to the west of the library will be used for an 

embankment (Ilen 9), however a considerable amount of off-street parking is available in the town 

(e.g., former Mart site, rear of Super Valu) and a further car park is proposed at The Marsh. 

An embankment is proposed to be provided on the grounds of St. Fachtna’s de la Salle secondary 

school (Ilen 10). The use of the playing fields in terms of layout will not be affected by the proposed 

embankment; however access from the school buildings to the south will be impacted by the 

proposed embankment in this location, which could sever the built-up area of the site from its 

associated green area. It is noted that a new secondary school is to be constructed in Skibbereen, 

however at the time of writing this existing school is operational. The severity of potential impact is 

lessened by the fact that the site will cease to be an operational school however any severance may 

limit the nature of future uses here. In this regard, provision will be made for movement between the 

two areas of the site at detailed design stage. Overall, the impact on the property is anticipated to be 

positive in that the buildings will benefit from a reduction in flood risk. 

An embankment will be provided within the Skibbereen RFC grounds (Ilen 11) which will affect part of 

the existing pitch. The current configuration will need to be amended. It is noted that this pitch is not 

the sole playing pitch used by Skibbereen RFC. The RFC Clubhouse will benefit from flood relief 

works as part of this Drainage Scheme . Overall, there is potential for a slight to moderate negative 

impact. 

An embankment will be located on incidental lands associated with playing pitches accessed from the 

Marsh Road (Ilen 13); this will not however affect pitch layout or access. 

Some limited land take will be required to the rear of industrial premises on the Baltimore Road (Caol 

2); existing security fences will be retained or replaced as appropriate. 

An embankment is proposed to be constructed at The Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park site on the 

Castletownsend Road (Caol 4). Current proposals for an embankment have implications for the 

layout and use of the site. There are approximately 12 no. caravan pitches along the south eastern 

boundary of the overall site. Screen planting is also evident in this location which is considered 

relevant from the context of amenity of the site for users. The proposed embankment will be 

provided along this side of the property and will result in the need to locally alter the layout of this 

facility. This is considered a permanent significant impact on the operation of the existing land use 

in this location. 

An embankment is proposed to be provided along the northern boundary of the Showgrounds (Show 

3), which will change the current profile of that part of this site and while shown just north of the 

parade ring could have implications for the current parade ring layout and usage, along with impacts 

on circulation within the site. The embankment will be 1.5 m high above existing ground level at its 

maximum height. Given its location adjacent the parade ring which has also been used for trotting 

and sulkey racing, this may be of benefit to the owners from the perspective of its potential as a 

viewing area, if the embankment is designed in such a manner as to allow public access on an 

occasional basis. Notwithstanding that the entire showgrounds will benefit from reduced risk of 

flooding, and the potential to design this embankment to a standard suitable for use as a public 

viewing area, the predicted impact is considered moderate, negative and permanent given the 

nature and frequency of the usage of the site. 

A number of agricultural holdings will be affected by landtake by embankments. These include areas 

affected by works at the Mill Stream (Mill 1 and 2), River Ilen (Ilen 2, Ilen 11 (part of), Ilen 13), the 

Showgrounds Stream (Show 4) and the Assolas Stream (Assolas 3). This will impact on usage of 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-22 Rev. F01




these fields by the owner(s), as livestock will not be permitted to graze on the proposed 

embankments. While the embankments will generally be located on headlands as close to the public 

road boundary as possible, to minimise loss of usable ground for agriculture, there will ultimately be a 

reduction in the usable area available to the property owners. Stock proof fencing will be required to 

replace existing field boundaries and on areas where animals grazing can cause damage to 

embankments. Compensation may be deemed appropriate provided for loss of use of agricultural 

land in these cases. The land take in question is not considered significant given that the agricultural 

use of the areas in question does not appear intensive. Some of the land in question is poor in quality 

and may in fact be disused. It is considered that there is potential for a slight, negative, long-term 

impact. 

Structures to be provided along the Assolas Stream are generally proposed along property 

boundaries and are proposed to be provided within public areas. However, embankments are to be 

located on residential lands on the Baltimore Road (Assolas 5). These embankments are proposed to 

be 0.5m high and can be maintained as lawn however. The areas of garden to the south of these 

embankments will benefit from a reduced risk of flooding. 

A discussion on impacts on the future development of zoned lands through land take is provided in 

Chapter 5 Strategic and Statutory Planning Context. 

In terms of potential impact on access points to the river, the stepped access at Levis’ Quay will be 

unaffected (Ilen 7); impact will be neutral. 

The slipway north of The Flax Mills will be blocked off by a flood wall (Ilen 3); therefore any future use 

will be precluded. At the time of site visit, this slipway was roped off and there was no evidence of 

regular usage. The loss of this amenity is considered as a slight negative long-term impact given 

the likely levels of usage. 

The access point to the pontoon at the West Cork Hotel will be modified but maintained (Ilen 7); 

revised arrangements will be developed in consultation with the landowners at detailed design stage. 

The use of the river by anglers can continue; details of fisheries at operational stage are set out in 

Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna. 


Construction of the proposed scheme will be carried out in accordance with relevant health and safety 

standards. An inspection and maintenance programme is proposed. In this regard there are no likely 

and significant impacts expected to arise in relation to health and safety. 

Severe flood events can cause injury or death and contamination issues can cause illness. Dealing 

with a severe flood event and the ensuing clean-up operation and associated costs can cause stress. 

This can be particularly acute within a built-up area such as the study area, which contains significant 

resident, working and visiting populations, including vulnerable population groups such as the elderly. 

The reduction of severe flood events will be a significant positive impact in this regard. 

The associated expected reduction in the need for emergency plan mobilisation or use of emergency 

services during severe flood events is a positive impact, as is the reduction of the impacts of flood 

events on access to such services (i.e. the fire station and access road to the hospital are subject to 

flooding). 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-23 Rev. F01




Safety features such as ring buoys should be replaced in suitable positions where they are relocated 

during the construction process, and new locations considered based on any increased risks. 

Walls and embankments are to be provided within publicly accessible areas; however the urban 

environment regularly contains walls adjacent rivers and roads and other ‘climbable’ structures. 

Impacts are expected to be neutral. 

Expected impacts such associated with the reduced risk of flood events are expected to be 

significant positive and long-term. 

6.5 MITIGATION MEASURES 



No significant adverse predicted impacts on demography are identified. Accordingly no mitigation 

measures are considered necessary. 

No significant adverse impacts on employment levels are identified however mitigation measures of 

some benefit to employment levels in the area are set out below under Working Community. 



Significant negative impacts may potentially arise for local residents due to construction traffic and 

construction activities. 

Proposed mitigation involves the preparation of a Construction Management Plan and a Construction 

Traffic Management Plan. Hours of operation during the construction phase should be limited to 

normal working hours so as to protect residential amenities during evening and weekends as a 

general rule. However extended hours may be necessary in limited circumstances where specific 

construction techniques require same or extended operating hours will limit road closures for 

example. The Contractor will liaise with affected residents in this regard. A rationale should be 

provided for all incidences of extended working hours. 

See Chapters 10, 11 and 14 on Air, Noise and Material Assets for other relevant mitigation 

measures. 

It is recommended that impacts be mitigated through the publication of any proposed temporary 

circulation, access and parking arrangements in the local media prior to the commencement of 

construction, with updates as necessary throughout the construction process. 

In terms of residents specifically affected by construction works on or adjacent their properties, 

mitigation is required as follows: 

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-24 Rev. F01




• Detailed extent of area required for construction/storage purposes, nature of proposed works 

within private property and overall timeframe estimated for the scheme works as a whole to all 

landowners in advance of construction works. 

• The Contractor will employ a Community Liaison Officer (CLO) whose role, in part, will be to 

liaise with property owners to let them know about plans which may affect their properties and 

provide details with respect to timeframes etc.. 

• Reinstate all gardens/yards/driveways to condition prior to commencement of construction 

other than where changes are necessary due to the construction of or presence of the flood 

defence feature or unless otherwise subject to agreement with the landowner(s) in a timely 

manner. 

• Provide suitable protective screening where works are being carried out on residential 

properties. 

• Implement all relevant mitigation measures regarding the control of emissions such as noise 

and dust during the construction process. 


The local working population may be moderately negatively impacted upon by the construction phase 

in the same way as the local resident population. These impacts will also be mitigated in the same 

way by the adoption of good construction and traffic management measures and by the dissemination 

of information to owners and operators of places of work. Such measures should be identified in a 

formal construction management plan and construction traffic management plan as per above and the 

working community would also benefit from an organised information campaign on temporary access 

arrangements and proposed construction detail as described above regarding residents. 

See Chapters 10, 11 and 12 on Noise, Air and Climate and Material Assets for other relevant 

mitigation measures. 


Recommended mitigation measures considered necessary include: 

• Measures to ensure that the visiting community are notified of the construction programme 

through the local tourist office/ Fáilte Ireland website, with particular emphasis on providing 

information on any disruption to visiting anglers, cyclists or walkers. 

• Liaison with local accommodation and other visitor service providers and the carrying out of 

works within or adjacent such facilities during low season where practicable. 

• Implement measures outlined in a Construction Management Plan and Construction Traffic 

Management Plan, particularly where construction traffic conflicts with pedestrian or cycle 

routes. 

• Implement mitigation measures outlined in Chapters 7, 9, 10 and 11, Aquatic Flora and 

Fauna, Landscape, Air Quality and Noise. 


Construction activities may potentially negatively impact on the sensitive uses such as schools. 

Should the construction programme allow it, construction in the vicinity of schools should be limited to 

or concentrated during the holiday period. Alternatively, the implementation of a preparation of a 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-25 Rev. F01




construction management plan (including a construction traffic management plan) to mitigate against 

such adverse impacts should be prioritised. Similarly, phasing of works around peak user times of 

other uses such as specific sports facilities and seasonal tourist facilities should be considered. 

Regular updates and consultation with all sports clubs affected by construction works will be required. 

Town centre land uses would benefit from specific attention to vehicular and pedestrian circulation 

and access arrangements to commercial and social and community facilities within the CMP. 

Ongoing consultation with other land users specifically affected by proposed construction works will 

be required. 

In terms of river users, notification of local anglers and the rowing club of proposed works and likely 

dates should be undertaken. Key seasons of use should be avoided where possible in the relevant 

areas. Mitigation measures outlined in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna should be adhered to in 

relation to impacts on angling. 


It is recommended that a programme for the management and continued provision of life buoys in 

suitable locations and in suitable conditions be developed prior to the commencement of the 

construction programme. 

Appropriate health and safety site management and construction techniques shall be adopted during 

construction under the supervision of a PSCS in accordance with Heath and Safety Regulations. No 

outstanding potential impacts on public health and safety are considered likely. Other than the 

adoption of good site practices then no further remedial or mitigation measures are considered 

necessary. 



No adverse predicted impacts are identified at operational stage. No mitigation measures are 

required. 


Predicted impacts are predominantly positive. For the residential and working community, no 

mitigation is required provided plans to reinstate and landscape areas damaged or disturbed during 

the construction phase are implemented in a timely manner following the carrying out of the works. 

Impacts on the visiting community will also be generally positive. There will be some changes that 

could impact negatively on the amenities of particular properties; mitigation is recommended as 

follows:- 

• Ensure final design solution of flood wall and adjacent lands at the Heritage Centre replicate the 

existing standard of amenity at this visitor attraction. 

• Liaise with owners and operators of North Street properties where works are to be carried out in 

terms of impacts on amenities such as the terrace at the Riverside Cafe/Restaurant, and modify 

design solutions to minimise any significant loss of amenity at operational stage where 

appropriate. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-26 Rev. F01




Mitigation measures as recommended in Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 

should be implemented. 


Impacts will be generally positive, significant and long-term and the overriding benefits to the town 

are considered to outweigh any negative impacts. Significant areas of land and a wide range of uses 

will benefit from reduced flood risk. 

The overall flood risk management scheme involves secondary measures such as appropriate 

planning and development management in line with national guidance; new development on flood 

plains or areas susceptible to flooding should be assessed in line with national guidelines. This is 

inherent in the scheme and in relevant planning policy and accordingly no specific mitigation is 

considered necessary. 

However, in relation to some specific land uses the following mitigation is recommended: 

• Given the impact on the current configuration of the Skibbereen RFC playing pitch adjacent 

their clubhouse, ongoing consultation with the club is recommended with a view to ensuring 

that long-term adverse impacts on the activities of the club in Skibbereen do not arise. 

• Consultation with the owners of the Hideaway Camping & Caravan Park and a detailed review 

of the impact of the proposed embankment on existing operations and layout is recommended. 

Design modifications and/or appropriate compensation should be developmed or provided as 

necessary. 

• Stock proof fencing will be required to replace existing field boundaries and on areas where 

animals grazing can cause damage to embankments and any compensation deemed 

appropriate provided for loss of use of agricultural land. 

• Ongoing consultation with the Skibbereen Show Society is recommended. Design 

enhancements, modifications and/or appropriate compensation for impacts to current layout 

should be provided as necessary. 

• Ownership and status of the slip access at the Flax Mills should be confirmed and alternative 

access arranged to be provided or compensation provided for loss of access if appropriate. 

• Levis Quay (existing access will be retained. 

No other specific mitigation measures are recommended at this stage in relation to land take or 

severance; compensation will be payable to landowners where appropriate. 


The proposed scheme will be constructed and maintained in accordance with the relevant standards. 

No mitigation measures are required in this regard. 

In terms of water safety, a programme for the suitable placement of life buoys along the river on a 

permanent basis should be developed. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-27 Rev. F01




6.6 PREDICTED RESIDUAL IMPACTS 



The construction of the proposed development will have a slight positive short-term impact on 

demography due to the possible movement into the town of some construction / contractor related 

employees for parts of the construction phase. 

The generation of a number of construction jobs for an approximate 24 month period is considered a 

slight positive short-term impact. The knock on benefits to building suppliers and local service 

providers will reinforce this positive impact. 



Provided mitigation measures such as a Construction and Traffic Management Plan are put in place, 

impacts will be minimised to slight to moderate negative impacts, short-term in the context of the 

resident community at large and temporary for individual properties. These will be unavoidable given 

the nature of the works required and should be considered in the context of the positive operation 

impacts discussed below. 


Provided mitigation measures such as a Construction and Traffic Management Plan are put in place, 

impacts will be minimised to slight negative impacts, short-term in the context of the working 

community at large and temporary for individual employment premises. These will be unavoidable 

given the nature of the works required. 


Provided mitigation measures such as a Construction and Traffic Management Plan and information 

provision through tourist services are put in place, impacts will be minimised to slight, temporary, 

negative impacts. These will be unavoidable given the nature of the works required. 

In respect of fish angling impacts are likely to be temporary moderate during construction, however 

overall there will be an improvement to the channel resulting in increased usage once banks are 

complete. 


General access to land uses will suffer some unavoidable slight temporary negative impacts during 

construction. This is also applicable to access to the waterway from the four formal access points 

identified. 


With the adoption of proper and safe construction practices on site under the supervision of an 

appointed PSCS as required by Health and Safety regulations and the implementation of mitigation 

regarding water safety; impacts should be neutral. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-28 Rev. F01






Any remaining impacts on population will be long-term, significant and positive and impacts on 

employment will be long-term, moderate and positive as flood risk in the study area is reduced. 


Resident and Working Population 

The reduction of flood risk will have a long-term significant positive impact on the residential and 

working communities. There may be imperceptible to slight long-term (but intermittent) impacts on 

some upstream farming activities. 


The proposed development will generally have a long-term significant positive impact on the 

visiting community through the reduction of flood risk. With mitigation, negative impacts on specified 

properties in the tourist sector can be reduced to neutral or imperceptible-slight negative longterm 

impacts. 


The proposed development will reduce flood risk on a range of urban land uses within the study area. 

Overall, impacts will be significant, long-term and positive. Provided appropriate mitigation is 

agreed with the specified land owners referred to above, significant adverse long-term impacts can be 

avoided or the significance of these impacts reduced to slight or even imperceptible levels. However, 

where agreements and/or appropriate design solutions or compensation cannot be developed to 

address impacts identified, there may be long-term adverse impacts for some specified land uses. 

This is also applicable to the proposed loss of access to the river at the one point identified for 

mitigation. 


With mitigation, no adverse impacts are predicted. The proposed works will reduce considerably the 

Health and Safety risks associated with flood events and this is considered a significant positive 

long-term impact. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 6-29 Rev. F01




7 AQUATIC FLORA AND FAUNA (INCLUDING WATER 

QUALITY AND FISHERIES) 


RPS commissioned DixonBrosnan and Associates (Environmental Consultants) to prepare this 

Chapter which addresses the impacts of the proposed works on aquatic ecology, water quality and 

fisheries. DixonBrosnan had previously provided ecological input into the design process during the 

constraints and identification of preferred option stages (July, 2011) in order to assist the design team 

in identifying a flood relief solution with the least environmental impacts on water quality and fisheries. 

This chapter describes and evaluates the habitats with their representative flora and fauna in order to 

describe and assess the impacts that would result from the proposed drainage scheme. The chapter 

follows the structure and protocols detailed in Advice notes on current practice in the preparation of 

Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2003) and Guidelines on the information to be contained in 

Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2002). The classification scheme used in the NRA publication 

Guidelines for assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a Appendix 

7.1 Site Evaluation Scheme and Criteria for Assessing Impact) was also used in this report. This 

ecological assessment was carried out by Carl Dixon M.Sc. Applied Ecology and Vincent Murphy 

M.Sc. Ecosystem Conservation & Landscape Management. 


7.2.1 Desktop Review and Identification of Significant Constraints 

Desk top studies and walk over surveys were carried out in June and July 2011 and relevant 

ecological constraints were identified. These were detailed in a Constraints Report (July, 2011) and 

were factored into the matrix used to determine the preferred option for the drainage scheme (Multi 

Criteria Analysis Report, January 2012). This chapter assesses the impacts on aquatic ecology 

potentially arising from this preferred flood relief option. 


As statutory bodies responsible for Fisheries and Ecology respectively both the IFI (Inland Fisheries 

Ireland) and NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service) were consulted at the Constraints Stage and 

during the EIS Stage. Inland Fisheries Ireland noted that the Ilen is an important fishery for Atlantic 

Salmon (listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive) and that significant impacts on this species in 

particular should be avoided. IFI also stated that their preferred option was to avoid culverting on the 

Caol Stream due to loss of habitat and potential impacts on salmon migrating through any culverted 

area. On this basis culverting of this stream was avoided. In this regard, DixonBrosnan and 

Associates worked closely with the design team to identify a solution for the Caol Stream that would 

have the least impact on fisheries whilst also providing for flood relief in the area. An overview of 

consultation undertaken with regards to ecology (freshwater and terrestrial) is provided below in 

Table 7.1. 





Table 7.1: Consultation 

Consultee 

National Parks and Wildlife 

Service (NPWS) 


(IFI) 


(IFI) 


(IFI) 


(IFI) 


Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA). 

South Western River Basin 

District 

Date and Method of 

Consultation 

Phone call Declan O' Donnell 

(District Conservation Officer) 

13/6/2011 and 17/9/2012 

Michael McPartland 

Environmental Officer IFI 

Letter 8/4/11 



Meeting on site 25/10/2011 



Meeting on site 13/9/2012 

during preparation of EIS 

Dr. Joe Caffrey 

20/9/12 

John Redmond (Planning 

Department) 3/9/12 Letter 

Website 

http://www.epa.ie/rivermap/data 

Letter 27/3/2012 

Summary of Consultation 

Primary concern is that potential 

impacts on designated sites are 

effectively dealt with. No specific 

concerns in relation to local ecology. 

The River Ilen is an important 

salmonid river and assessment of 

flooding events should be on a 

catchment basis. Need detailed 

assessment of existing conditions 

and detailed impact assessment 

based on the measures proposed. 

Important that free migration of 

salmonids and in particular Atlantic 

salmon is maintained. Mr. 

McPartland expressed concern that 

diversion or partial diversion of the 

river could prevent upstream 

migration of salmonids if not 

correctly designed. The IFI noted 

that salmonid populations could 

occur within small tributaries and in 

particular the Caol Stream and that 

fish stock assessments of relevant 

streams is recommended for the EIS 

stage under licence. Minimisation of 

silt plumes during site works would 

be necessary. 

Primary concern is that culverting on 

the Caol would be problematic given 

that small numbers of juvenile 

salmon which were recorded on the 

Caol Stream. There could be 

impacts on migration and direct loss 

of habitat. All Instream mitigation 

measures which must seek to 

recreate as natural a habitat as 

possible and should be designed by 

a specialist with experience in this 

type of design work. 

Abisealy lake was surveyed in 

December 2011 and held a large 

stock of rudd and pike. No evidence 

of a substantial brown trout 

population. 

The primary issues to be addressed 

by the EIS are protection of water 

quality during construction, invasive 

species and potential impacts on 

Annex II species. 

Review information on water quality 

and ensure avoidance of impacts. 

Meet the objectives of the Water 






7.2.3 Field Surveys 

Aquatic Habitats 

As part of this environmental impact assessment detailed surveys were carried out in June, August 

and September 2012 to identify and assess the impact of the proposed drainage scheme on aquatic 

ecology. As walk over surveys within the overall study had already been carried out in June and July 

2011, the surveys carried out in 2012 focused specifically on the areas affected by the proposed site 

works. Habitats were identified according to the classification scheme outlined in the Heritage Council 

publication A Guide to Habitats in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000) and in line with the guidelines contained in 

Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping”, Heritage Council, 2010.The classification 

scheme used to define impacts is based on a classification scheme used by the National Roads 

Authority (NRA) Guidelines for the assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes 

(NRA, 2006a). This classification scheme is included in Appendix 7.1 Site Evaluation Scheme and 

Criteria for Assessing Impact. Where required, seasonal factors were taken into consideration 

during the preparation of this chapter. 

Fish Stock Assessment 

DixonBrosnan and Associates received a Section 14 licence from the Department of 

Communications, Energy & Natural Resources for an electro-fishing fish stock assessment. All bio 

security protocols as submitted to and agreed with the Department Communications, Energy & 

Natural Resources were followed during surveying. Sampling was focused on tributaries of sufficient 

size to support fish where it was considered there may be potential for impacts. Sampling was carried 

out using a Safari Back Pack electro-fishing unit. No work was carried out on the Ilen as there is 

sufficient available information available on fish stocks within it. The objective of the study was to 

determine the following: 

1. Presence/absence for all fish species including lamprey and European Eel in tributaries of the 

Ilen affected by site works; 

2. Presence/absence of Atlantic salmon within the Caol Stream; and 

3. Generalised assessment of value of all streams for other salmonid species. 

A fish Survey Report is included as Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report of the EIS. 

Water Quality 

As the areas of watercourse affected by site works are tidal in nature biological surveys of water 

quality (i.e. macro-invertebrate analysis and assignment of Q values) were not feasible. Similarly 

short-term chemical surveys are of limited value in accurately determining background nutrient levels 

in tidal watercourses where there are strong tidal fluctuations in water levels. It is also noted that tidal 

watercourses are relatively robust in comparison to their freshwater equivalent, due to increased 

dilution and due to the fact that habitats and communities must adapt to fluctuating levels of silt, 

salinity and regular changes in flow pattern. Although chemical and biological water quality surveys 

were not carried out, observations which were indicative of water quality status i.e. presence of 

salmonids, high silt levels and excessive algal growth were recorded where relevant. 





7.3 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 

7.3.1 Designated Sites 

There are no designated conservation sites within the study area. Thus the study area does not 

include nor is it located adjacent to a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Natural Heritage Area 

(NHA), Special Protection Area (SPA), National Park or Nature Reserve. The River Ilen flows into 

Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC (Site Code 101) which is located approximately 8 km to the 

southwest of the works area and this is the only designated SAC which could theoretically be directly 

affected. The qualifying interests for this site are summarised below in Table 7.2 (refer to Appendix 

7.2 AA Screening for full details). 

Table 7.2: Designated Sites Located Within 10 km of the Proposed Development 

Site Name 

Roaringwater 

Bay and 

Islands 

Qualifying interests 

Designated for: 

Large shallow inlets and bays 

[1160] 

Reefs [1170] 

Vegetated sea cliffs of the 

Atlantic and Baltic coasts [1230] 

Harbour porpoise (Phocoena 

phocoena) [1351] 

Otter (Lutra lutra) [1355] 

Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) 

[1364] 

European dry heaths [4030] 

Submerged or partly submerged 

sea caves [8330] 

Designatio 

n Type 

Site 

Code 

Approximate 

Location 

(at nearest point) 

Relative to 

Skibbereen 

cSAC 000101 8 km to the southwest 

No significant impact on the qualifying interests and conservation objectives for this or any of the 

other designated Natura 2000 sites is envisaged. 

See Appendix 7.2 Appropriate Assessment Screening. 

7.3.2 The Ilen Catchment 

The study area is located in the catchment of the River Ilen, EPA code HA20 The main channel of 

the River Ilen and several minor tributaries of the River Ilen, including the Caol Stream, run through 

the study area. The location of the river and an overview of site works is provided in Figure 1.2 

Overview of the proposed flood Relief Scheme. Further information on habitats and fish species is 

provided in the Fish Survey Report included in Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report. 

The River Ilen is a medium sized spate river with a catchment of 245 km 2 . The river rises in the hills 

north of Skibbereen Town at Mullaghmesha and flows north to south for approximately 23 km into 

Roaringwater Bay. The study area is located approximately 3 km upstream of the bay however it is 

strongly tidal. There is a large meander within the town which has formed a low-lying flat floodplain 

known as The Marsh. The Ilen is an important salmon, sea trout and brown trout fishery and supports 





a number of Annex II species including freshwater pearl mussel, salmon and potentially lamprey 

species. 

As this is a tidal waterway, walkover surveys were carried out at low tide, and as such the flow 

descriptions reflect the low tide appearance of the river. For ease of description, the study area has 

been divided into three sections. 

Downstream of JFK Bridge (the Bridge on Ilen street) 

Starting on the downstream end of the Ilen, adjacent to a public park on the N71 and moving 

upstream to JFK Bridge, the Ilen has a broad, shallow flow. The river bed is primarily gravel however 

high volumes of fine silts indicate that this section is mainly a depositing section of the intertidal area 

of the Ilen. Few trees overhang this section and those that do are associated with residential 

properties on the river bank. Bankside vegetation is a combination of marsh species and grassland 

species. See Plate 7.1. 

JFK Bridge to N71 Bridge 

Upstream of JFK Bridge to upstream of the rear of the presbytery, the Ilen has a number of pools and 

deep glides. The major pools are at the rear of the West Cork Hotel immediately upstream of JFK 

Bridge and at the confluence of the Caol Stream. These pools are in excess of 3 meters deep at low 

tide and are potential holding pools for migrating fish. The glide substrate consists of cobbles and 

boulders and provides suitable habitat for brown trout. This section of the river is relatively well 

shaded by immature trees on one side and a 3-storey building on the other. From the presbytery to 

the N71 Bridge, the Ilen is mainly an open glide with gravel and cobbles on the river bed. Trees are 

more scrub-like and thus do not shade the river to any great extent. As more light reaches the river in 

this area, more aquatic vegetation such as water crowsfoot is present. The stretch may be considered 

intermediate between depositing and eroding. Underneath the N71 road bridge, on the eastern side, a 

large area of estuarine silt deposition was noted; this is the most upstream example of significant 

deposition of estuarine silt. See Plate 7.2. 

Upstream of N71 Road Bridge 

This area contains a mix of riffle, pool and glide systems and is characteristic of an eroding river 

system. On the first bend in the river upstream of the N71 a change in the gradient of the river was 

noted with steep riffle. Upstream of this is a deep pool. Pools are also present between the Mill 

Stream and Showgrounds stream confluences with the Ilen. There are also a number of in-stream 

islands that have formed around protruding bedrock. Overhanging trees are present in this area and 

are mainly native species such as Ash and Sycamore though non-native species such as planted 

Leyland cypress and conifers are also present. This area upstream of the N71 may experience high 

levels of brackish water, but the main tidal influence is from water backing up. This section is of high 

value for salmonids. See Plate 7.3. 

The following works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned for 

the main Ilen channel. The extent of the temporary in-stream works in all watercourses can only be 

determined at the detailed design stage, following a comprehensive geotechnical ground 

investigation. More detail on these works is provided in Chapter 2 Project Description. The 

proposed works are shown on Figure 1.2 Overview of Proposed Flood Relief Scheme. 

• Approximately 1670 m 2 of in stream riverbed regrading works in the River Ilen at John F. 

Kennedy Bridge. 

• Structural works to bridge piers at John F. Kennedy Bridge. 

• Approximately 310 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the River Ilen, located in the 

vicinity of John F. Kennedy Bridge. 





• To the rear of the properties on North Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 260 m of 

embankment, floodwall and stone revetment along the eastern bank of the River Ilen. Working 

space to the rear of these properties is restricted. 

• To compensate for the loss of river channel along the eastern bank caused by the construction 

of the embankment, floodwall and revetment to the rear of North Street as outlined above, 

widening of the river channel over the same length of works is required along the western bank 

of the River Ilen. 

Plate 7.1: Ilen Downstream of JFK Bridge 





Plate 7.2: Ilen - JFK Bridge to N71 Bridge 

Plate 7.3: Ilen - Upstream of N71 Road Bridge 





7.3.3 Tributaries of the Ilen Affected by the Proposed Works 

A total of 5 tributaries of the Ilen at present will potentially be affected by site works and these 

watercourses are shown in overview on Figure 1.2 in Chapter 2 Project Description. More detail on 

these works is provided in Chapter 2 Project Description. The extent of the temporary in-stream 

works in all watercourses can only be determined at the detailed design stage, following a 

comprehensive geotechnical ground investigation. 

7.3.3.1 Caol Stream 

The largest tributary within the study area is the Caol Stream which rises in Lough Abidealy and joins 

the Ilen 250 m downstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. This stream has suffered from heavy pollution 

from sewage in the past (EirEco, 2007) however it appears to have recovered well and now supports 

brown trout throughout its length. Small numbers of juvenile salmon were recorded by the fish stock 

survey as well as flounder, stickleback, grey mullet and eel (See Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report). 

The lower section of the stream is largely enclosed by concrete walls with some areas shaded by an 

existing treeline. Upstream of the town the middle reaches of the stream are deep, slow flowing and in 

places choked with aquatic and emergent vegetation; these areas are suitable for adult brown trout 

and stickleback in particular but are of less value for juvenile salmonids or European eel. Higher up 

the catchment is Abisealy Lake which is fringed with reeds and is utilised at present as a pike fishery. 

A netting survey on the lake in December 2011 ascertained that it holds a good stock of rudd and pike 

however brown trout were largely absent. It is noted that although the cold weather may have reduced 

fish movements and thus the number of brown trout in the lake was underestimated, it is considered 

unlikely that it supports a significant population of salmonids (Dr. Joe Caffery IFI pers. comm.). 

A second tributary drains agricultural land (moderate quality pasture) in the eastern part of the 

catchment. Although slow flowing in parts and often overgrown it does have some sections of natural 

riffle-glide habitat which is suitable for juvenile salmonids interspersed with deeper pools which 

support adult brown trout. However as the channel divides into smaller channels, flows rapidly 

diminish. Spawning/juvenile habitat is confined to the middle to upper reaches. Small numbers of eel 

were recorded throughout the Caol Stream. 

The downstream section of the Caol Stream which will be affected by site works consists of tidal, slow 

flowing sections of the watercourse with deep silt and extensive macrophyte growth. Large parts of 

stream have been significantly modified with a straightened channel bounded by concrete walls. It is 

used by adult brown trout, stickleback and eel in small numbers and flounder and mullet move into the 

lower reaches to feed on a flooding tide. 

Instream works will be required for the Coal Stream and will comprise approximately 340 m of 

concrete walled channel between Main Street Bridge and Market Street. The sides of the channel will 

be approximately 1.2 m to 1.5 m high in relation to the adjacent road/carpark level. A thalweg will be 

provided within the channel to emulate the existing streambed features in so far as possible. 

Approximately 413 m of flood walls and 557 m of embankments are proposed along the banks of the 

Caol Stream upstream of Market Street. The channel in these areas has been significantly modified in 

the past as shown in Plates 7.4 and 7.5. 





Plate 7.4: Caol Stream 

Plate 7.5: Caol Stream 





7.3.3.2 Assolas Stream (Carrigfadda Stream) 

The Carrigfadda Stream (Assolas Stream) is a small tributary of the Caol Stream which is extensively 

culverted in its lower reaches. Upstream of the culvert, it runs parallel to the R595 (Baltimore) road 

and is heavily overgrown with brambles which in places form a tunnel, which completely shades the 

stream. There are some open sections; however the stream is generally shallow and flows during dry 

weather would be expected to be very low. Approximately 1 km upstream of its confluence with the 

Caol the stream swings abruptly southward under a minor road. No fish were detected in this 

watercourse, during the Fish Stock Survey (see Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report), however it is of 

sufficient size to support macro-invertebrate populations and possibly small populations of fish such 

as eel, stickleback and brown trout in pockets. A section of the Carrigfadda Stream (Assolas Stream) 

is shown in Plate 7.6. 

The following works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned: 

• An existing double culvert to the east of the Care Centre on Baltimore Road will be replaced 

with a single box culvert under the public roadway 

• Approximately 35 m of flood wall along the western bank of the stream, located along a 

property boundary. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.3 m 

high in relation to the level of the adjacent garden. 

• Approximately 277 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the stream, located along 

property boundaries. There is an existing wall at Lidl but this does not have sufficient height 

to provide 500 mm freeboard and it is therefore proposed to construct a concrete stub wall, 

approximately 450 mm high, on top of the existing bank through the grounds of Lidl. The 

remainder of the wall will be masonry faced reinforced concrete, approximately 1.1 m high in 

relation to the level of the adjacent gardens. 

Plate 7.6: Carrigfadda Stream (Assolas Stream) 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-10 Rev. F01




Plate 7.7: Millrace 

7.3.3.3 Millrace 

Directly draining to the main Ilen channel, this is a small stream with very limited flows which 

resembles a drainage ditch in parts. The lower sections are silted, tidal and overgrow. Apart from 

flounder and stickleback remaining in small pools as the tide recedes the stream is too small to have 

significant value for fish (See Appendix 7.3 Fish Stock Survey). As a precautionary measure some 

of the silted areas were checked for juvenile lamprey; however none were detected. A section of the 

Mill Race is shown in Plate 7.7. 


RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-11 Rev. F01




The downstream section of the existing Mill Race will be culverted over approximately 108 m 

upstream from the Mill Road road crossing, parallel to a local road, and culverted under this local 

roadway. The Mill Race will be diverted from its existing road crossing to this new crossing. 

7.3.3.4 Showgrounds Stream (Lurriga Stream) 

This shallow stream flows along the southern boundary of the townland of Lurriga from west to east 

and discharges into the Ilen River. The southern banks of this stream, within the study area, consists 

of a sports ground and the northern side is dominated by farmland. The lower reaches of this stream 

are brackish. Small numbers of brown trout and stickleback were recorded in the middle reaches of 

the stream during the fish stock survey (see Appendix 7.3 Fish Survey Report). Excessive algal 

growth in the lower reaches is indicative of nutrient enrichment probably due to the large number of 

cattle watering points within the stream. See Plate 7.8. 


Approximately two sections of concrete culvert, one 48 m of culvert between the River Ilen flood 

defence embankment/wall and the eastern side of the Mill Road, and one 15 m culvert to the east of 

Lurriga Road. The culverts will pass under the roadway. 

Plate 7.8: Lurriga Stream (Showgrounds Stream) 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-12 Rev. F01




7.3.3.5 Glencurragh Stream 

The confluence of the Glencurragh Stream with the River Ilen is located to the southwest of The 

Moorings Housing Estate on the Schull Road, N71.This is a small, heavily modified and silty stream 

which is of no significant fisheries value. A section of the stream is shown in Plate 7.9. The following 

works, which will have or are expected to have an instream component, are planned: 

Immediately west of The Moorings Housing Estate, it is proposed to construct a pumping station (PS) 

adjacent the Glencurragh Stream. Flows from the stream will be pumped from the PS to the River 

Ilen when the tidal influence in the Ilen channel does not allow the stream to freely discharge to the 

main Ilen channel. A non return valve will be fitted to the downstream side of the existing 

Glencurragh Stream culvert under the Schull Road. 

Plate 7.9: Glencurragh Stream 

7.3.4 Water Quality 

7.3.4.1 EPA Data 

The Environmental Protection Agency carries out a biological assessment of most river channels in 

the country on a regular basis. The assessments are used to derive Q values, indicators of the 

biological quality of the water. The biological health of a watercourse provides an indication of long 

term water quality. The EPA website, http://www.epa.ie/rivermap/data, contains information regarding 

water quality in selected Irish rivers based on surveys carried out by the EPA. The EPA Q value 

scheme is summarised in Table 7.3. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-13 Rev. F01




The intermediate ratings Q1-2, Q2-3, Q3-4 and Q4-5 are used to denote transitional conditions, while 

ratings within parenthesis indicate borderline values. Great importance is attached to the EPA biotic 

indices, and consequently it is these data that are generally used to form the basis of water quality 

management plans for river catchments. 

Table 7.3: EPA Biotic Index Scheme 

Q Value Water Quality Pollution Condition 

5 Good Unpolluted Satisfactory 

4 Fair Unpolluted Satisfactory 

3 Doubtful Moderately polluted Unsatisfactory 

2 Poor Seriously polluted Unsatisfactory 

1 Bad Seriously polluted Unsatisfactory 

Source: EPA 2011 

In estuarine waterways the EPA rates water quality as Unpolluted, Intermediate, Potentially eutrophic 

and eutrophic. The former two are considered to be acceptable estuarine water quality, while the 

latter two water quality ratings are considered as unsatisfactory. 

Within the overall study area, the EPA indicators of water quality are shown in Table 7.4 below. 

Table 7.4: EPA Q values for the Waterways in Relation to the Study Area 

River/ 

Approximate Distance from 

Location 

2009 Q Values 

Waterway 

Development Site 

Ilen Caheragh 9.4 km upstream on the river Ilen 4 - Satisfactory 

Saivnoise Robins’s cross 7.8 km upstream and 500m upstream 

of the confluence of this river with 

the Ilen 

Ilen Ballyhilly Bridge 1.2 km upstream of the of the study 

Ilen Estuary 

Timoleauge & 

Courtmacksherry 

area 

Lurriga crossroads to Horseshoe 

harbours on Sherkin Island 

4 - Satisfactory 

4 - Satisfactory 

Estuarine & coastal 

water quality – 

Unpolluted 

It is noted that water quality has improved in recent years and is expected to improve further with the 

completion of the new wastewater treatment plant for Skibbereen which is expected to be completed 

in approximately the next 2-3 years. 

7.3.4.2 Water Framework Directive 

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is a key initiative aimed at improving water quality throughout 

the EU. It applies to rivers, lakes, groundwater, and coastal waters. The Directive requires an 

integrated approach to managing water quality on a river basin basis; with the aim of maintaining and 

improving water quality. The Directive requires that management plans be prepared on a river basin 

basis and specifies a structured approach to developing those plans. It requires that a programme of 

measures for improving water quality be brought into effect by 2012 at the latest. 

Specifically the WFD aims to:- 

• Protect/enhance all waters (surface, ground and coastal waters); 

• Achieve "good status" for all waters by December 2015; 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-14 Rev. F01




• Manage water bodies based on river basins (or catchments); 

• Involve the public; and 

• Streamline legislation. 

(A) 

The Water Frameworks Directive assesses the water quality of rivers and ranks their status as 

follows:- 

• High 

• Good 

• Moderate 

• Poor 

• Bad 

• Yet to be determined 

B) The Water Frameworks Directive also determines the “Risk” level of a river as follows:- 

• 1a – At risk of not achieving Good Status 

• 1b – Probably at risk of not archiving Good Status 

• 2a – Expected to achieve Good Status 

• 2b – strongly expected to achieve Good Status 

C) The Water Frameworks Directive also sets out the future plans for the protection and 

restoration of rivers as follows:- 

• Protect 

• Restore – 2015 

• Restore – 2021 

• Restore - 2027 

The Ilen River, Ilen Estuary and Caol Stream have been assessed and classified as detailed below in 

Table 7.5. 

Table 7.5: WFD Status of Watercourses Within the Study Area 

Watercourse Status Risk Future Plans 

River Ilen, Freshwater 

section upstream of study 

area 

Good 

2a – Expected to achieve 

Good Status 

Caol stream Moderate 1b – Probably at risk of not 

achieving Good Status 

River Ilen Estuary Good 1a – At risk of not 

achieving Good Status 

(Source WFDI, 2011) 

Protect 

Restore - 2015 

Protect 

A fish stock survey was carried out at sites on the Ilen Estuary downstream of Skibbereen, as part of 

the programme of monitoring for the Water Framework Directive (WFD), in October 2008 by staff from 

the Central Fisheries Board (CFB) and the South Western Regional Fisheries Board (SWRFB). 

Overall twenty three species including, many rocky habitat marine species (e.g. ballan wrasse, 

corkwing wrass and two-spotted goby) were captured in the survey indicating good diversity. A Water 

Framework Directive fish classification tool, Transitional Fish Classification Index or TFCI, has been 

developed for the island of Ireland (Ecoregion 1) using NIEA and CFB data. The Ilen Estuary has 

been classed as “Good” (EQR=0.675) status using the fish classification tool (SWRBD 2008). 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-15 Rev. F01




South Western River Basin District Plan 

This Plan covers the period 2009–2015 and has been prepared in consultation with all stakeholders. It 

sets out the measures to be taken by all stakeholders and the tools to prioritise the application of 

available resources to those measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of the Water 


This Plan notes that:- 

According to the Environmental Protection Agency 2009 report on urban waste water 

discharges, Skibbereen is among the 28 agglomerations nationally requiring secondary 

treatment that did not have the required level of treatment in place and were non-compliant with 

the requirements of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Regulations. 

Section 4.2.3 of the Plan (New modifications or sustainable development) notes:- 

Alternative objectives can also be set in cases where certain developments may cause a failure 

to achieve good status or to maintain high status. This is subject to the developments being of 

overriding public interest and/or there being overriding benefits to human health and safety. 

Alternative options for delivering these benefits must be considered and all practicable steps 

must be taken to mitigate adverse impact on the water body as required by Regulation 33 of 

the European Communities Environmental Objectives (Surface Waters) Regulations, S.I. No. 

272 of 2009. 

The absence from the plan of such developments does not preclude them from progressing, 

but they must be reported to the EC during subsequent plan updates. Examples of such 

developments may include the implementation of measures such as flood relief schemes. 

Section 6.1.1 of the Plan (Land Use Planning) notes:- 

Any potential impacts from future development on waters can be mitigated by properly 

incorporating the objectives established in this plan into development plans to ensure 

sustainable development. 

7.3.5 Fisheries 

The River Ilen is fished primarily for salmon and sea trout with little active fishing for brown trout. 

Spring fish run the river from March onwards and there are good runs of grilse from June to 

September. The main runs of salmon can be expected in May, June and July and these fish which 

make up the majority of the catches, average 2 kg. (4-5 lb.) Later, towards the end of August and into 

September, there has been a tendency for what can be described as a late or autumn run to appear 

with some salmon up to 7 kg. (RIAC, 2011).Sea trout run the river from March onwards. 

There is a draft net station some 1.5 m below Skibbereen in the Oldcourt/Church Cross area which 

operates from June to August respectively. However this does not appear to have been used in the 

last three years. The total quota for the River Ilen for 2011 is 417 broken down into 393 for rod and 

line and 24 for draught net. (Steve Rourke River Ilen Anglers Association pers. comm. 2011) The 

River Ilen is estimated to have a spawning requirement of over 900 salmon. Some stocking of the Ilen 

with salmon was carried out by the Coomhola Salmon Trust in 1992. (EirEco, 2007). A large part of 

the river is managed by the River Ilen Anglers' Club based in Skibbereen. The season for Salmon & 

sea trout opens on February 15th and closes on September 30th for Salmon and on October 12th for 

sea trout. Although local information suggests that there were angling areas within the study area in 

the past, angling is now largely confined to the freshwater section of the Ilen upstream of the hospital. 

The loss of angling areas within the town may be due to poor water quality which prevents fish from 

holding in these areas (Steve Rourke River Ilen Anglers Association pers. comm.) It is noted however 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-16 Rev. F01




that both sea trout and salmon migrate through the study area and any impedance of their movement 

could impact on populations. The Caol Stream does support brown trout of in excess of 0.5 lb in small 

numbers, which could be fished for; however angling pressure on this stream is probably light at 

present. 

7.3.6 Rare or Protected Aquatic Fauna 

Lamprey Species 

Three species of lamprey namely brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri), river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis 

and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) occur in Ireland and all three species are listed on Annex II of 

the Habitats Directive. The aquatic habitats within the study area are tidal and as such do not provide 

suitable spawning areas for this species (i.e. gravel or cobble river bed substrate) or suitable habitat 

for juvenile ammocoete lamprey (sandy substrates that are rich in organic sediment). However as 

suitable habitats for lamprey exist within the overall catchment and in the absence of any definitive 

studies on their presence or absence, it is considered probable that this species migrate through the 

study area. Thus lamprey species could potentially be affected by direct barriers to migration or by 

plumes of silt which could also impact on migration. 

No lamprey were recorded during the Fish Stock Survey undertaken in August and September 2012 

by DixonBrosnan and Associates. 

Atlantic Salmon 

Atlantic salmon is listed under Annexes II and V of the EU Habitats Directive and Appendix III of the 

Bern Convention and is known to occur within the river. Although adults will migrate through the study 

area there are no suitable spawning gravels in this area due to its tidal nature. Salmon and sea trout 

will be passing through the study area virtually year round. However the quieter times for salmonid 

movement through the area tend to be during the period from January to March (M. McPartland pers. 

comm. 2011). 

European Eel 

Eels, which are considered under threat due to a massive decline in stocks, are present within the 

main channel and its tributaries (refer to Section 7.3 for records of Fish Survey) 

Freshwater Pearl Mussel 

Potential impacts to Freshwater Pearl Mussels are discussed in Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and 

Fauna. 


7.4.1 Construction Impacts 

Works within the riverbed could potentially impact directly on aquatic habitats, macrophytes and 

macro-invertebrate populations. Aquatic invertebrates may be smothered by excessive deposits of silt 

from suspended solids or displaced. In areas of stony substrate, silt deposits may result in a change 

in the macro-invertebrate species composition, favouring less diverse assemblages. Aquatic plant 

communities may also be affected by increased siltation. Submerged groups in particular are likely to 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-17 Rev. F01




be eliminated or stunted by excessive deposition of suspended solids, reducing plants ability to 

photosynthesise. 

High silt levels could settle on the river bed downstream causing damage to habitats and could 

potentially impact on fish health. Fish gills may become abraded by excessive exposure to elevated 

suspended solids level which can also lead to infection This may result in poor fish health and in rare 

cases mortality. 

A particular concern is that high silt levels from site works will coincide with low water levels in the 

River Ilen when fish are concentrated in pools downstream of the works being carried out. Plumes of 

silt, if severe, could theoretically prevent fish such as salmon and lamprey from migrating through the 

study area or may change the timing of migration. If for example fish migration is delayed or if fish are 

displaced, fish may congregate in certain areas which will make them susceptible to predation from 

seals and human poaching. 

During construction concrete or hydrocarbons derived from construction activity (e.g. hydraulic oil or 

fuel spills) could also impact on water quality. Hydrocarbons can be directly toxic, may become 

trapped in sediments and can affect gaseous exchange at the water surface reducing oxygen levels. 

7.4.2 Operational Stage 

Structures such as culverts, particularly if incorrectly designed, may prevent fish from migrating 

through them due to the flow pattern in the culvert or behavioral changes resulting from the imposition 

of a new structure i.e. increased shade etc if not appropriately designed. This can lead to a net loss of 

large areas of habitat as fish are unable to colonise or spawn within aquatic habitats upstream of an 

inappropriately designed culvert. 

Culverts and the bases of walls and embankments will directly impact on the substratum of the river 

directly removing habitat for macroinvertebrates and aquatic plants. Instream structures may change 

flow patterns resulting in loss of gravel substrate, increased siltation and may remove meanders and 

natural riffle-pool sequences, which are important for fish populations. Removal of riparian vegetation 

may reduce shade levels in summer and may remove refuges for adult fish. It may also destabilise 

the riverbanks thus causing increased erosion. This in turn may lead to a wider, shallower channel 

with fewer refuges for adult salmonids. Increased erosion may also lead to increased levels of 

suspended solids in the longer term. 

7.4.3 Cumulative Impacts 

If works coincide with periods of very dry weather silt plumes could have a greater impact on fish 

populations and in particular Atlantic salmon holding station in pools downstream of works. If this 

occurs during times of peak fish movement the impact may be worsened. Poor water quality due to 

excess nutrients or toxicity from oil or fuel spills could also increase stress on fish under these 

conditions. 

7.4.4 Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation 

The predicted impacts in the absence of mitigation are detailed below in Table 7.6 below. The 

classification scheme which was used to determine the value of habitats and predicted impact on 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-18 Rev. F01




them is based on the classification scheme used in the NRA publication Guidelines for assessment of 

ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a Appendix 7.1). It is noted that the barrier 

between the tidal and freshwater sections of the different rivers is difficult to define precisely. 

Table 7.6: Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation 

Habitat Type Habitat Value Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation 

Tidal River CW2 

(Ilen) 


(Caol Stream and 

Showground stream) 

Tidal River CW2/ 

Depositing river FW2 

Lurriga Stream 

(Showgrounds 

Stream) 



Carrigfadda Stream 

(Assolas Stream) 



(Mill Race stream) 

Nationally 

Important B 

High value C 

Moderate Value 

D 

Low to 

Moderate Value 

E to D 

Low Value E 

The overall Ilen catchment supports a number of 

Annex II species including Atlantic salmon, otter, 

grey seal (occasional) and freshwater pearl mussel 

(upstream of the works area). It is also a nationally 

important salmon and sea trout fishery. The section 

of the River Ilen within the study area is tidal in 

nature and as such does not support areas suitable 

for salmonid or lamprey spawning, juvenile lamprey 

populations or populations of freshwater pearl 

mussel. There will be direct impacts on the bed of 

the river due to widening, regrading, bridge 

maintenance and other works but no long term 

significant impacts on Habitats Directive Annex II 

species. The construction impacts are expected to 

be short-term and have the potential to be major 

negative in the absence of mitigation. The impacts 

are predicted to be moderate negative in the long 

term in the absence of mitigation. 

Supports a healthy population of brown trout and 

small numbers of juvenile Atlantic salmon were 

recorded upstream of the works area. The 

showground stream does support small numbers of 

trout but is considered of less ecological value 

overall. Works on the downstream section of the 

Caol Stream will reduce habitat quality for 

invertebrates and fish. However no significant 

impact on salmon migrating through this area is 

predicted to occur outside of the immediate works 

period as no culverting is proposed. The 

construction impacts will be moderate negative to 

major negative in the short term in the absence of 

mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to 

be moderate negative in the absence of mitigation. 

Supports small numbers of trout although affected 

by localised nutrient enrichment in the lower 

reaches. The construction impacts will be moderate 

negative in the short term in the absence of 


be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. 

No fish were detected in this watercourse however 

it is of sufficient size to support macro-invertebrate 

populations and possibly small populations of fish 

such as eel, stickleback and trout in pockets. The 

construction impacts will be minor negative in the 

short term in the absence of mitigation. The long 

term impacts are predicted to be minor negative in 

the absence of mitigation. 

Low value habitat overall. The construction impacts 

will be minor negative in the short term in the 

absence of mitigation. The long term impacts are 

predicted to be minor negative in the absence of 

mitigation. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-19 Rev. F01




Habitat Type Habitat Value Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation 



(Glencurragh 

stream) 

Low value E 

Low value habitat, heavily modified and silted with 

limited flows. The construction impacts will be 

minor negative in the short term in the absence of 


be minor negative in the absence of mitigation. 


7.5.1 Construction 

Works associated with the drainage scheme will be carried out under the supervision of a suitably 

qualified and experienced ecologist (for in stream works only, i.e. monitoring of suspended solids). 

Where possible, it is expected that the Contractor will primarily gain access from the river banks; 

however temporary working areas within the river channel may be required for certain works. Works 

such as masonry facing to proposed floodwalls may be carried out from a temporary working platform 

on the riverside of the works. It is expected that access to construct proposed flood defences which 

are located away from the river’s edge will be from the landward side in order to avoid any impact to 

the river, e.g. embankments. Where in-stream works are proposed, the Contractor will be required to 

enter the watercourse, e.g. regrading of the riverbed and structural works to piers at John F. Kennedy 

Bridge etc. During such works, machine movements in the river will be minimised. Where feasible 

works should be carried out from the river bank or platforms constructed for this purpose. 

Where access to the river channel is required, detailed method statements will be drawn up which 

deal specifically with the different works proposed. The method statements will be drawn up in 

consultation with the supervising ecologist and agreed with the NPWS and IFI prior to the 

commencement of works. 

Detailed silt control methods will be required for all in-stream works. Although Atlantic salmon move 

through the Ilen system throughout the year movements are lowest in the period from January to 

March. Ideally works within the main channel of the Ilen should be carried out during this period. It is 

noted however that weather conditions may preclude works during this time window. Any works will 

require effective control of silt and it is expected that a variety of methods may be required i.e. silt 

curtains, coffer dams, dewatering, silt sumps etc. 

Instream works on the Caol and Ilen and resultant silt plume should not, if possible, extent beyond 

60% of the width of the watercourse to prevent significant impacts on migrating fish. 

It is noted that due to tidal flooding use of silt curtains may be problematic and detailed measures for 

control of silt will need to designed and agreed with the IFI. A flexible, adaptable approach will be 

required to control silt levels and some restrictions on the timing of works (e.g. restricting works to an 

outgoing tide with silt curtains downstream of site works) may be required due to tidal factors if 

alternative silt control measures prove ineffective. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-20 Rev. F01




The level of suspended solids within the Ilen will naturally vary depending on seasonality, river flows 

and tidal influence and greater fluctuations would be expected compared with an equivalent 

freshwater ecosystem. It is recommended therefore that baseline data be obtained on suspended 

solid levels and nutrient levels within the works area of the Caol and River Ilen in the period prior to 

the commencement of site works. This data should be obtained from a minimum of twenty samples 

over the full range of the tidal cycle. Based on this data specific limits can be reached for levels of 

suspended solids and nutrients in the mixing zone downstream of site works which take account of 

baseline tidal fluctuations. These limits will be agreed with IFI and NPWS and incorporated into the 

detailed method statement for site works. Ongoing monitoring will also be agreed to ensure that site 

works do not elevate levels of suspended solids and nutrients above the set limits. 

Where possible, concrete works will be carried out in dry conditions with no in-stream pouring of 

concrete. It may be necessary therefore to effectively sheet-pile or cofferdam sections of the river and 

pump out the river water during the construction of the proposed works. If required, fish populations 

which become isolated will be salvaged via electrofishing under licence from the Department of 

Communications, Energy & Natural Resources and in consultation with Inland Fisheries Ireland. 

It is expected that most of the equipment used will be standard construction plant for a project of this 

nature, e.g. mechanical excavators, dump trucks, dewatering pumps, ready mix concrete lorries, pile 

drivers, rock breakers etc. All machinery should be maintained in good condition to prevent leakage 

of hydrocarbons. Fuelling and lubrication of equipment must not be carried out within 30 m of any 

watercourse. 

All contractors, sub-contractors and in particular machinery operators must be made aware of the 

provisions for protecting water quality as outlined in the method statements. 

Where possible, excavated material should not be stockpiled for a long-term period within 10 m of a 

watercourse. Where this measure is not implementable then specific silt control measures should be 

planned as part of the detailed method statement for site works in each specific area. Similarly bare 

soil along river banks must be prevented from collapsing or running off into watercourses. Mitigation 

measures with regard to invasive species are detailed in Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna. 

7.5.2 Operation 

All culverts and walls must be designed to minimise impacts on fish and macro-invertebrate 

populations. All culverts will be designed with solid floors suppressed by an appropriate amount to 

allow for suitable streambed material to be deposited and for a suitable habitat to be generated within 

a given culvert. As natural a flow pattern as possible under low water/ low tide conditions will be 

provided in channels affected by site works. The structure and flow pattern within culverts on minor 

streams will be designed to allow fish to move through them. The slope of culverts will follow the 

existing gradient and trash screens are not envisaged. No significant drops in level at the outflows 

from culverts are proposed. It is noted that as these minor streams are tidal, free movement of fish 

through culverts at high tide is expected to occur. 

Although local information suggests that there were angling areas within the study area in the past, 

angling is now largely confined to the freshwater section of the Ilen upstream of the hospital. The loss 

of angling areas within the town may be due to poor water quality which prevents fish from holding in 

these areas (Steve Rourke River Ilen Anglers Association pers. comm). It is noted that water quality in 

the River Ilen is improving due to changes in the wastewater treatment collection and treatment 

system. It is likely therefore that increased salmon usage of pools within the study area could occur in 

the future and thus the works should ensure that these pools are retained in the Ilen once works are 

complete and that the Ilen is returned as close to its pre-works structure as possible. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-21 Rev. F01




Input from a qualified fisheries/aquatic engineering specialist with experience in the design of 

instream structures is required into the design of culverts and the post-works flow patterns and 

channel structure. Such supervision is particularly important for works on the Ilen and Caol Rivers. 

The specialist in conjunction with the supervising ecologist will be required to visit the watercourses 

prior to the commencement of site works to assess the existing channel structure, fish holding 

features, substrate composition, flow patterns etc. Where feasible such structures will be incorporated 

into the channels following completion of works. 

Culverts will be maintained to ensure that they do not become blocked and impassable. 

Lands entered or disturbed during construction will be reinstated to their original condition upon 

completion of the main works. Landscaping is to take place following construction, in a manner 

appropriate to each particular area. In particular hedges and trees along rivers will be replanted, 

where feasible, using the same mix of native species as originally present. Where such planting is 

unfeasible replacement planting will be carried out elsewhere within the study area. 

7.5.3 Cumulative 

The works in the River Ilen and Caol Stream are expected to generate relatively high levels of silt. 

The lower reaches of these rivers are tidal and therefore a high level of dilution would be provided at 

high tide and the habitats downstream of works are quite robust. However cumulative impacts could 

arise where levels in the river are exceptionally low or where other stressors such as a pollution 

incident have occurred. In these circumstances there could be cumulative impacts, particularly on 

migrating salmon and sea trout. Where significant pollution incidents are noted or suspected or where 

water levels in the river are particularly low, works should be paused and only resumed in consultation 

with IFI and NPWS. 

It is noted that reduction of flooding within the town will have a net positive impact on aquatic ecology 

as high flood levels within an urban setting have the potential to introduce into the river a wide range 

of potentially toxic substances including sewage, hydrocarbons, household chemicals etc. 

7.6 RESIDUAL IMPACTS 

A range of site works will be carried out in the main channel of the River Ilen which have the potential 

to generate silt and although there is no spawning areas or particularly sensitive aquatic habitats 

within or downstream of the works, such works could impact on aquatic habitats or migrating fish 

including salmon (Annex II), lamprey species (Annex II), European eels and sea trout/brown trout. 

Similarly spills of hydrocarbons could impact on fish populations and aquatic habitats. Whilst the 

mitigation measures required to control silt must take account of tidal factors, the control of silt and 

prevention of hydrocarbon contamination is expected to be effective. Overall, and although there will 

be some changes in bankside vegetation, the structure of the river will remain largely unchanged and 

there will be no barriers to migrating fish. Overall the impact is expected to be localised and shortterm 

and is therefore predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Moderate Negative. 

The Caol Stream supports brown trout, eels and salmon and is tidal within the works area. The 

provision of a 340 m walled channel will impact on areas of the stream which have been significantly 

modified and thus is not of high ecological value in relation to the overall Caol Stream. However it 

does support adult brown trout and eel in small numbers, is visited by flounder and grey mullet and 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-22 Rev. F01




also salmon and possibly sea trout will migrate through the works area. The walled channel will be 

designed to preserve and recreate natural flow and substrate conditions as much as possible. Overall 

there will be a net loss of moderate quality habitat and generation of silt/disturbance during site works; 

however no significant long term impact on fish populations within the Caol is predicted. Overall the 

impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is therefore predicted under the NRA 

classification scheme to be Moderate Negative. 

The Showgrounds stream supports a small population of brown trout and as such is of local value. No 

fish were detected in the section of watercourse in which the culvert will be placed and water quality in 

this section of the stream appears to be impaired by upstream agricultural impacts. The culvert will be 

designed to allow fish to migrate through it and to recreate as much as possible the natural substrate. 

As movement of fish will not be prevented, fish within this stream are not expected to become isolated 

from the main channel. Overall impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is therefore 

predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Minor Negative. 

No fish were detected in the Assolas Stream (Carrigfadda Stream) however it is of sufficient size to 

support fish in certain sections. Overall impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is 

therefore predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Minor Negative. 

The remaining watercourses to be affected (Mill Race and Glencurragh stream) are small and of no 

significant value for fish. Overall impact is expected to be localised and long-term and is therefore 

predicted under the NRA classification scheme to be Not Significant. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 7-23 Rev. F01

Skibbereen (River Ilen) Drainage Scheme 



8 TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA 


In parallel to the assessment of impacts on aquatic ecology, DixonBrosnan and Associates 

(Environmental Consultants) were also commissioned by RPS to prepare this Chapter which 

addresses the impacts of the proposed works on terrestrial ecology. DixonBrosnan and Associates 

had previously provided ecological input into the design process during the constraints and 

identification of preferred option stages. 

This Chapter describes and evaluates the habitats with their representative flora and fauna in order to 

describe and assess the impacts which would result from the proposed drainage scheme. The 

chapter follows the structure and protocols detailed in Advice notes on current practice in the 

preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2003) and Guidelines on the information to be 

contained in Environmental Impact Statements (EPA 2002). The classification scheme used in the 

NRA publication Guidelines for assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 

2006a Appendix 7. 1) was also used in this report. This ecological assessment was carried out by 

Carl Dixon M.Sc. Applied Ecology and Vincent Murphy M.Sc. Ecosystem Conservation & Landscape 

Management. 


8.2.1 Desktop Review 

Desk top studies and walk over surveys were carried out in 2011 and relevant ecological constraints 

were identified. These were detailed in the Constraints Report prepared by RPS (July, 2011) and 

were factored into the matrix used to determine the preferred option for the drainage scheme (Multi 

Criteria Analysis Report, January 2012). This Chapter assesses the impacts on terrestrial ecology 

potentially arising from this preferred flood relief option. 


As the statutory bodies responsible for Fisheries and Ecology respectively, both the IFI (Inland 

Fisheries Ireland) and NPWS (National Parks and Wildlife Service) were consulted at the Constraints 

Stage and during the EIS Stage. The results of consultation with IFI are detailed in Chapter 7 

Aquatic Flora and Fauna, which assesses impacts on aquatic flora and fauna including water quality 

and fisheries. It is noted that there is a degree of overlap between this Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora 

and Fauna and Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna. The NPWS noted that otters, bat species and 

kingfisher are known to utilise the River Ilen catchment (O’Donnell pers. comm.). The NPWS 

database notes the presence of three protected invertebrate species in the 10 km squares W03 and 

W13 within which the proposed flood relief option is located. Freshwater mussels are not considered 

an issue as the areas to be affected are tidal in nature. Neither Marsh fritillary (butterfly) nor the Kerry 

slug were recorded, or are likely to occur. Four protected and Red Data Book plant species are 

recorded within the 10 km squares W03 and W13, namely lesser snapdragon, annual knawel, wood 

cranesbill and Killarney Fern. None of these species are likely to occur within the study area. Two 

locally scarce plants were recorded in the area in 1997; pink-flowered hedge bindweed and English 

scurvy grass (RPS 1997). None of the species identified above were recorded within the areas 

affected by the proposed works during the field surveys undertaken in June, August and September 

2012 as described below. The timeline and a brief summary of consultations with the NPWS District 

Conservation Office is detailed below Table 8.1. Further details on consultation is provided in 

Chapter 3 Methodology and Consultation and Table 7.1 of Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Table 8.1: Consultation 

Consultee Date Summary of Response 

National Parks and Wildlife 

Service (NPWS); 

Phone call Declan O' Donnell 

(District Conservation Officer) 

13/6/2011 and 17/9/2012 

Otters, bat species and kingfisher 

are known to utilise the Ilen 

catchment. Primary concern is that 

potential impacts on designated 

sites are effectively dealt with. No 

specific concerns in relation to local 

ecology. 

8.2.3 Field Survey 

As part of this environmental impact assessment surveys were carried out in June, August and 

September 2012 to identify and assess the impact of the proposed drainage scheme on flora and 

fauna. As walk over surveys within the overall study had already been carried out in June and July 

2011, the surveys carried out in 2012 focused specifically on the areas affected by site works. 

Habitats were mapped according to the classification scheme outlined in the Heritage Council 

publication A Guide to Habitats in Ireland (Fossitt, 2000) and in line with the guidelines contained in 

Best Practice Guidance for Habitat Survey and Mapping”, Heritage Council, 2010. Invasive species 

were also recorded and mapped. The classification scheme used to define the value of habitats and 

to define impacts is based on a classification scheme used by the National Roads Authority (NRA) 

Guidelines for the assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a). This 

classification scheme is included in Appendix 7.1. The presence of fauna was determined via direct 

observation or through observation of tracks and signs. Where required, seasonal factors were taken 

into consideration during the preparation of this chapter. 


8.3.1 Designated Sites 

There are no designated conservation sites within the study area. Thus the study area does not 

include, nor is it located adjacent to a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), Natural Heritage Area 

(NHA), Special Protection Area (SPA), National Park or Nature Reserve. Table 8.2 below provides an 

overview of Natura 2000 sites within 10 km of the study area. 

Table 8.2: Designated Sites Located Within 10 km of the Proposed Development 

Site Name 

Lough Hyne 

Nature Reserve 

and Environs 

Sheep’s Head 

to Toe Head 


Designated for the habitats 

reefs, large shallow inlets & 

bays, submerged and 

partially submerged sea 

caves. 

Important populations of 

Chough and Peregrine 

breed in the SPA. There is 

also a nationally important 

population of Black 

Guillemot and smaller 

populations of other 

Designation 

Type 

Site 

Code 

Approximate Location 


Relative to Skibbereen 

cSAC 000097 4 km to the southsouthwest 

SPA 004156 4 km to the south 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Site Name 

Castletownsend 

Roaringwater 

Bay and Islands 

Myross wood 


breeding sea birds; Fulmar, 

Herring Gull, Kittiwake, 

Shag and Great blackbacked 

Gull. 

Sessile Oak and Beech 

woodland with an 

understorey of Holly and 

Hazel. Designated for the 

species Killarney Fern. 

Designated for the habitats 

reefs, large shallow inlets & 

bays, vegetated sea cliffs 

of the Atlantic coast, 

European dry heath and 

submerged and partially 

submerged sea caves as 

well as the species otter, 

harbour porpoise and grey 

seal. 

Semi-natural woodland 

consisting of Oak, Downy 

Birch, Holly, Hazel, 

Sycamore, Beech and 

Silver Fir with a diverse 

ground flora including many 

ferns. Designated for the 

Killarney Fern. 

Designation 

Type 

Site 

Code 

Approximate Location 


Relative to Skibbereen 

cSAC 001547 6 km to the eastsoutheast 

cSAC 000101 8 km to the southwest 

cSAC 001070 8.5 km to the east 

Special Areas of Conservation 

The River Ilen flows into Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC (Site Code 101) approximately 8 km 

from the works area and this is the only designated SAC which could theoretically be directly affected. 

The qualifying interests for this site are detailed below:- 

Large Shallow Inlets and Bays [1160] 

Reefs [1170] 

Vegetated Sea Cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic Coasts [1230] 

Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) [1351] 

Otter (Lutra lutra) [1355] 

Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) [1364] 

European Dry Heaths [4030] 

Submerged or Partly Submerged Sea Caves [8330] 

At this stage no significant impact on the qualifying interests and conservation objectives for this or 

any of the other designated SACs outlined in Table 8.2 are envisaged. 


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 

The Sheep’s Head to Toe Head SPA is located 6km south of Skibbereen. The habitats within the SPA 

are mainly sea cliffs with sand dunes at Barley Cove and Crookhaven. The part of the SPA from 

Baltimore to Toe Head includes sheltered bays, estuaries and exposed headlands. Peregrine and 

Chough breed in the SPA. No significant impact on the qualifying interests and conservation objectives 

for this designated site is envisaged. 


8.3.2 Habitats 

A number of site visits were carried out throughout 2011 and 2012 (refer to section 8.2.3 for details). 

All habitats were classified to level 3 of the classification scheme outlined in A Guide to Habitats in 

Ireland (Fossitt 2000). It should be noted that some of the habitats are transitional and where this 

occurs they are placed in the category they most resemble. The habitats to be affected by site works 

are generally common and unlikely to support rare or protected species. No rare or uncommon 

species of plant were recorded within the areas affected by the proposed site works. A broad 

overview of habitats within the study area is presented in Figure 8.1 below. Notes on the specific 

areas affected by site works and the habitats they contain are included as Appendix 8.1 Habitats 

affected by the proposed scheme. An overview of habitats and their ecological value is presented 

in Table 8.3. The evaluation scheme used in Table 8.3 is based on the scheme detailed in the NRA 

publication Guidelines for assessment of ecological impacts of National Road Schemes (NRA, 2006a) 

(Appendix 7.1 Site Evaluation Scheme and Criteria for Assessing Impact). 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Figure 8.1: An Overview of Habitats Within the overall Study Area based on the initial 

constraints study 

* It is noted that the barrier between the tidal and freshwater sections of the watercourses is difficult to define 

precisely. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Table 8.3: Terrestrial Habitat Values and Predicted Impacts 

Habitat Type 


(Ilen) 


(Caol Stream and 

Showground 

Stream) 


Depositing River 

FW2 

Lurriga Stream 

(Showgrounds 

Stream) 



FW2 

Carrigfadda Stream 

(Assolas Stream) 



FW2 

Mill Stream and 

Glencurragh Stream 

Treelines WL2/ 

Hedgerows WL1 

Habitat 

Value 

Nationally 

Important B 

High value C 

Moderate 

Value D 

Low to 

Moderate 

Value E to D 

Low Value E 

Moderate 

value D 

Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation 

Measures 

The overall Ilen catchment supports a number of 

Annex II species including Atlantic salmon, otter, grey 

seal (occasional) and freshwater pearl mussel. It also 

supports kingfisher which is listed on Annex I of the 

Birds Directive. There will be direct impacts on the 

bed of the river due to widening works and 

disturbance of mammals such as otter and grey seal 

and birds but no long term significant impacts on 

Habitats Directive Annex II species or Birds Directive 

Annex I species is predicted. The construction impacts 

on terrestrial ecology are expected to be short-term 

and have the potential to be moderate negative in 

the absence of mitigation. The long-term impacts are 

predicted to be moderate negative in the absence of 

mitigation. 

Is used extensively by otter and specialised bird 

species such as heron and dipper. Works on the 

downstream section of the Caol Stream will reduce 

habitat quality for invertebrates and may cause some 

short-term displacement of otter and other fauna. 

However no significant impact on otter or salmon 

migrating through this area is predicted to occur. The 

construction impacts on terrestrial ecology are 

expected to be short-term and have the potential to be 

moderate negative in the absence of mitigation. The 

impacts are predicted to be minor negative in the 

long term in the absence of mitigation. 

Supports small numbers of trout and although affected 

by localised nutrient enrichment in the lower reaches 

could potentially provide feeding habitat for otter and 

piscivorous birds. The construction impacts will be 


mitigation. The long term impacts are predicted to be 

minor negative in the absence of mitigation. 

No fish were detected in this watercourse which 

reduces its value for species such as otter and 

piscivorous birds. The construction impacts will be 




Low value habitat overall. The construction impacts 

will be minor negative in the short term in the 



mitigation. 

Small sections of treelines / hedgerows will be 

affected by the proposed works. Where treelines 

adjoin watercourses they help to provide structural 

support for river banks, cover and shade for fish and 

food for invertebrates and fish. The construction 

impacts will be moderate negative in the short term 

in the absence of mitigation. The long term impacts 

are predicted to be minor negative in the absence of 

mitigation. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Habitat Type 

Habitat 

Value 

Predicted Impacts in the Absence of Mitigation 

Measures 

Scrub WS1 

Reed and Large 

Sedge Swamp FS1 

Horticultural land 

BC2/ Buildings and 

artificial surfaces 

BL3/ Improved 

agricultural 

grassland GA1/ 

Amenity grassland 

GA2 Wet grassland 

GS4/ Earth bank 

BL2/ Drainage ditch 

FW4/ Dry meadow 

and grassy verge 

GS2 

Low to 

moderate 

value E to D 

Low to 

moderate 

value E to D 

Low value E 

Occurs at various locations and species vary 

depending on ground conditions i.e. gorse on dryer 

ground, Willow where wetter conditions prevail. Does 

provide some cover and feeding habitat for birds and 

invertebrates. The construction impacts will be 

moderate to minor negative in the short term in the 



mitigation. 

Limited in extent. The construction impacts will be 




These are all common low value habitats within the 

development area. The construction impacts will be 




8.3.3 Invasive Species 

Two notable invasive species were noted during the site survey namely Japanese Knotweed and 

Himalayan Balsam. Both of these species are highly invasive and impact on ecology by forming 

dense stands, particularly along watercourses, and suppressing native vegetation. Japanese 

Knotweed in particular can be easily spread and is very difficult to eradicate and extreme care is 

required for any works where this species is present. Figure 8.4 shows the areas identified as 

supporting invasive species during survey work in 2011 and 2012. It is noted that these species may 

spread in the period between these surveys and the commencement of works. The distribution of 

invasive species is shown below in Figures 8.2 to 8.4 below. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Fig. 8.2: Dense Stands of Japanese Knotweed long the Lower Reaches of the Mill Race 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Fig. 8.3: Himalayan Balsam and Japanese Knotweed are Patchy Distributed Along the Caol 

Stream from the SuperValu Car Park for Approximately 400 m Upstream 

Fig. 8.4: Japanese Knotweed Along the Main Ilen Channel Downstream of John F. Kennedy 

Bridge 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





8.3.4 Mammals 

Otters 

Otters, along with their breeding and resting places are protected under the provisions of the Wildlife 

Act 1976, as amended by the Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000. Otters have additional protection 

because of their inclusion in Annex II and Annex IV of the Habitats Direct which is transposed into 

Irish law in the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations (S.I 94 of 1997), as amended. 

Otters are also listed as requiring strict protection in Appendix II of the Berne Convention on the 

Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats and are included in the Convention on 

International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES)(Guidelines for the treatment of otters prior to the 

construction of National Road schemes NRA 2005b). 

Although rare in parts of Europe they are widely distributed in the Irish countryside in both marine and 

freshwater habitats. Otters are solitary and nocturnal and as such are rarely seen. Thus surveys for 

Otters rely on detecting signs of their presence. These signs include spraints (faeces), anal gland 

secretions, paths, slides, footprints and remains of prey items. Spraints are of particular value as they 

are used as territorial markers and are often found on prominent locations such as grass tussocks, 

stream junctions and under bridges. In addition they are relatively straightforward to identify. 

Otters occasionally dig out their own burrows (holts) but generally they make use of existing cavities 

as resting placing or for breeding sites. Suitable locations include eroded riverbanks, under trees 

along rivers, under fallen trees, within rock piles or in dry drainage pipes or culverts etc. If ground 

conditions are suitable the holt may consist of a complex tunnel and chamber system. Otters often lie 

out above ground especially within reedbeds where depressions in the vegetation called “couches” 

are formed. Generally holts or resting areas can be located by detecting signs such as spraints or 

tracks. 

A previous report on the River Ilen carried out in 2007 (EriCo, 2007) observed otter foraging upstream 

of John F. Kennedy Bridge. The same report noted the presence of a known holt immediately 

downstream of the same bridge and the presence of a second holt on the western bank opposite 

Parochial House. The DixonBrosnan surveys carried out in June and July 2011 and June, August and 

September 2012 did not record evidence of Otters in these areas; however it is expected that Otter 

use the main channel of the Ilen at various locations. The only signs of otter recorded in 2011 were 

noted upstream of Curragh Bridge in the vicinity of the confluence area with the Lurriga stream. In 

September 2012 otter prints were recorded on the Mill Race 30 m upstream of its confluence with the 

main channel of the Ilen. It is possible that otters are feeding on common frog which was observed in 

this area and on fish that move into this channel during high tide. Given its limited size, the Mill Race 

is unlikely to be a critical feeding resource. Extensive evidence of otter activity was also recorded on 

the Caol Stream including spraints, slides and resting areas. No breeding holts were recorded in this 

area. These signs were noted in a defined area associated with a privet walkway running northwest 

for approximately 350 m from a caravan and camping park. This walkway is well maintained with 

bankside vegetation such as willows, alder, grasses, bramble, reeds and iris. On the other side of the 

lawn path is a line of planted immature ash trees up to 4 m in height. On the other side of this treeline 

is an area of marsh. These habitats in combination provide excellent cover and resources for Otters 

however no holts were detected within 150 m of the proposed works during surveys in 2011 and 

2012. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-10 Rev. F01




Figure 8.5: Locations of Otter Activity 

Grey Seal 

Grey seal are a qualifying interest for the Roaringwater Bay and Islands cSAC located 8 km 

downstream of the study area. They do move upstream to feed and have been recorded feeding on 

salmon in pools in the river close to the hospital immediately upstream of the study area. (Steve 

Rourke (River Ilen Anglers Association) pers. comm, 2011). Although there may be some minor 

disturbance of this species during construction works on the Ilen, it will be limited to the duration of the 

works. As this is a mobile species for which the Ilen this far upstream is unlikely to be a critical feeding 

resource, no significant impact on this species is envisaged. 

See Appendix 7.2 Appropriate Assessment Screening which addresses impacts to Natura 2000 

sites and their qualifying features in further detail. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-11 Rev. F01




8.3.5 Bats 

A bat survey was carried out within the study area (see Appendix 8.2 Bat Survey Report) in 

September 2011. The primary aims of the study were to identify any potential roosting sites and to 

observe general activity patterns within the study area. The desktop study did not identify any 

significant bat roosts within the study area and there are no known roosts of lesser horseshoe bat, 

which are listed on Annex II of the Habitats Directive, within this general area. The most downstream 

bridge on the Caol Stream has a small number of crevices which could potentially be used by bats 

however it is probable that the crevices under this tidal bridge flood and thus it is not expected to be of 

value for bats. None of the trees to be removed are of sufficient age or have the structural elements 

which would make them suitable as large scale bat roosts. 

The activity survey only recorded Soprano Bat (soprano pipistrelle) feeding within the study area. 

However it is considered probable that other species, particularly Daubenton's Bat could feed along 

watercourses during other times of the year. It is noted that the larger watercourses will remain as 

linear features although there will be culverting on minor streams. Soprano bat was the only species 

detected and activity was confined to the Ilen River. This adaptable species would be expected to 

adapt to relatively minor changes in channel structure associated with the works. The removal of 

bankside vegetation and possible changes in aquatic invertebrate populations may reduce prey 

availability particularly in the short term. However regrowth of vegetation and recreation of aquatic 

substrates will minimise the impacts in the longer term. 

8.3.6 Birds 

Kingfisher are known to occur along the river particularly in the lower sections (D O’ Donnell NPWS 

pers. comm. 2011). The 2004 EIS prepared for the Skibbereen Wastewater Treatment Plant (RPS- 

MCOS 2004) notes the following in relation to birds along the Ilen River. 

“The river is fished by small numbers of cormorant, while the edges are used by a few 

redshank, mallard and grey wagtail. Flocks of oystercatcher and black-headed gull congregate 

either where there are larger areas of silt or, in the case of the gulls, where side streams enter. 

West of the site, the islands were being used as a high tide roost by lapwing (45), oystercatcher 

(25), curlew (1), greenshank (1) and cormorant (1). 

In summer, the river would attract good numbers of swallows, sand martins, willow warblers 

and bats to feed on its abundant fly life. 

The marine part of the estuary begins some 2 km below the outflow and consists of extensive 

mudflats at Newcourt and around Inishbeg Island. There are small numbers of shorebirds here 

in autumn and winter, involving widgeon, knot, curlew and redshank” (RPS-MCOS 2004). 

In addition grey heron, little egret, lesser black back gull, common gull, kestrel, grey wagtail, dipper, 

pied wagtail, greenfinch, dipper, starling, jackdaw, chaffinch, mallard, swallow, blue tit, great tit, 

blackbird, rook, jackdaw and magpie were noted during the walkover surveys in 2011 and 2012. 

Although breeding of common countryside birds in habitats such as treelines adjoining watercourses 

is likely to occur, no breeding sites for more specialist aquatic birds such as kingfisher (listed on 

Annex I of the Birds Directive), dipper, heron or grey wagtail were recorded within the area affected by 

site works. Cormorants were noted overflying the channel. Modifications to the channels of the River 

Ilen, Caol and minor streams may increase turbidity levels and cause disruptions to fish and 

invertebrate populations in the short term reducing prey availability and may cause disturbance to bird 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-12 Rev. F01




species. However in the longer term the impact on birds is likely to decrease as vegetation regrowth 

occurs and the substrate and fish habitat within the channels improve. 

BirdWatch Ireland and RSPB NI have agreed a list of priority bird species for conservation action on 

the island of Ireland. These Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland are published in a list known as 

the BoCCI List. In this BoCCI List, birds are classified into three separate lists (Red, Amber and 

Green), based on the conservation value and priority of the species. The Red List birds are of high 

conservation concern, the Amber List birds are of medium conservation concern and the Green List 

birds are not considered threatened. Specific criteria are used to classify a bird into one of these three 

categories. Several species noted within the overall study area (cormorant, common gull, swallow, 

starling, kestrel) are included on the Amber List. Curlew and lapwing are included on the Red List. 

Little Egret is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Overall however impacts will be largely 

confined to short term disturbance and the long-term impact on birds is not expected to be significant. 

8.3.7 Other Vertebrates 

No other protected mammals (Wildlife Act 1976 & 2000) were recorded within the study area. No 

signs of badger were recorded and given that most of the area to be affected is urban/suburban it is 

considered unlikely that this species will be present within the area affected. Hedgehog could occur in 

the study area however no large areas of habitat suitable for this species will be affected. Other 

protected species such as stoat and Irish hare could occur on the periphery of the works area 

however again no habitat of particularly high value for these species was recorded. In addition these 

species are mobile and any impact would be localised and short-term. Common frog, which is also 

protected under the Wildlife Act was recorded in the lower section of the Mill Stream. This area will be 

culverted leading to a small localised impact on this species. 

8.3.8 Invertebrates 

Pearl Mussel 

Margaritifera margaritifera, commonly called the freshwater pearl mussel, is one of three species of 

large Unionacean bivalves found in Irish freshwaters. This species is known to exist in the River Ilen 

although no formal study has been completed (D O’ Donnell NPWS pers. comm.). Mussel shells were 

noted in the river during the walkover survey by DixonBrosnan in June 2011. 

A previous survey undertaken in 1997 as part of the Environmental Impact Study for the Skibbereen 

Northern Relief Road (RPS Cairns, 1997) carried out a survey for freshwater pearl mussel using subaqua 

equipment. No live specimens were recorded within the 1997 study area. The 1997 EIS also 

noted that the nearest known population of freshwater pearl mussel was approximately 1.2 km 

upstream of the current 2013 study area. The closest known location for freshwater pearl mussel in 

relation to the current study area is shown below in Figure 8.6. The habitats to be directly affected 

are influenced by tidal movements and the presence of significant numbers of this species within the 

study area is highly unlikely. Provided that there are no significant impacts on salmonid populations in 

the river (freshwater pearl mussel is dependent on the presence of salmon and trout as hosts for its 

larvae) no impact on freshwater pearl mussel is envisaged. Impacts on salmonid populations are 

dealt with in detail in Chapter 7, Aquatic Flora and Fauna; this chapter concludes that the long-term 

impact on salmonids will range from minor to moderate negative. Overall no significant long term risk 

to populations of freshwater pearl mussel is envisaged. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-13 Rev. F01

0 50 100 

Legend 

Historical locations for 

freshwater pearl mussel 

Flood Defences 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 


Wrpsgroup.com/ireland 

Project 



 

Issue Details 





File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0003F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

Historical locations for 

freshwater pearl mussel 

8.6 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 Mi0003 F01 











A description of the proposed works is given in Section 2.4 of Chapter 2 Project Description. The 

main elements of the works are described below and shown on Figure 1.1 ARSR. 

8.4.1 Potential Construction Impacts 

The contract duration will be determined at the detailed design stage. It is expected that it will take 

approximately 24 months to complete the works. Construction will require direct removal of habitat 

and although none of the terrestrial habitats are of particularly high value, there will be a net loss of 

vegetation which in turn will impact on birds, mammals and invertebrates. The loss of connective 

habitats and trees within the wider landscape could disrupt commuting routes for bats and birds. High 

levels of noise and disturbance have the potential to disturb and/or displace sensitive species 

including birds such as curlew and lapwing and mammals such as otter and grey seal. Instream 

works will result in a net loss of aquatic habitat for flora and invertebrates and the loss of bankside 

vegetation may have an ecological impact. Although the watercourses within the study area are 

largely tidal and thus sensitive receptors such as freshwater pearl mussel and spawning salmonids 

will not be affected, high levels of suspended solids during works could impact on aquatic ecology. 

Impacts on fish and watercourses are discussed further in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna. 

8.4.2 Potential Operation Impacts 

Once completed, areas from which vegetation was removed will gradually revegetate; however new 

habitat types may form in these areas. The Office of Public Works are obliged, under the terms of the 

Arterial Drainage Acts, 1945 and 1995, to maintain completed flood relief schemes in proper repair 

and effective condition. This may mean, inter alia:- 

• Clearing obstructions to flows from time to time, e.g., fallen trees, significant weed growth, buildup 

of materials likely to impact on the performance of the scheme; 

• Repairing and rebuilding structures (walls and embankments); and 

• Prevention of erosion/undermining of the completed works of the scheme. 

While the maintenance requirements of the scheme will be monitored and reviewed on an annual 

basis, it is envisaged that maintenance works would only be undertaken as and when required, e.g., 

on a six to ten year cycle. 

8.4.3 Potential Cumulative Impacts 

No significant cumulative impacts have been identified. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-15 Rev. F01





8.5.1 Construction Stage 

Habitats and Flora 

The removal of habitats will be kept to the minimum necessary and trees, hedges and bankside 

vegetation will be retained where possible. Where possible the amount of work to be carried out within 

the spread of trees, shrubs or hedges to be retained will be minimised. 

Any trees or hedgerows scheduled for retention should be protected from damaging construction 

activities by the erection of appropriate fencing. NRA guidelines on the protection of trees and 

hedges prior to and during construction should be followed (NRA, 2006c). 

The Wildlife Amendment Act 2000 (S.46.1) provides that it is an offence to cut, grub, burn or destroy 

any vegetation on uncultivated land or such growing in any hedge or ditch from the first of March to 

the 31st of August. Exemptions include the clearance of vegetation in the course of road or other 

construction works or in the development or preparation of sites on which any building or other 

structure is intended to be provided. None the less it is recommended that vegetation be removed 

outside of the breeding season where possible. In particular, removal during the peak-breeding 

season (March-June) should be avoided. 

No soil, spoil, constructional materials or rubbish will be stored or tipped and no construction plant or 

vehicles will be parked within the spread of existing trees, shrubs or hedges. The Contractor will take 

all reasonable precautions to protect, in the course of his work, any existing plant materials from 

malicious or accidental damage and will endeavour to ensure that no branches will be lopped and no 

roots over 50 mm diameter severed from growing trees without express prior permission from an 

Arboriculturist. 

Clearance of some vegetation will be required at and adjacent to the proposed works. A qualified 

arboriculturist shall prepare a plan of all trees to be retained in advance of commencement of 

development. 

Where possible, vegetation will be reinstated following completion of the project. A new planting 

scheme will focus primarily on native species which were removed by site works. When mature these 

new planted areas will function as replacement habitat for that removed. 

Invasive Species 

The invasive alien species Himalayan balsam and Japanese knotweed were recorded within the 

proposed works areas and wider study area and these species could potentially be dispersed 

downstream by incorrect work practices. It is noted that the locations noted are indicative of the 

current distribution of the species within the works area but should not be considered definitive. 

Although there are mature stands of Japanese Knotweed (i.e. along the Mill Race) there are also 

young plants which indicate that the plant may be actively spreading. Works may require access to 

areas outside the immediate works area (i.e. stockpiling material, storage of machinery etc) and these 

areas could support this species. It is recommended therefore that a pre-construction survey of 

invasive species is conducted prior to the commencement of site works. 

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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-16 Rev. F01




The Contractor shall also take every precaution to prevent the spread of invasive species (Japanese 

Knotweed in particular) encountered during the works by ensuring that all plant and equipment that 

comes in contact with these species (and soil deemed contaminated with species) are regularly 

cleaned or disposed off in the appropriate manner. The contractor shall be obliged to comply with 

The European Communities (Birds and Natural Habitats) Regulations 2011 which contain important 

new provisions to address the problem of invasive species. Whilst Himalayan balsam can be treated 

relatively straight forwardly with herbicides treatment of Japanese Knotweed may involve burial, 

bunding, herbicides or a combination of methods. Relevant guidance documents include The 

Management of Noxious Weeds and Non-Native Invasive Plant Species on National Roads (2008), 

Kelly, J., Maguire, C.M. and Cosgrove, P.J. (2008). Best Practice Management Guidelines Japanese 

knotweed Fallopia japonica prepared for NIEA and NPWS as part of Invasive and Managing 

Japanese knotweed on development sites - The Knotweed Code of Practice (2006) UK 

Environmental Agency. 

8.5.2 Otters and Grey Seal 

Evidence of Otters was recorded along the River Ilen and Mill Race and in particular along the Caol 

Stream. Grey seal have been recorded in the Ilen within the study area. Although no breeding holts 

were recorded there is the potential for site works to cause disturbance to otters and given the 24 

month duration of works a repeat survey of the Caol Stream and River Ilen is recommended prior to 

the commencement of works on these watercourses. 

The NRA publication Guidelines for the Treatment of Otters prior to the Construction of National Road 

Schemes outlines the mitigation measures described below (NRA, 2005b). In line with the mitigation 

measures outlined in the NRA guidelines a preconstruction survey will be conducted no more than 10- 

12 months in advance of construction. The objective of the survey is to ensure that no new holts have 

been constructed since the previous survey and to specifically check for breeding holts. It is noted 

that no evidence of a breeding holt was detected, and no active holts were located in the area to be 

directly affected. However if active holts are detected in the area to be affected, specific measures 

will be required. Removal of Otters or holts can only be carried out under a Section 25 derogation 

under the 1997 Habitats Regulations. In addition, derogations are also required for any works likely to 

cause significant disturbance i.e. blasting and piling when this occurs within 150 m of a breeding holt. 

Where works are proposed within 150 m of a breeding holt appropriate mitigation measures such as 

screening or reduced working hours may be required. It is noted that otters do not have a defined 

breeding season. 

There will be no blasting carried out as part of the proposed development in proximity to an Otter holt. 

Other mitigation measures may include timing of works to avoid impact on breeding females or young 

cubs which can use a breeding holt for approximately 21 weeks. Exclusion of Otters from holts and 

provision of alternative holts may also be required using similar methodologies to those employed for 

Badgers. If such mitigation measures are required detailed methodologies will be agreed with the 

National Parks and Wildlife Service prior to commencement of works which could impact on otters. No 

specific measures are considered necessary in relation to grey seal as this species would be 

expected to move away from sources of disturbance and won’t breed in proximity to site works. 

8.5.3 Bats 

Replacement of the trees removed will aid in minimising impacts on feeding bats. In particular trees 

along watercourses should be replaced with native species where feasible to do so. It is considered 

unlikely that any of the man made structures or trees affected by site works support significant bat 

roosts. None of the bridges, including the John F. Kennedy Bridge have, the necessary structure i.e. 

cracks, crevices etc to support bat roosts. However as a precautionary measure mature trees and the 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-17 Rev. F01




bridge on the Caol Stream should be checked for bats prior to the commencement of works. Where 

bats are detected mitigation measures including exclusion measures/replacement habitat will be 

agreed with the NPWS and carried out under licence. Any maintanance work carried out in the future 

should be carried out with a view to minimising impacts on bats. It is recommended that any mature 

trees felled should be left for 24 hours prior to mulching to allow any bats, if present, to escape. 

8.5.4 Birds 

As mentioned above under habitat mitigation the Wildlife Amendment Act 2000 (S.46.1) provides that 

it is an offence to cut, grub, burn or destroy any vegetation on uncultivated land or such growing in 

any hedge or ditch from the first of March to the 31st of August. It is therefore recommended that 

vegetation be removed outside of the breeding season where possible. In particular, removal during 

the peak-breeding season (March-June) should be avoided. 

8.5.5 Invertebrates 

No specific mitigation measures are considered necessary in realation to invertebrates including 

freshwater pearl mussel. The mitigation measures specified in relation to fish (Chapter 7 Terrestrial 

Flora and Fauna and Section 8.5.1) should ensure that salmonid populations are not affected as this 

could potentially impact on freshwater pearl mussel. 


The terrestrial habitats to be affected by the proposed works are not generally of high ecological value 

(i.e. minor to moderate value at a local level). No rare or uncommon species or habitats will be 

affected. Appropriate planting of primarily native species and natural regrowth of vegetative cover will 

minimise the impact in the long-term. Thus the impact will largely be localised and will not have a 

significant, detrimental impact on terrestrial habitats. Long term, local impacts will range from Minor 

negative for low to moderate value habitats (Horticultural land BC2/ Buildings and artificial surfaces 

BL3/ Improved agricultural grassland GA1/ Amenity grassland GA2 Wet grassland GS4/ Earth bank 

BL2/ Drainage ditch FW4/ Dry meadow and grassy verge GS2/ Reed and large sedge swamp FS1 

and Scrub WS1) to Moderate Negative for moderate value habitat (Treelines WL2/ Hedgerows WL1). 

Two invasive species were noted within the study area namely Japanese Knotweed and Himilayan 

balsam. There are considerable cost implications in dealing with Japanese Knotweed in particular. As 

this species can be spread via very small amounts of rhizome and is highly invasive, a repeat survey 

will be carried out immediatly prior to the commencment of works. Detailed mitigation measures will 

be required to ensure this species doesn't spread; however if these measures are implemented by the 

contractor no significant impact is evisaged. 

There will be a direct impact on aquatic habitats due to removal of substrate and vegetation with 

knock on effects on invertebrate populations in the short-term. Works will increase levels of turbidity 

and suspended solids which may impact on plants and invertebrates. It is noted however that the Ilen 

is tidal within the study area and therefore the habitats and species occuring downstream of the 

proposed works are relatively tolerant of tidal inundation and flucutating levels of suspended solids. 

Trees will be removed along parts of the bank; however replacement planting will minimise the longterm 

impact. Overall the impact will be Moderate Negative and no impact on designated sites 

downstream of Skibereen is envisaged. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-18 Rev. F01




The works on the Caol Stream will be designed to minimise these impacts by ensuring that flood walls 

are used where possible to ensure that light levels are maintained and the flow pattern will be 

designed to ensure as natural a flow pattern as possible. The base of the proposed flood walls on the 

Caol will be designed to hold as natural a gravel substrate as possible. This will allow 

macroinvertebrate populations to re-establish themselves and allow some recolonisation by aquatic 

plants. Overall the impact will be Moderate Negative. 

A small amount of habitat will be adversely affected by culverting on minor streams; these streams 

are of low value for fish species but do support invertebrate populations and some aquatic flora. The 

impact on these streams will be Minor Negative. 

During site works the noise and disturbance levels will increase and will increase the level of 

disturbance for Otters, particularly those using the Caol Stream which appears to be an important 

resource. However it is noted that otters using the Caol Stream will be adapted to a degree to the 

existing level of noise. Otters can habituate to increased noise levels and can be found in major urban 

centres. Given that the works will be short term no long term impact on otter populations due to 

disturbance is expected to occur. However it will be necessary to recheck for breeding holts prior to 

the commencement of site works. The habitat within the Caol Stream will be altered by the provision 

of flood walls and this may reduce fish populations on which Otters feed. It will be possible for fish 

such as flounder and grey mullet to continue to follow the tide into the lower sections of the river. 

Overall however fish populations within the lower section of the Caol Stream are expected to 

deteriorate slightly; this is expected to have a long term, Minor Negative impact; however given the 

large area of feeding habitat which will be unaffected, no significant long term impact on tter 

populations is envisaged. 

Grey seals feed within the River Ilen within Skibbereen Town and there may be some disturbance of 

this species during site works. However due to the short section of the Ilen affected by site works and 

the short-term nature of the works, no significant long term impact on this Annex II species is 

envisaged. 

Soprano pipistrelle were recorded feeding along the main channel of the River Ilen and the presence 

of other species, in particular Daubenton's bat, at other times of the year cannot be excluded. The 

works may cause a reduction in invertebrate populations in the short-term and the removal of 

vegetation may also reduce prey availability slightly. However the Caol and Ilen Rivers will remain as 

linear features within the landscape and commuting routes are unlikely to be significantly affected, 

also the slight reduction in prey availability is not expected to have a significant long term impact 

on bat populations. 

There may be a slight net loss of macro-invertebrate populations which may slightly impact on certain 

species i.e. grey wagtail, dipper and there will be some disturbance of bird populations during works. 

The loss of vegetation may result in the loss of breeding habitat for some common countryside birds. 

However no significant long-term impacts on important bird species are predicted. 

The reduction in flooding may favour certain habitat types, may reduce pollution and may reduce 

disturbance and loss of feeding habitat for some bird and mammal species resulting in a positive 

impact once works are completed. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 8-19 Rev. F01




9 LANDSCAPE & VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 


This Chapter examines the potential landscape and visual impact of the proposed development on 

Skibbereen and its environs. 

This chapter seeks to:- 

a) Establish the baseline conditions - 

Record and analyse the existing character, quality and sensitivity of the landscape and visual 

resource. This should include elements of the landscape such as; 

• Landform; 

• Land cover including the vegetation, the slopes, drainage, etc; 

• Landscape character; 

• Current landscape designations and planning policies; and 

• Site visibility, comprising short, medium and long distance views. 

b) Analyse baseline conditions - 

Comment on the scale, character, condition and the importance of the baseline landscape, its 

sensitivity to change and the enhancement potential where possible. 

A visual analysis (illustrated by photographic material) describing characteristics which may be 

of relevance to the impact of the design and to the method of mitigation. 

c) Describe the development. 

d) Identify the Impacts of the Development on the Landscape and Visual Resource:- 

Identify the landscape and visual impacts of the development at different stages of its life cycle, 

including: 

• Direct & indirect landscape impacts of the development on the landscape of the site and 

the surrounding area; and 

• Visual impacts including: the extent of potential visibility; the view and viewers affected; 

the degree of visual intrusion; the distance of views; and resultant impacts upon the 

character and quality of views. 

e) Assess the significance of the landscape and visual impacts in terms of the sensitivity of the 

landscape and visual resource, including the nature and magnitude of the impact. 

f) Detail measures proposed to mitigate significant residual detrimental landscape and visual 

impacts and assess their effectiveness. 

g) Assess the ability of the landscape and visual resource to absorb the proposed development. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 






9.2.1 Introduction 

Methods used in this assessment have been developed by RPS and are derived from the DoEHLG 

“Landscape and Landscape Assessment” (June 2000) and ‘Guidelines for Landscape and Visual 

Impact Assessment’ (GLVIA) by The Landscape Institute and Institute of Environmental Management 

and Assessment (2002). These documents recommend baseline studies to describe, classify and 

evaluate the existing landscape and visual resource focusing on its sensitivity and ability to 

accommodate change. The guidelines are not intended as a prescriptive set of rules but rather offer 

best practice methods and techniques of Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA). The 

existing landscape and visual context of the study area was established through a process of desktop 

study, site survey work (Winter 2012) and photographic surveys. The proposal was then applied to 

the baseline conditions to allow the identification of potential impacts, prediction of their magnitude 

and assessment of their significance. Mitigation can then be identified to reduce as far as possible 

any residual potential landscape and visual impacts. 

9.2.2 Landscape Assessment Criteria and Terminology 

The following section describes the criteria and terminology used for during the landscape 

assessment. 

Landscape Quality 

For the purpose of this assessment, landscape quality is categorised as:- 

• Exceptional Quality - Areas of especially high quality acknowledged through designation as 

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty or other landscape based sensitive areas. A landscape 

that is significant within the wider region or at a national level; 

• High Quality - Areas that have a very strong beneficial character with valued and consistent 

distinctive features that give the landscape unity, richness and harmony. A landscape that is 

significant within the district; 

• Medium Quality - Areas that exhibit beneficial character but which may have evidence of 

alteration/degradation or erosion of features resulting in a less distinctive landscape. May be of 

some local landscape significance with some beneficial recognisable structure; and 

• Low Quality - Areas that are generally negative in character, degraded and in poor condition. 

No distinctive beneficial characteristics and with little or no structure. Scope for beneficial 

enhancement. 

Landscape Sensitivity 

Landscape sensitivity to the type of development proposed is defined as follows:- 

• High Sensitivity: High visual quality landscape with highly valued or unique characteristics 

susceptible to relatively small changes. 

• Medium Sensitivity: Medium visual quality landscape with moderately valued characteristics 

reasonably tolerant of changes. 

• Low Sensitivity: Low visual quality landscape with common characteristics capable of absorbing 

substantial change. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Magnitude of Landscape Resource Change 

Direct resource changes on the landscape character of the study area are brought about by the 

introduction of the proposal and its effects on the key landscape characteristics. The following 

categories and criteria have been used:- 

• High magnitude: Total loss or alteration to key elements of the landscape character which 

result in fundamental and/or permanent long-term change. 

• Medium magnitude: Partial or noticeable loss of elements of the landscape character and/ or 

medium-term change. 

• Low magnitude: Minor alteration to elements of the landscape character and/or short-term/ 

temporary change. 

• No Change: No change to landscape character. 

Significance of Landscape Impact 

The level of significance of effect on landscape is a product of landscape sensitivity and the 

magnitude of alteration in landscape resource. Where landscape sensitivity has been predicted as 

high and the magnitude of change as high or medium the resultant impact will be significant in terms 

of EIA Regulations. This is illustrated in Table 9.1 below. 

Table 9.1: Significance of Landscape Impact 

Magnitude of Landscape 

Resource Change 

Landscape Sensitivity 

Low Medium High 

No Change No Change No Change No Change 

Low Slight Slight/Moderate Moderate 

Medium Slight/Moderate Moderate Moderate/Substantial 

High Moderate Moderate/Substantial Substantial 

Landscape Assessment Definitions 

• Landscape Resource: The combination of elements that contribute to landscape context, 

character and value. 

• Landscape Value: The relative value or importance attached to a landscape that expresses 

national or local consensus because of intrinsic characteristics. 

• Landscape Character: The distinct and homogenous pattern that occurs in the landscape 

reflecting geology, landform, soils, vegetation and man’s impact 

9.2.3 Visual Assessment Criteria and Terminology 

The following text describes the key criteria and terminology used in the visual assessment. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





Viewer Sensitivity 

Viewer sensitivity is a combination of the sensitivity of the human receptor (i.e. resident; commuter, 

tourist; walker; recreationist, or worker) and viewpoint type or location (i.e. house, workplace, leisure 

venue, local beauty spot, scenic viewpoint, commuter route, tourist route or walkers’ route). 

Sensitivity can be defined as follows:- 

• High sensitivity: e.g., users of an outdoor recreation feature which focuses on the landscape; 

valued views enjoyed by the community; tourist visitors to scenic viewpoint. 

• Medium sensitivity: e.g., users of outdoor sport or recreation which do not offer or focus 

attention on landscape; tourist travellers. 

• Low sensitivity: e.g., regular commuters, people at place of work (excluding outdoor recreation). 

Magnitude of Visual Resource Change 

The magnitude of alteration in visual resource or amenity results from the scale of change in the view 

with respect to the loss or addition of features in the view and changes in the view composition, 

including proportion of the view occupied by the proposed development. Distance and duration of 

view must be considered. Other vertical features in the landscape and the backdrop to the 

development will all influence the magnitude of visual resource change. This can be defined as 

follows:- 

• High magnitude: Where changes to the view significantly alter (negative or beneficial) the 

overall scene or cause some alteration to the view for a significant length of time. 

• Medium magnitude: Where some changes occur (negative or beneficial) in the view, but not for 

a substantial part of the view and/or for a substantial length of time. 

• Low magnitude: Where only a minor alteration to the view occurs (negative or beneficial) and/or 

not for a significant length of time. 

• No change: No discernible deterioration or improvement in the existing view. 

Significance of Visual Impact 

Significance of visual impact is defined on a project by project basis. The principal criteria for 

determining significance are magnitude and sensitivity of the receptor. A higher level of significance 

is generally attached to large scale or substantial effects on sensitive receptors. 

Where visual sensitivity has been predicted as high or medium, and the magnitude of change as high, 

the resultant impact will be significant. Where the magnitude of change has been predicted as high 

and the visual sensitivity has been predicted as high or medium then the resultant impact will be 

significant in terms of EIA Regulations. 

Table 9.2 illustrates significance of visual impact as a correlation between viewer sensitivity and 

visual resource change magnitude. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 


River Ilen 

HWM 

Cemetery 

Abbeystrowry 

Cemetery 

Area Under Development 

16 

20 

15 

21 

5 

26 


Inis Álainn 

36 

25 

37 

40 

9 

1 2 

15 

Newbridge Park 

HWM 

HWM 

Area under development 

14 

Glencurragh 

9 

8 

6 

5 

Abhainn Beag 

2 

1 

Mardyke Park 

Coronea 

Drive 

UND 

FF 

River Ilen 

61 

2 

1 

31 

School 

32 

8 

46 

9 

45 

The Mills 

30 

Town View 

19 

FF 

FW 

23 

Castle 

CR 

38 

43 

37 

27 28 

2 

1 

Hawthorns 

Woodley 

10 

Pound Hill 

1 

2 

Area under 

construction 

Ardcarrig 

CR 

10 

24 23 

28 

CF 

15 

CS 

25 

22 

CS 

Gortnaclohy 

Reservoir 

Russagh Corn Mill 

UND 

Gortnaclohy 

We l 

CS 

CS 

CF 

CS 

UND 

CS 

CS 

CF 

CF 

CS 

FF 

 

DERREENDANGAN 

 

Zone of Visual Influence 

CURRAGH 

LURRIGA 

N71 

ABBEYSTROWRY 

1 2 

11 12 

Gortnaclohy Drive 

DEELISH 

ED SKIBBEREEN 

CORONEA 

24 26 

Issue Details 

Drawn: 

AS 

Project No. NI 1368 

Chkd: 

SM 

File Ref. 

GORTNACLOGHY 

Appd: RH 

Date: 01/03/2013 

Scale: NTS 

XXXX 

Drawing No. 

NI1368/1.1 

Rev. 

F01 

Elmwood House 

74 Boucher Road 

Belfast 

BT12 6RZ 

T: +4428 9066 7914 

F: +4428 9066 8286 

www.rpsgroup.com/ireland 

19 15 

Area under construction 

CARRIGFADDA 

MALLAVONEA 

UND 

R596 

Project: 



Title: Zone of Visual Influence 

Figure Number: 

9.1




Table 9.2: Significance of Visual Impact 

Visual Resource 

Change Magnitude 

Visual Sensitivity 

Low Medium High 

No Change No Change No Change No Change 

Low Slight Slight/Moderate Moderate 

Medium Slight/Moderate Moderate Moderate/Substantial 

High Moderate Moderate/Substantial Substantial 

Beneficial effects upon receptors may also result from a change to the view. These may be through 

the removal of negative features or visual detractors, or through the addition of well-designed 

elements, which add to the visual experience in a complementary, beneficial and stimulating manner. 

Visual Assessment Definitions 

Visual Quality: Although the interpretation of viewers’ experience can have preferential and subjective 

components, there is generally clear public agreement that the visual resources of certain landscapes 

have high visual quality. The visual quality of a landscape will reflect the physical state of the repair of 

individual features or elements. 

Visual Resources: The visual resources of the landscape are the stimuli upon which actual visual 

experience is based. They are a combination of visual character and visual quality. 

Visual Character: When a viewer experiences the visual environment, it is not observed as one 

aspect at a time, but rather as an integrated whole. The viewer’s visual understanding of an area is 

based on the visual character of elements and aspects and the relationships between them. 

Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) 

The ZVI is the area within which views of the site and/or the development can be obtained. The 

extent of the ZVI is determined primarily by the topography of the area. The ZVI is then refined by 

field studies to indicate where relevant forestry, woodlands, hedges or other local features obscure 

visibility from the main roads, local viewpoints/landmarks and/or significant settlements. The ZVI is 

illustrated in Figure 9.1. As the proposed development is located within Skibbereen Town the ZVI is 

predominantly defined by buildings. 

Using terrain-modelling techniques combined with the proposed development specification, a map is 

created to show areas from where the proposed development would theoretically be seen. A worst 

case scenario is taken in line with Landscape Institute guidelines. 

The actual visual impacts within the ZVI have been described in later sections of this chapter. 

Photographs & Photomontages 

Photographs and photomontages have been prepared for selected representative viewpoints 

throughout the study area as indicated in Figure 9.2 and illustrated in section 9.4.2.4 below. 

Viewpoints are chosen to give a typical representative sample of views of the proposal within the 

landscape using the parameters of distance and direction of view. Viewpoints frequented by 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 


Scale: 

NTS 

Appd: 

Chkd: 

Issue Details 

Drawn: 

Rev. 

File Ref. 

Date: 01/03/2013 

RH 

AS 

F01 

SM 

Project No. NI 1368 

Drawing No. 

NI1368/1.1 

XXXX 

 

Elmwood House 

74 Boucher Road 

Belfast 

BT12 6RZ 

T: +4428 9066 7914 

F: +4428 9066 8286 

www.rpsgroup.com/ireland 



Glencurragh 

CURRAGH 

14 1 

HWM 

HWM 

28 



26 

20 

25 

15 

16 

21 


LURRIGA 

Tank 

River Ilen 

5 

Abhainn Beag 

2 

6 

1 

9 

8 

14 

Coronea 

Drive 

Mardyke Park 

19 

15 


38 

15 

1 2 

9 

40 

37 

Inis Álainn 

36 

CORONEA 

5 

1 2 

Cemetery 

Abbeystrowry 

Cemetery 

HWM 

UND 

CS 

CS 

CF 

CR 

R596 

Woodley 

CR 

Town View 

UND 

FF 

UND 

Reservoir 

Gortnaclohy 

GORTNACLOGHY 

22 

25 

construction 

Area under 

Hawthorns 

27 28 

11 

12 

10 

2 

Pound Hill 

1 

2 

1 

10 

Ardcarrig 

23 

24 

15 

28 


38 

37 

24 26 

43 

23 

19 

The Mills 

9 

45 

46 

8 

32 

61 

31 

1 

2 

Castle 

30 

CARRIGFADDA 

School 

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Title: 

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Figure Number: 




9.2




members of the public such as public rights of way, car parks and popular viewpoints are usually 

chosen, along with views from nearby settlements. 

Photographs from each viewpoint location are taken covering an arc of view matching that of the 

visual extent of the development. 

9.3 RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT 

9.3.1 Scale and Character 

Landscape character is generally determined by physical factors such as landform and land cover 

including topography, water, vegetation and settlements. 

Historically the River Ilen has not been regarded as a landscape attribute and has had little influence 

on the streetscape of the town. Many buildings are designed to have their rear or side facades next to 

the river. Frequently the banks are overgrown and the riverside is hidden from view. At other locations 

there are stone walls and embankments. 

The study area includes the built form of Skibbereen Town centre that consists of a mixed use 

residential, commercial, light industrial and open space uses. 

All of the active open space within the town is located north of the Ilen River and north of the N71. 

The only area of open space located south of the Ilen River is that elevated area known as The Rock. 

The active open space is primarily operated and provided by sports clubs including the GAA grounds, 

Glencurragh pitch and the Rugby pitch. Also on the northern side of the town, to the north of the Ilen 

River are a number of passive areas of open space, including an attractive park located between 

Marsh Road and Mill Road, and a park with a playground located on Cork Road. The remaining open 

space areas in this area of the town comprise primarily of undeveloped areas subject to flooding. The 

most significant of these areas is that land situated on the northern bank of the Ilen River and known 

locally as the Marsh. This is a significant piece of undeveloped land in the heart of Skibbereen Town 

and presents a significant opportunity to accommodate recreation and social/community uses. Further 

to the west of this land and just west of John F. Kennedy Bridge is an area of open space which is 

also subject to flooding and which has been developed with seating and pathways. 

Most residential properties are found south of the river with the Moorings Residential Estate the main 

exception. The only light industrial land uses are found on the north side of the river off Marsh Road. 

The River Ilen meanders its way through the urban landscape of Skibbereen. There are occasional 

glimpse views out to surrounding hills and mountains but generally the town centre is visually 

enclosed in character. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





9.3.2 Landscape Character 

The landscape character of the study area can be described by use of the following distinctive 

landscape character area namely Skibbereen Urban Landscape Character Area (LCA). 

This LCA is comprised of an eclectic mix of residential development types ranging from high density 

apartments to large detached single dwellings; commercial and light industrial buildings and open 

space. Much of the older development has occurred with little regard to the proximity of River Ilen in 

that as typical with most Irish small towns older buildings turn their back to the river. The majority of 

built development is located south of the river with open space, The Moorings Residential Estate and 

industrial premises off Marsh Road found to the north of the river. There are more open views on the 

north side of the river. The built form south of the river is of high density and fine grain in character 

that restricts views out. Predominantly buildings throughout are 2 storey with single storey buildings 

more frequent at the edges of the town. 

The Skibbereen Urban LCA has been classed as being of low sensitivity. 

9.3.3 Planning Designations 

County Cork Development Plan 2009- 2015 

The Cork County Development Plan 2009 states the following objectives regarding scenic amenity 

views and prospects: 

ENV 2-6 General Visual and Scenic Amenity: It is a general objective to protect the visual and 

scenic amenities of County Cork’s built and natural environment. 

ENV 2-7 Scenic Landscape: It is a particular objective to preserve the visual and scenic amenities of 

those areas of natural beauty identified as ‘scenic landscape’. 

ENV 2-8 Landscape Conservation Area(s): It is an objective to carry out an appraisal study in order 

to identify any area(s) or place(s) within the County as a Landscape Conservation Area in accordance 

with the Planning and Development Acts. 

ENV 2-9 General Views and Prospects: It is a general objective to preserve the character of all 

important views and prospects, particularly sea views, river or lake views, views of unspoilt 

mountains, upland or coastal landscapes, views of historical or cultural significance (including 

buildings and townscapes) and views of natural beauty as recognised in the Landscape Strategy. 

ENV 2-10 Development on Approach Roads to Towns and Villages: It is an objective to ensure 

that the approach roads to towns and villages are protected from inappropriate development, which 

would detract from the setting and historic character of these settlements. 

ENV 2-11 Scenic Routes: It is a particular objective to preserve the character of those views and 

prospects obtainable from scenic routes identified in this plan. 

ENV 2-12 Details of Scenic Routes: It is an objective to protect the character and quality of those 

particular stretches of scenic routes that have very special views and prospects. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





ENV 2-13 Development on Scenic Routes: 

(a) 

(b) 

It is also an objective of the Planning Authority to require those seeking to carry out 

development in the environs of a scenic route and/or an area with important views and 

prospects, to demonstrate that there will be no adverse obstruction or degradation of the views 

towards and from vulnerable landscape features. In such areas, the appropriateness of the 

design, site layout, and landscaping of the proposed development must be demonstrated along 

with mitigation measures to prevent significant alterations to the appearance or character of the 

area. 

It is an objective to encourage appropriate landscaping and screen planting of developments 

along scenic routes. Where scenic routes run through settlements street trees and ornamental 

landscaping may also be required. 

Designated Scenic Routes and Landscapes 

According to Cork County Council, the existing environment is characterised by an estuary, 

shorelines, waterfront villages, undulating patchwork fields, etc. the County Cork Development Plan 

2009 has designated a number of Scenic Landscapes and Scenic Routes in proximity to Skibbereen. 

These are indicated in Map 18 in Volume 3 of the Development Plan 2009 and itemised in Table 9.3. 

Table 9.3: Designated Scenic Landscapes and Scenic Routes in Study Area (see Map 18 in 

Volume 3 of the Development Plan 2009) 

Designation 

Scenic Landscape 

Scenic Route S82 



Location 

There is no designated scenic landscape within the town. Inisbeg 

and the coastal area to the north west of Creagh is the nearest 

designated Scenic Landscape and can be scoped out due to 

distance. 

S82 which runs along the N71 from Leap to Skibbereen and down 

the Cork Road to Main Street within the town. This route is 

protected for its views of rugged hillsides, Aghills and Shreelane 

Lakes and Doo Lough. 

S90 extends from the Schull roundabout to the north of the town 

westwards along the N71 Schull Road to Ballydehob. This view is 

protected for its views of the River Ilen, Roaringwater Bay and 

distant mountain views. 

S88 extends from Upper Bridge Street within the town to the west 

along Cornea Drive and Drisheen and meets the R595 Baltimore 

Road to the south west. This route is protected for its views of 

Baltimore Harbour, Church Strand Bay, Ringarogy and Inishbeg 

Islands and the River Ilen. 

Skibbereen Town Development Plan 2009-2015 

Two elevated scenic areas within the vicinity of Skibbereen are described in the Skibbereen Town 

Development Plan 2009-2015. These are Skibbereen Heights located to the west of the town and The 

Rock to the East of the town which overlook the study area. The plan also identified a plantation on 

land between Marsh Road and Mill Road as an attractive area within the town. As all these sites are 

not in proximity to the proposals they can be scoped out at this stage. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





9.4 POTENTIAL LANDSCAPE AND VISUAL IMPACTS 

Potential impacts for both the construction and operation stage are described below in Section 9.4.1 

(Construction) and Section 9.4.2 (Operation). 

9.4.1 Potential Impacts During the Construction Stage 

Potential construction stage impacts are as follows:- 

(i) 

(ii) 

(iii) 

(iv) 

Obstruction of views; 

Change in landscape character; 

Machinery for site preparation/enabling works and operations; and 

Site access and vehicular and plant movements. 

9.4.1.1 Landscape Character Area Impacts 

An assessment of the significance of the impact of the proposed works during construction on the 

landscape character area described above has been completed and summarised below. The proposed 

works are located directly within the Skibbereen Urban Landscape Character Area. The key potential 

direct impact on this landscape is from construction traffic movements through Skibbereen and the 

physical works at the flood walls and embankments. The existing road network at Skibbereen supports a 

busy town. Currently there are frequent large vehicles moving through this landscape on a good network of 

roads. The increase in construction traffic travelling to and from the construction sites will blend with this 

existing use without significant change in landscape resource. The landscape impacts are also temporary 

in duration. This landscape character area has a low sensitivity to change. When landscape impacts are 

assessed during the construction phase there will be slight negative temporary impacts due to the low 

levels of landscape resource change that will result. 

9.4.1.2 Planning Policy Designation Impacts 

Construction stage impacts on relevant designations contained within the Cork County Development 

Plan are assessed below. 

Cork County Development Plan 2009 – 2015 

Scenic Routes 

The physical works at the flood embankments at the N71 Schull Road will be directly visible from the S82 

and S90 Scenic Routes and will result in significant localised visual impact due to proximity. Views to the 

river will be interrupted during the construction period. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual 

resource will be high. The predicted significance of visual impact will be substantial. The visual impacts will 

however be temporary in duration. The remainder of the Scenic Routes (S88) will not be significantly 

effected during the construction stage. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 





9.4.1.3 Visual Impacts on Residential Properties 

The physical works at the flood walls and embankments will result in significant localised visual impact due 

to proximity to some residential properties in particular at the Moorings on Schull Road, the Flax Mills on 

Upper Bridge Street, dwellings on the west side of North Street and on Baltimore Road. The viewer 

sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be high. The predicted significance of visual impact 

will be substantial. The visual impacts will however be temporary in duration. 

9.4.2 Operational Phase Impacts 

9.4.2.1 Landscape Character Area Impacts 

Skibbereen Urban Landscape Character Area 

The proposal is directly located within the Skiberreen Urban Landscape Character Area. The 

completed flood walls and re-vegetated flood embankments will blend with the existing urban 

character of this LCA with little noticeable change in landscape resource. Masonry walls are a feature 

of the towns character and most new flood walls are located in proximity to buildings where they will 

blend with existing masonry and render walls. Grass flood embankments are also located 

predominantly in grassed open space areas within which the completed embankments will readily 

blend with little landscape resource change. 

This landscape character area has a low sensitivity to change. 

When landscape impacts are assessed during the operational phase there will be a slight negative impact. 

9.4.2.2 Planning Policy Designation Impacts 

Operational stage impacts on relevant designations contained within the Cork County Development 

Plan are assessed below. 

Cork County Development Plan 2009 – 2015 

Scenic Route S82: runs along the N71 from Leap to Skibbereen and down the Cork Road to Main 

Street within the town. This route is protected for its views of rugged hillsides, Aghills and Shreelane 

Lakes and Doo Lough. This scenic route will have very limited views of the proposals at one location 

near the show grounds. Views to the key features listed as of importance will not be effected. The 

viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be no change. The predicted significance 

of visual impact will be no change. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for Scenic Route 

S82. 

Scenic Route S88: extends from Upper Bridge Street within the town to the west along Cornea Drive 

and Drisheen and meets the R595 Baltimore Road to the south west. This route is protected for its 

views of Baltimore Harbour, Church Strand Bay, Ringarogy and Inishbeg Islands and the River Ilen. 

This route is not in close proximity to the proposed flood protection works and views to the key 

features listed as of importance will not be effected. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in 

visual resource will be no change. The predicted significance of visual impact will be no change. 

Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for Scenic Route 88. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-10 Rev. F01




Scenic Route S90: extends from the Schull roundabout to the north of the town westwards along the 

N71 Schull Road to Ballydehob. This route is protected for its views of the River Ilen, Roaringwater 

Bay and distant mountain views. The proposed grass flood embankment along the Schull Road will 

be directly visible from this route. The height of the flood embankment at this location varies between 

1200 – 1800 mm and will result in preventing views from the road to the River Ilen. However this 

impact must be put in the context of the overall length of this very long Scenic Route and only a very 

short length in an urban context will have a loss of view. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in 

visual resource will be medium for a short length of the route at Schull Road. The predicted 

significance of visual impact will be substantial/moderate negative and significant. 

9.4.2.3 Visual Impacts on Residential Properties 

An assessment has occurred within the ZVI to determine the magnitude of visual impact of the 

proposed development during the operational phase on potential views from sensitive visual receptors 

including residential properties. The visual impact has focused on locations where a potential 

significant visual impact could occur through the construction of flood walls and embankments and not 

on minor proposals such as land drains which will not interrupt views from properties. 

Baltimore Road Residential Properties: A 92 m length of grass flood embankment (Assollas 6) will 

be constructed on Baltimore Road within existing gardens of three properties. The embankment will 

be 500 mm high and will not interrupt views out from properties. A further grass flood embankment is 

proposed near the Lidl Shop (Assollas 3) which is located partly within gardens. The viewer sensitivity 

is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be 

moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at 

Baltimore Road. 

Upper Bridge Street and The Flax Mills Residential Properties: It is proposed to construct a 1100 

mm high grass flood embankment either side of the Flax Mills properties on the southern bank of the 

River Ilen (Ilen 3). Neither embankment will cause obstruction to views. It is also proposed to 

construct a 1800 mm masonry flood wall from John F. Kennedy Bridge downstream for a length of 

105 m. This wall will be partly adjacent to dwellings and at the bottom of gardens. The viewer 

sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual 

impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential 

properties at Upper Bridge Street and The Flax Mills. 

Schull Road (The Moorings) Residential Properties: A modern housing estate is located on the 

north side of the N71 Schull Road that currently has views across the road looking south from sixteen 

properties towards the River Ilen. While some properties have trees that frame views the majority 

have some view south to the river corridor. It is proposed to construct a 1200 – 1800 mm grass 

embankment on the south side of the Schull Road. Where this embankment reaches 1800 mm the 

view to the foreground of the corridor will be partially interrupted but overall views to the town centre 

and hills beyond are maintained. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be 

low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant 

visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at Schull Road. 

Mill Road north Residential Properties: A total of eight house located on the west side of Mill Road 

will have rear views across sports grounds towards a proposed grass embankment (Ilen 11) that will 

be 1800 – 2400 mm high and 424 m long. The properties do not currently have a view of the river 

and are well set back from the embankment. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual 

resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no 

significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at Mill Road. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-11 Rev. F01




Mill Road south Residential Properties: A single house is located on the west side of Mill Road just 

south of the N71 which will have a new grass embankment (Ilen 10) that will be 1250 – 1800 mm high 

located immediately to the rear of the dwelling but in the sports grounds. This property has significant 

garden vegetation that interrupts views south. When the scale of the proposals is considered with the 

existing vegetation there will be no significant loss of views. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change 

in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. 

Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for the single property at Mill Road south. 

Local Road (East of Mill Road north) Residential Properties: A number of dwellings will have a 

new grass embankment (Mill 2) that will be 1800 – 2000 mm high located immediately adjacent to 

them. The grass embankment will be located with a grass field with low levels of visibility from 

dwellings. The viewer sensitivity is high. The change in visual resource will be low. The predicted 

significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are 

predicted for residential properties at the Local Road east of Mill Road north. 

North Street Residential Properties: North Street is a mixed use street with a combination of 

various businesses and residential dwellings. Properties on the western side of the street between 

Main Street and Mill Road will have a combination of embankment, floodwall and stone revetment 

within the river. The loss of river bed will be compensated for by widening the opposite bank of the 

river. The boundaries of the properties will remain unaltered. The viewer sensitivity is high. The 

change in visual resource will be low. The predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate 

negative. Overall no significant visual impacts are predicted for residential properties at North Street. 

9.4.2.4 Viewpoint Assessment 

A series of representative viewpoints have been selected from locations throughout the study area 

and subjected to specific assessment below. The location of all viewpoints can be found on Figure 

9.2. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-12 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 1: View from Ilen Street at John F. Kennedy Bridge 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from a road that is predominantly used by the local community and 

occasional tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is elevated and offers a panoramic view across the river 

towards the town. The view is enclosed by near distance hills that surround the town. The rears of 

properties back onto the river. Intermittent riverside vegetation lines the river bank with occasional 

large trees. 

Predicted view: the proposals will be directly visible from this location. Approximately 105 m of flood 

wall will be constructed on the southern bank of the river. The flood wall will be 700 mm wide and 

1800 mm high. The wall will be masonry faced on both sides. The existing grass bank area near the 

bridge will be retained for access for rowers and general amenity use. The new wall will obscure the 

views to existing buildings and roads but will not obstruct any view of importance. The views along the 

river will be maintained. 

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is medium. 

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be moderate negative. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-13 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 2: View from N71 Schull Road 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from N71 road which is predominantly used by the local 

community and occasional tourist. The viewer sensitivity is medium. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is at road level and eastwards along the vista of the road. 

To the left of the view a roadside dwelling with tall garden vegetation prevents views to the north. 

Skibbereen Town centre is just discernible to the right of the view. 

Predicted view: the proposed works will be directly visible from this viewpoint. To the left of the view, a 

proposed 1400 mm masonry faced flood wall largely located behind the viewer will change at this 

location to a 1200-1800 mm grassed embankment which will extend into the distance along the Schull 

Road as far as John F. Kennedy Bridge. The existing hedgerows and visible trees on the right side of 

the road will be removed to create the embankment. The embankment will alter the view from this 

location on approach to Skibbereen and prevent views towards the town and river corridor for 

sections that reach 1800 mm in height. 

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is high. 

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be substantial/moderate 

negative. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-14 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 3: View from N71 East of Roundabout 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from the N71 and is predominantly available to the local community and 

occasional tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from road level and looking eastwards along the N71 

towards the River Ilen. A large car park is located to the right of the view defined at the road side by a 

low natural stone wall. Tall streetlights extend off into the distance. While the river is located in this 

view direction it is not visible. The skyline is defined by trees and urban development on the eastern 

and southern banks of the river. 

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this location. On the right hand 

side of the road a 300 – 700 mm grass flood embankment will extend for approximately 420 m along 

the Skibbereen Relief Road. At the height proposed there will be no significant interruption of views 

towards the river corridor and Skibbereen Town centre. 

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is low. 

Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be slight/moderate 

negative. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-15 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 4: View from N71 Bridge 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from the N71 road and will be predominantly available to the 

local community and tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is slightly elevated and offers a view across the River Ilen. 

The foreground is dominated by road and bridge infrastructure. The banks of the river in the 

foreground have little visually significant vegetation but in the middle distance dense vegetation is 

visible on both sides of the river. Tall coniferous trees that extend from the centre of the view to the 

right prevent views to the north. Urban development is noticeable to the left of the view. 

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. On the western 

bank on the left of the river in the view it is proposed to construct a grass flood embankment that will 

extend from the bridge for approximately 547 m and at a height of between 1400 – 2000 mm that will 

cross the agricultural field in the foreground and extend to the rear of the industrial premises screened 

by the coniferous trees. On the opposite bank a grass flood embankment will be constructed that will 

extend for 424 m and be at a height of between 1800 – 2400 mm. The flood embankment on the 

western bank will in part restrict views of the river but both flood embankments will appear as grass 

embankments and blend with the existing grassland vegetation on both sides of the river with little 

visual resource change. 



negative. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-16 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 5: View from R593 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from the R593 and is predominantly available to the local community. 

The viewer sensitivity is low. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from the roadside and constrained on all sides by 

vegetation which directs views along the road vista. Tall streetlights and timber poles with overhead 

lines are obvious. The view is visually poor in quality. 

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. On the left side 

of the view the existing hedgerow will be completely removed and a new 1000 – 1500 mm masonry 

faced flood wall erected for 308 m along the R593 Mill Road underneath the existing trees which are 

to be retained. The proposal restricts views to the west and channels the viewers eye along the road 

vista. It could be argued that the installation of an attractive masonry faced wall will benefit visual 

amenity from the R593 which is currently visually poor. 



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-17 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 6: View from Townsend Street 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is from a local road and is predominantly available to the local community. 

The viewer sensitivity is low. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is urban in character and enclosed in nature by built 

development and trees. A grass field is located in the centre and left of the view that leads to a large 

retail business. To the right of the view a visually poor block wall extends from right to centre with 

residential development visible to the rear of the wall. Tall and maturing trees extend from the end of 

the wall and into the distance. 

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. A grass flood 

embankment will extend across the field in the left of the view at a height of 1300 mm and for a length 

of approximately 65 m. This grass flood embankment will partly screen views to the retail premises 

but there is no significant loss of view. To the right of the view, a new 1300 mm masonry faced flood 

wall will be erected for a length of approximately 35m along the boundary of the residential property. 

Again there is no loss of view and the masonry flood wall will be a visual improvement on the unrendered 

block currently visible. 


Significance of Visual Impact: the predicted significance of visual impact will be slight negative. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-18 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 7: View from Local Road East of show grounds 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from a local road and will be predominantly available to the 

local community. The viewer sensitivity is low. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from a narrow local road looking northeast across open 

pastoral fields. Trees at the rear of the fields break the skyline and restrict views out however a 

glimpse view out to a distant mountain is possible in the centre of the view. Scattered dwellings and 

farm buildings are noticeable along with tall wooden poles and the view is urban fringe in character. 

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. A grass flood 

embankment will be constructed along the right side of the road. The flood embankment will be 

between 1100 – 1500 mm high and extend for approximately 223 m. The grass bank will blend with 

the pastoral nature of the view and there will be no significant loss of view. 



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-19 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 8: View from N71 East to Mill Road 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from the N71 road and will be predominantly available to the 


Existing visual resource: the existing view is slightly elevated and offers a view across sports grounds 

and towards Mill Road. Garden vegetation to the left of the view prevents views further to the east. 

Properties along Mill Road are prominent. Rising topography to the rear of the properties is noticeable 

on the skyline. 

Predicted view: the proposed development will be directly visible from this viewpoint. It is proposed to 

construct a grass flood embankment from the foreground of the view and within the sports ground that 

will extend east and along the Mill Road boundary with the sports ground. The flood embankment 

will be 1250 – 1800 mm high and extend for approximately 313 m. There will be some loss of 

vegetation on the boundary with Mill Road. Overall the view from the N71 will be maintained. 



negative. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-20 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 9: View from Baltimore Road 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from the Baltimore Road and will be predominantly available 

to the local community and tourists. The viewer sensitivity is medium. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is available along the vista of the Baltimore Road. Large 

gardens of dwellings extend to the roadside with no verge or footpath at the boundary with the road. 

There is some visually significant garden vegetation visible. Residential properties are well set back 

from the road. 


construct a grass flood embankment along the bottom of the residential gardens to the left of the view. 

The flood embankment will require the loss of some smaller trees and shrubs in the gardens. The 

flood embankment will be 500 mm high and extend for approximately 92 m. Overall there will be no 

loss of view. 



negative. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-21 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 10: View along Ilen Street looking to N71 Schull Road 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from Ilen Street and will be predominantly available to the 


Existing visual resource: the existing view is slightly elevated and offers across a pastoral field and 

along the road towards the N71 Schull Road. Both Iilen Street and Schull Road roads are set above 

the field and grass embankments are visible. Tall street lights add vertical components to the view. 

Distant hills provide an attractive backdrop to the view but generally the view is urban fringe in 

character. 


construct a grass flood embankment from the left side of Ilen Street in the foreground and extending 

along Ilen Street towards the N71 for the entire boundary with the open grass field in this view. The 

flood embankment will be between 1200 – 1800 mm high and approximately 709 m long. The fact that 

the existing road is elevated above the field will mean that views above the flood embankment will be 

predominantly maintained. Views to the distant hills will remain. 

Magnitude of change: the magnitude of change in visual resource is medium. 


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-22 Rev. F01




Viewpoint 11: View from Market Street looking south east along the Caol Stream 

Viewer sensitivity: this view is available from Market Street and will be predominantly available to the 

local community. The viewer sensitivity is low. 

Existing visual resource: the existing view is from road level looking south east along the Caol Stream 

which leads the eye into the centre of the view. Trees line both sides of the river on grass banks 

creating a closed view with the middle landscape obscured from view. On the easterly embankment 

on the left of the river there is a residential property bounded by a concrete block wall with some trees 

between the wall and river. The westerly side of the embankment on the right side of the river is 

bounded by a timber post and rail fence with car park and shopping facilities. The view is enclosed in 

nature. 


construct a masonry faced wall on both sides of the river approximately 1200 mm above ground level 

which will dominate the view creating straight lines channelling the viewers eye along the river. To 

facilitate the construction of the new wall the existing trees on the easterly embankment between the 

residential property concrete block wall and proposed wall will be removed. 



_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-23 Rev. F01





Mitigation measures are those taken to help reduce the impacts arising from any visually intrusive or 

insensitive elements within the scheme. These can be undertaken as part of the scheme design or as 

remedial works undertaken as the scheme construction is completed. The impact of the scheme 

should be ameliorated through a landscape rehabilitation plan, prepared in conjunction with the 

engineering design which would, in time, go some way to insuring integration of the flood relief 

proposals into the broader environment. Given the nature of the proposals, particular mitigation 

measures shall be incorporated as part of the scheme. A list of objectives in terms of mitigation for 

visual quality and landscape character shall include the following for the construction and operational 

stage. 


• Materials chosen for river wall construction to be of similar colour, size and scale to existing 

river channel walls. Walls where widely visible will be stone faced and where appropriate stone 

capped; 

• Construction of Embankments. The embankments will be planted with grass; 

• Protection of existing trees. The services of a qualified aboriculturist will be sought to perform a 

tree survey of the route. The trees should be assessed to quantify their age, condition and 

amenity value and tagged with metal tags. Prior to commencement of construction, existing 

trees which are to be retained will be protected by erection of timber post and wire fence to 

ensure no works are carried out under reach of their canopies; 

• Ensuring landscape framework remains dominant by cleaning up of debris on river banks and 

providing a landscape management programme to protect and reinforce bank side vegetation 

• Standard trees will also be planted alongside river banks in certain urban areas to create tree 

lined river bank character and will be positioned where they will not adversely impact on 

channel or floodplain conveyance, and where they will not have a negative effect on the 

proposed embankments. 


• Ensuring the landscape management programme identified above is implemented during the 

lifetime of the scheme to protect and reinforce bank side vegetation with the aim of ensuring 

landscape framework remains dominant; 

• Ongoing landscape maintenance and debris cleaning; and 

• Where new planting is required to improve structure or replace removed bank-side vegetation, 

the plant selection will be predominantly indigenous species similar to those already growing in 

the Skibbereen area to ensure successful plant establishment. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-24 Rev. F01




9.6 CONCLUSION & RESIDUAL IMPACT 

RPS was commissioned to complete a Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) of the 

proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme. 

The proposed development is located within a landscape character area identified as Skibbereen 

Urban Landscape Character Area. This landscape character area has been identified as having a low 

sensitivity to change. During construction the predicted magnitude of landscape resource change will 

be low and the significance of landscape impact will be slight negative due to limited change in 

landscape resource as the existing site is robust in character. There is potential for significant visual 

impacts for residential properties during the construction period and for views from the S90 Scenic 

Route on Schull Road due to the proximity of works to residential properties and the protected Scenic 

Route. However all such significant visual impacts will be temporary in nature. 

During operational stage the predicted magnitude of landscape resource change will be low and the 

significance of landscape impact will be slight negative due to limited change in landscape resource at 

the existing site. 

The Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) has been established for the proposed project to allow any 

potential areas of significant visual impact to be identified. Actual visual impacts from within the ZVI 

have been predicted by site survey and assessment. 

A total of 10 viewpoints have been assessed during the operation stage of the proposal and only one 

viewpoint on N71 Schull Road (Viewpoint 2) has been predicted to have significant visual impacts. 

There will be no significant visual impacts for residential properties on Baltimore Road, Schull Road, 

North Street, Upper Bridge Street, Mill Road or the local road east of Mill Road. 

There is potential for significant visual impacts during the operation stage and for views from S90 

Scenic Route on Schull Road due to the proximity of the proposed grass embankment to the 

protected Scenic Route. The effected section of S90 is however a very short length of this very long 

route. 

In conclusion the broader landscape character area and visual context around Skibbereen Town 

centre has the capacity to absorb a development of this scale and the proposal is acceptable in 

landscape and visual terms. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 9-25 Rev. F01




10 AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE 


This Chapter of the EIS describes the impact to air quality and climate associated with the proposed 

River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme. This Chapter should be read in conjunction with the 

proposed scheme layout plans (Figure 2.1) and the project description as outlined in Section 2.4 of 

this EIS. This assessment was prepared in accordance with the “Guidelines on the information to be 

contained in Environmental Impact Statements” (EPA 2002). 

This study will identify, describe and assess the impact of the development in terms of its impact on 

air quality. Particular attention will be focused on sensitive receptors, such as residential areas 

adjacent to the site, and to the extent of the exposure of these receptors to airborne pollutants derived 

as a result of the development. 

Air quality significance criteria are assessed on the basis of compliance with the appropriate 

standards or limit values. The applicable standards in Ireland include the Air Quality Standards 

Regulations 2002, which incorporate EU Directives 1999/30/EC and 2000/69/EC (see Table 10.3 and 

Table 10.4). 


A baseline air quality assessment has been carried out in the study area. The baseline survey was 

undertaken to identify existing pollutants in the area. Data from the EPA national air quality monitoring 

network is also referenced to illustrate longer-term pollutant trends in locations similar to the study 

area. 

10.2.1 Air Quality Legislation 

In order to reduce the risk to health from poor air quality, National and European statutory bodies have 

set limit values in ambient air for a range of air pollutants. These limit values or “Air Quality Standards” 

are health- or environmental-based levels for which additional factors may be considered. For 

example, natural background levels, environmental conditions and socio-economic factors may all 

play a part in the limit value which is set. Air quality significance criteria are assessed on the basis of 

compliance with the appropriate standards or limit values. 

The relevant Irish ambient air standards have been adopted from the European Commission 

Framework Directive (96/62/EC) and the associated Daughter Directives on air quality (1999/30/EC, 

2000/69/EC) and are cited as the Air Quality Standards Regulations, which came into force on 17th 

June 2002 (Irish Legislation S.I. No. 271 of 2002). 

The Air Quality Standards Regulations specify limit values in ambient air for sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), 

lead, particulate matter (PM 10 ) (Stage I) and carbon monoxide (CO), which came into effect on 1 st 

January, 2005. For nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), particulate matter (PM 10 ) (Stage 

II) and benzene the effective date was 1 st January 2010. Alert thresholds for SO 2 and NO 2 are 

specified. The Regulations also specify margins of tolerance for exceedance of the new limit values 

in the period prior to their entry into force, which have relevance to the air quality assessment 

responsibilities assigned to the EPA in the Regulations. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-1 Rev. F01




The Regulations provide for advice by the EPA to local authorities about the need for air quality 

management plans where the limit values, plus margins of tolerance, will be or may be exceeded, and 

the preparation of such plans by local authorities. Provision is also made for air pollution action plans 

for short-term risks of exceedances of the limit values and alert thresholds. The Regulations also 

provide for public information procedures, including where specified public alert thresholds are 

exceeded, to deal with incidences where there is a risk to human health from brief exposure of SO 2 

and NO 2 . 

The EU has recently adopted the CAFÉ Directive (2008/50/EC), which incorporates all the main air 

quality limits and measurements techniques into one Directive. Article 33(1) of the Directive provides, 

‘member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to 

comply with this Directive before 11 th June 2010. The Directive has been considered during this 

assessment. 

The Directive makes provision for the:- 

• Withdrawal of the Stage 2 2010 PM 10 indicative limit values and the opportunity to apply for an 

extension to the existing target dates for achievement of the limit values; 

• Introduction of a ‘national exposure reduction target’ to the average of annual mean PM 2.5 

concentrations measured at urban background locations throughout the territory of a Member 

State by up to 20% between 2010 and 2020 with the actual reduction dependent on the initial 

concentration; 

• Introduction of an ‘exposure concentration obligation’ based on the average of annual mean 

PM 2.5 concentrations measured at urban background locations throughout the territory of a 

Member State of 20µg.m -3 to be met by 2015; 

• Introduction of a target value for annual mean PM 2.5 of 25µg.m -3 to be met by the 1 st of January 

2010; and 

• Introduction of a Stage 1 limit value for annual mean PM 2.5 of 25µg.m -3 to be met by 1st 

January 2015 and an indicative Stage 2 limit value of 20µg.m -3 to be met 1st January 2020. 

Climate Agreements 

Ireland ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in April 

1994 and the Kyoto Protocol in principle in 1997 and formally in May 2002(14,15). For the purposes of 

the EU burden sharing agreement under Article 4 of the Kyoto Protocol, in June 1998, Ireland agreed 

to limit the net growth of the six GHGs under the Kyoto Protocol to 13% above the 1990 level over the 

period 2008 to 2012(16,17). The UNFCCC is continuing detailed negotiations in relation to GHGs 

reductions and in relation to technical issues such as Emission Trading and burden sharing. The most 

recent Conference of the Parties (COP9) to the agreement was convened in Milan in December 2003. 

In Article 5 of the Kyoto Protocol, it states that the methodologies for estimating anthropogenic 

emissions by sources and removal by sinks of all greenhouse gases (except those controlled by the 

Montreal Protocol) shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 

(IPCC) 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-2 Rev. F01




10.2.2 Baseline Air Quality Monitoring 

A baseline air quality monitoring survey was carried out in the vicinity of the proposed floodwall and 

embankment works using an approved air monitoring technique. A total of six sample locations were 

chosen to represent the baseline air quality in the area. These locations are presented in Table 10.1 

and graphically in Figure 10.1 below. 

Table 10.1: Description of Air Monitoring Locations 

Location 

Reference 

A1 Housing 

Estate on 

right hand 

side of the 

Schull Road 

(N71) 

Description 

A2 West 

Cork Hotel 

Car Park on 

Ilen Street 

(behind the 

West Cork 

Hotel) 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-3 Rev. F01




Location 

Reference 

A3 Behind 

Civil 

Defence 

Building on 

North Street 

(on bank of 

the River 

Ilen) 

Description 

A4 Old 

School/ 

House next 

to the play 

ground at 

the end of 

Mill Road 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-4 Rev. F01




Location 

Reference 

A5 Next to 

Apartment 

Block, 

behind 

Roycroft 

Bicycle 

Shop in 

Super Valu 

Car Park off 

Townsend 

Street 

Description 

A6 School 

on 

Castletown 

send Road 

The baseline air quality assessment was scoped to determine the existing ambient dust levels derived 

from traffic and other sources of particulate pollution in the study area. 

Baseline ambient dust deposition levels were also assessed using dust deposition gauges – 

Bergerhoff Gauges, erected at a 2m height. The baseline survey was carried out over a short period 

of time from the 7 th of July 2012 to August 7 th 2012. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-5 Rev. F01

Riverdate 

Estate 

2.3 

11.6 

CF 

CF 

15.8 

9.1 

2.2 2.4 

Assumption Place 

Coronea Court 

5.6 

BLACKTHORN DRIVE 

12.9 

18.5 

UND 

14.7 

LS 

2.8 

Care Centre 

LS 

UPPER 

11.9 

The Moorings 

2.1 

BRIDGE 

STREET 

10kv 

The Flax Mills 

(1-18) 

11.8 

2.6 

2.5 

The Moorings 

10.7 

15 

CF 

2.4 

2.5 

UND UND 

2.3 

2 

RIVER ILEN 

9.6 

Sports Ground 

10kv 

2.4 

7.6 

2.2 

2.4 

10kv 

BM 2.83 

2.5 

2.5 

John F 

Kennedy 

Bridge 

Hotel 

Church 

(C of I) 

2.5 

Mardyke Court 

(1-6) 

8.0 

STREET 

3.3 

Fire Station 

2.5 

2.9 

3.5 

3.5 

BM 3.29 

5.5 

UND 

Mart 

CS 

BRIDGE 

10kv 

UND 

CS 

CS 

STREET 

BM 4.47 

Sports Grounds 

3.4 

T 

CF 

3.0 

MAIN 

10kv 

NCT 

Centre 

2.5 

2.2 

STREET 

CF 

2.2 

2.8 

Treatment 

Plant 

CS 

2.6 

THE 

SQUARE 

Town Hall 

T 

STREET 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

CS 

Sports Ground 

2.7 

CR 

Sports Ground 

Club House 

T 

Cathedral 

UND UND 

1.9 

The Rock 

Tank 

CS 

MILL MILL 

ROAD ROAD 

1.7 

School 

2.8 

SKIBBEREEN 

10kv 

2.1 

Show Grounds 

School 

CS 

Sports Centre 

3.2 

Burial 

Ground 

School 

T 

3.5 

School 

30 

Souterrain 

(Site of) 

CR 

Hillcrest 

School 

T 

4.4 

3.8 

UND 

4.3 

Gaelscoil 

(site of) 

CS 

UND 

FF 

UND 

4.7 

4.8 

45.3 

10kv 

T 

CS 

FF 

7.5 

5.8 

49.3 

10kv 

CR 

10 

FF 

1 

6.2 

Tanks 

UND 

50.4 

Town Co Bdy 

Town Town Town Co Co Co Bdy Bdy Bdy 

10KV 

UND 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

ROAD ROAD 

Glencurragh 

RIVER 

A 4 

CORK CORK 

Town Town Co Bdy 


ILEN 

HWM 

A 1 

STREET STREET 

NORTH 

14 11 

A 3 

STREET 

ILEN STREET 

A 2 

RIVER 

ILEN 

NORTH 

Ardcarrig 

2 

11 12 

BRIDGE STREET 

10 

1 

2 

Pound Hill 

ROSSA 

ROAD 

ROSSA ROAD 


MARKET MARKET 

TOWNSHEND TOWNSHEND 

STREET 

STREET STREET 

Caol Stream 

A 5 

STREET 

MARDYKE MARDYKE 

37 

38 

Hawthorns 

43 

Mardyke Park 

27 28 

UND 

2 

8 

9 

1 

23 

24 26 

Area under 

construction 

61 

31 

32 

The Mills 

19 

FW 

46 

45 

Coronea 

10kv 

Drive 

UND 

UND 

Castle 

Town Co Bdy 

Legend 

UND 


19 

14 

8 

9 

6 

Abhainn Beag 

1 

10kv 

School 

A 6 

10kv 

UND 


5 

CARRIGFADDA 

Town Co Bdy 

10kv 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 




Project No. 

File Ref. 

MCE0703 

MCE0703Mi0012A01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 


10.1 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

March 2013 

Mi0012 

A01 











10.3.1 Existing Meteorological Conditions 

A key factor in assessing temporal and spatial variations in air quality is the prevailing meteorological 

conditions. Depending on wind speed and direction, individual receptors may experience very 

significant variations in pollutant levels under the same source strength (i.e. traffic levels). Wind is of 

key importance in dispersing air pollutants and for ground level sources, such as traffic emissions, 

pollutant concentrations are generally inversely related to wind speed. Thus, concentrations of 

pollutants derived from traffic sources will generally be greatest under very calm conditions and low 

wind speeds when the movement of air is restricted. In relation to dust, the situation is more complex 

due to the range of sources of this pollutant. Smaller particles (less than PM 2.5 ) from traffic sources 

will be dispersed more rapidly at higher wind speeds. However, fugitive emissions of coarse particles 

(PM 2.5 – PM10) will actually increase at higher wind speeds. Thus, measured levels of PM10 will be a 

non-linear function of wind speed. 

The nearest representative weather station to Skibbereen, collating detailed weather records is Cork 

Airport, which is located approximately 80km north east of the site. Cork Airport Weather Station has 

been examined to identify the prevailing wind direction and average wind speeds over an annual 

period. 

The prevailing wind direction for the area is between northwest to southwest as presented in the 

windrose for Cork Airport Met Station in Figure 10.2. Easterly winds tend to be very infrequent. Wind 

characteristics vary between a moderate breeze to gales (average 10.8 days with gales per annum). 

Monthly average wind speeds range between 9.03 and 12.1 knots with highest wind speeds occurring 

during winter months (December and January). Lowest wind speeds were recorded in the June, July 

and August period. 

Poor dispersion can occur under certain weather characteristics known as inversions that form in very 

light or calm wind and stable atmospheric conditions. The wind rose illustrated in Figure 10.3 identifies 

that such wind conditions are very infrequent. 

Figure 10.2: Windrose for Cork Airport Met Station 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-7 Rev. F01




10.3.2 Available Air Quality Data 

As part of the Framework Directive 96/62/EC on air quality monitoring, assessment and management, 

with particular reference to air quality standards laid down by the directive, four air quality zones have 

been defined for Ireland. These zones are as follows:- 

Zone A - Dublin City and Environs. 

Zone B - Cork City and Environs. 

Zone C - 16 urban areas with populations greater than 15,000. 

Zone D - The remainder of the country. 

These zones have been defined to meet criteria for air quality monitoring and management as 

described by directive 96/62/EC and its “daughter directives”. This monitoring is undertaken by the 

Environmental Protection Agency and local authorities. The most recent report on air quality “Air 

Quality Monitoring Report 2010”, details the range and scope of monitoring throughout Ireland. In 

terms of monitoring zones the proposed drainage scheme lies in Zone D. 

Sulphur Dioxide SO 2 

SO 2 was measured in 12 stations throughout Ireland in 2010 and all stations recorded levels below 

the daily limit of 125 µg/m 3 , as set out in the CAFÉ directive. Long-term SO 2 monitoring is carried out 

at two rural Zone D locations, Glashaboy and Kilkitt. The SO 2 annual average in 2010 for both sites 

was 2 and 3 µg/m 3 respectively. 

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) 

Long-term NO 2 monitoring is carried out at two rural Zone D locations, Glashaboy and Kilkitt. The NO 2 

annual average in 2010 for both sites was 10 and 3 µg/m 3 respectively. The results of the NO 2 

monitoring carried out at the urban Zone D location in Castlebar in 2010 indicated an average NO 2 

concentration of 10 ug/m 3 while the Zone C locations of Newbridge and Cellbridge had average NO 2 

concentrations of 17 and 12 ug/m 3 respectively with no exceedances of the 1 hour limit value. Hence 

long term average concentrations measured at these locations were significantly lower than the 

annual average limit value of 40 ug/m 3 . 

Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) 

Long term PM 10 monitoring was carried out at the urban Zone D locations of Castlebar and Longford 

in 2010. The PM 10 annual averages for both locations in 2010 were 15 and 21 µg/m 3 respectively. The 

PM 10 annual average in 2010 for rural Zone D location of Kilkitt was 10 ug/m 3 . 

In addition, data from the station at Phoenix Park in Dublin provides a good indication of urban 

background levels, with an annual average in 2010 of 11µg/m 3 . 

Benzene 

Continuous monitoring for Benzene was carried out at Emo Court (Zone D) and Old Station Road, 

Cork (Zone B) in 2010, with long term averages of 0.4 ug/m 3 and 1.1 ug/m 3 respectively, below the 

limit for protection of human health of 5µg/m 3. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-8 Rev. F01




Carbon Monoxide (CO) 

Monitoring results for the Zone C locations of Newbridge and Cellbridge were low, peaking at 5% of 

the maximum 8 hour limit value which is set at 10 mg/m 3 in 2010. 

In summary, existing baseline levels of N02, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , CO and benzene based on the extensive 

long term data from EPA are below ambient air quality limit values in the vicinity of the proposed 

development. 

Table 10.2 shows the limit values defined in the National Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 (S.I 

No. 271 of 2002). 

Table 10.2: Limit for Protection of Human Health 

Pollutant Measurement Limit for Protection of Human Health 

Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Maximum 24-hour Average 125 µg/m 3 

Maximum 1-hour Average 350 µg/m 3 

Particulate Matter 

Maximum 24-hour Value 50 µg/m 3 

(PM 10 ) Annual Average 40 µg/m 3 

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Maximum 8-hour Value 200 µg/m 3 

Mean Hourly Value 40 µg/m 3 

Lead Annual Average 0.5 µg/m 3 

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Maximum 8-hour Average 10 mg/m 3 

Benzene Annual Average 5 µg/m 3 

Toluene Mean hourly Average No Limit 

The EU has introduced several measures to address the issue of air quality management. In 1996 the 

European Commission agreed a Framework Directive on ambient air quality monitoring, assessment 

and management (Council Directive 96/62/EC). The Air Quality Framework Directive set out the 

principles of the approach, and set out the limit values for pollutants in four “daughter” directives 

under Directive 96/62/EC. The Directive was transposed into Irish law by the Environmental 

Protection Agency Act 1992 (Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management) Regulations 1999 

(S.I No. 33 of 1999). The first of these “daughter” directives to be enacted, 1999/30/EC, has set limit 

values for sulphur dioxide, lead, PM10 and nitrogen dioxide and the second “daughter” Directive 

2000/69/EC defines limit values for both carbon monoxide and benzene in ambient air. The National 

Air Quality Standards Regulations 2002 (S.I. No. 271 of 2002) transpose the first directive 

1999/30/EC (Table 10.3) and the second daughter directive 2000/69/EC (Table 10.4) into Irish law. 

Table 10.3: EU Directive 1999/30/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits 

Pollutant Regulation Limit Type Margin of Tolerance Value 

Nitrogen 

Dioxide 

1999/30/EC 

Hourly limit for 

protection of human 

health - not to be 

exceeded more than 18 

times/year 

Annual limit for 


health 


protection of vegetation 

50% until 2001 

reducing linearly to 0% 

by 2010 

200 µg/m 3 NO2 

50% until 2001 

40µg/m 3 NO2 


by 2010 

None 30 µg/m 3 NO + 

NO2 

Lead 1999/30/EC Annual limit for 100% until 2001 0.5 µg/m 3 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-9 Rev. F01




Pollutant Regulation Limit Type Margin of Tolerance Value 

Sulphur 

Dioxide 

Particulate 

Matter 

Stage 1 

Particulate 

Matter 

Stage 2 

1999/30/EC 

1999/30/EC 

1999/30/EC 


health 

Hourly limit for 




times/year 

Daily limit for protection 

of human health - not to 

be exceeded more than 

3 times/year 

Annual & Winter limit for 

the protection of 

ecosystems 

24-hour limit for 




times/year 



health 

24-hour limit for 




times/year 



health 


by 2005 

43% until 2001 

reducing linearly until 

0% by 2005 

350 µg/m 3 

None 125µg/m 3 

None 20 µg/m 3 

50% until 2001 


by 2005 

20% until 2001 


by 2005 

To be derived from data 

and to be equivalent to 

Stage 1 limit value 

50% until 2005 


by 2010 

50 µg/m 3 PM10 

40 µg/m 3 PM10 

50 µg/m 3 PM10 

20 µg/m 3 PM10 

Table 10.4: EU Directive 2000/69/EC on Ambient Air Quality Limits 

Pollutant Regulation Limit Type 

Benzene 2000/69/EC Annual limit for 

protection of 

human health 

Carbon Monoxide 2000/69/EC 8-hour limit (on a 

rolling basis) for 

protection of 

human health 

Margin of 

Tolerance 

100% until 2003 

reducing linearly 

to 0% by 2010 

50% until 2003 

reducing linearly 

to 0% by 2005 

5 µg/m 3 

10 µg/m 3 

Value 

The baseline data on air quality described above compared to the standards in Tables 10.2, 10.3 and 

10.4 indicate that the air quality in areas representative of Skibbereen during the monitoring periods 

was good with most pollutants showing levels below the ambient air quality limits. 

Dust 

As part of the Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed Skibbereen Drainage Scheme, a 

site-specific baseline air quality assessment was carried out during July and August 2012 for dust. 

The results (Table 10.5) of this survey may provide more specific information on traffic, industry and 

heating appliances derived dust in the area. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-10 Rev. F01




Table 10.5: Ambient Air Quality in the Site of the Proposed Scheme (07/07/12 – 07/08/12) 

Location No. 

Dust Deposition 

mg/m 2 /day 

A1 30.5 

A2 13.9 

A3 12.1 

A4 11.8 

A5 4.9 

A6 16.4 

Total 89.6 

Industry Guideline (source EPA) 

mg/m 2 /day 

350 

These results indicate air quality (as dust) in this area is considered good. The results of each 

location indicate that the area currently experiences good air quality with low levels of ambient dust. 

All levels are below the EPA Licensed facility guideline of 350 mg/m2/day. The highest dust 

deposition volume was at A1, which is located in a housing estate near the N71 Schull Road where 

increased dust levels are likely as a result of traffic from the adjacent N71. The lowest recorded dust 

level was at A5 in the Super Valu Car Park off Townsend Street. 

All other samples when examined showed varying levels of dust mostly derived from traffic, heating 

appliances, landscaping, road sweeping and falling foliage. 

A study by the UK ODMP gives estimates of likely dust deposition levels in specific types of 

environments. In open country a level of 39 mg/m 2 /day is typical, rising to 59mg/m 2 /day on the 

outskirts of town and peaking at 127 mg/m 2 /day for a purely industrial area. As a worst case, a level of 

127 mg/m 2 /day can be estimated as the existing dust deposition level for the current location. 

However in comparison to the recorded levels of 89.6 mg/m 2 /day above in Table 10.5 this is 

considered an overestimation for Skibbereen. 

10.4 POTENTIAL AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE IMPACTS 

The proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme works mainly occur in areas of retail/ 

commercial developments, mixed residential areas and recreational areas including playing fields. 

The local road network consists of streets servicing the urban and residential areas. The level of 

traffic in the area may generate traffic derived pollution e.g. nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and 

benzene from vehicle exhausts. 

10.4.1 Construction Impacts (on Air Quality) 

There is the potential for a number of emissions to atmosphere during the construction of the 

development. Construction activities including for example material handling, earth moving and 

excavating are likely to generate some dust emissions. 

The potential for dust to be emitted depends on the type of construction activity being carried out in 

conjunction with environmental factors including levels of rainfall, wind speed and wind direction. Dust 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-11 Rev. F01




emissions are dramatically reduced where rainfall has occurred due to the cohesion created between 

dust particles and water and the removal of suspended dust from the air. It is typical to assume no 

dust is generated under “wet day” conditions where rainfall greater than 0.2 mm has fallen. 

Information collected from Cork Airport Meteorological Station (1962-1991) identified that typically 204 

days per annum are “wet”. Thus for greater than 55% of the time no significant dust generation will be 

likely due to existing meteorological conditions. 

The potential impact from dust also depends on the distance to potentially sensitive locations and 

whether the wind can carry the dust to these locations. The majority of any dust produced will be 

deposited close to the potential source and as such any impacts from dust deposition will typically be 

close to the source or within 500m of it. 

Furthermore it is considered that construction activities likely to generate dust will mainly be confined 

to particles of dust greater than 10 microns which are considered a nuisance but do not have potential 

to cause harm or significant health impacts. It is also considered that the construction of the 

development will occur in distinct phases. As such, the potential for dust nuisance and significant 

levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 will vary temporarily and spatially as the construction develops. 

The construction vehicles, generators etc., will also give rise to petrol and diesel exhaust emissions, 

although this is of minor significance. Worst case truck movements during the peak construction 

period are anticipated to be 5 inward and 5 outward/hour. Construction traffic of this level will lead to 

dust emissions of the order of 3 g/m 3 each hour along the haul routes based on no mitigation being 

implemented, however with mitigation (see Section 10.6 below) this figure will reduce to 

approximately 2 g/m 3 per hour. Thus it is unlikely that the emissions of this magnitude will lead to dust 

deposition levels at the site boundary which exceed the TA Luft limit value for dust nuisance of 350 

mg/m 2 per day. 

The effect of construction activities on air quality, in particular construction dust, will not be significant 

at the proposed development site following the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures 

outlined in this chapter. It is proposed to adhere to good working practices and dust mitigation 

measures to ensure that the levels of dust generated will be minimal and are unlikely to cause an 

environmental nuisance. 

10.4.1.1 Construction Impacts (on Climate) 

Impacts to climate during the construction phase include emissions from transport of materials to the site, 

embodied CO 2 in construction materials (such as cement, steel, etc.), emissions from plant machinery and 

other ancillary areas such as contractor compounds, waste management, etc. These emissions cannot be 

quantified pre-planning, as details of material use are not available, however in terms of national emissions 

are unlikely to be significant 

10.4.2 Operational Impacts (on Air Quality) 

10.4.2.1 Scheduled Emissions 

Regarding operations at the proposed drainage scheme, the activities to be located in the scheme 

area are planned for flood containment only. As a result, there are no scheduled emissions (i.e. 

through stacks, vents, etc.) planned for the development and site activities are most likely not to 

cause any deterioration in local air quality. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-12 Rev. F01




10.4.2.2 Traffic 

There are relatively high volumes of traffic on the adjoining roads currently in the area of the proposed 

works. Any alterations to the existing traffic scenario, i.e. traffic volumes and/or a significant drop in 

vehicle speed (to gridlock speeds) may cause a variation in the pollutant concentrations. There are no 

plans to reroute the existing traffic system once the drainage scheme is completed, thus levels of 

traffic-borne pollution should remain unchanged with no increase once the scheme is operational. 

10.4.2.3 Operational Impacts (on Climate) 

Unless maintenance is required (due to damage to the floodwalls), no further works will be necessary 

once the project is completed. Routine checks from local authority engineers will be carried out on a 

routine basis, however it is envisaged that there will be no other significant sources of nitrogen oxides, 

sulphur dioxide or vehicle particulates. Likewise there will not be any ozone depleting substances 

used or emitted during the operational phase of the project. 

10.5 DO-NOTHING IMPACT 

The baseline survey results show that air quality in the vicinity of the proposed drainage works is 

reasonable and shows typical levels for rural areas and can be categorised as Zone D in relation to 

the EU Air Framework Directive and EPA Air Quality Zones, with all pollutants within the relevant EU 

limits at all locations. 

The air quality may improve slightly in future years due to improvements in engine technology and 

greater controls on petrol, diesel, coal and gas composition and purity, also with the potential 

introduction of carbon taxation. 

If the proposed drainage scheme were not to take place, the current air pollutant concentrations will 

remain unchanged followed by potential decreases in future years for the reasons outlined above. 


Mitigation measures efforts will be made to ensure that emissions from the proposed development will 

be minimised where possible, and comply with good environmental practice. The following mitigation 

measures will be implemented. 


In order to ensure that no dust nuisance occurs, a Dust Minimisation Plan will be formulated for the 

construction phase of the project. The plan must include the following measures: 

Site roads shall be regularly cleaned and maintained as appropriate. Hard surface roads shall be 

swept to remove mud and aggregate materials from their surface. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-13 Rev. F01




Any un-surfaced roads shall be restricted to essential site traffic only. Furthermore, any road that has 

the potential to give rise to fugitive dust must be regularly watered, as appropriate, during dry and/or 

windy conditions. 

Vehicles using site roads shall have their speed restricted, and this speed restriction must be 

enforced rigidly. On any un-surfaced site roads and on hard surfaced roads site management 

dictates that speed shall be restricted to 20 km per hour. 

All vehicles exiting the site shall make use of a wheel wash facility, preferably automatic, prior to 

entering onto public roads, to ensure mud and other wastes are not tracked onto public roads. Public 

roads outside the site shall be regularly inspected for cleanliness, and cleaned as necessary. 

Material handling systems and site stockpiling of materials shall be designed and laid out to minimise 

exposure to wind. Water misting or sprays shall be used as required if particularly dusty activities are 

necessary during dry or windy periods. 


Heating Appliances 

No space heating or energy requirements will be associated with the proposed drainage scheme post 

construction. 

Road Traffic 

Once the construction stage of the drainage scheme is completed, the only potential traffic associated 

with the scheme will comprise of site inspections during the design life of the works. 

Continued free-flow of the traffic in the vicinity of the proposed drainage scheme will not be affected 

by the scheme. This will not have any impact on traffic flow in the area or traffic related pollutants. 

10.7 RESIDUAL IMPACT 


If a satisfactory dust minimisation plan is implemented, the effect of construction on air quality will not 

be significant. The main environmental nuisance associated with construction activities is dust. 

However, if the construction contractor adheres to good working practices and dust mitigation 

measures outlined in Section 10.6.1, the levels of dust generated will be minimal and are unlikely to 

cause an environmental nuisance. 

If in the event that dust from the construction of the project is creating an environmental nuisance, an 

ambient dust deposition survey is recommended. This survey should be carried out by competent 

persons using EPA approved Bergerhoff gauges. Typically these surveys require gauges on the site 

close to the source at the nearest sensitive receptors. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-14 Rev. F01




The TA Luft (German Government “Technical Instructions on Air Quality”) states a guideline of 350 

mg/m 2 /day for the deposition of non-hazardous dusts. This value should be used to determine the 

impact of residual dust as an environmental nuisance. 

Given the timescale, the plant and machinery involved and strict as well as the adherence to the 

mitigation measures outlined in Section 10.6 it is anticipated that the process will not have an 

adverse impact on the local climate, therefore resulting in no residual impacts on climate. 

10.7.2 Operation Stage 

Given the nature of the proposed development, it is anticipated that the completed drainage project 

will not have an adverse residual impact on the local air quality or climate. 

Traffic entering and leaving the works will be relatively free flowing and should not result in any 

significant build up in traffic-derived pollution in the area. The relatively low traffic volumes associated 

with the proposed development, once operational, is not predicted to cause any significant negative 

impact on air quality in the area. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 10-15 Rev. F01




11 NOISE AND VIBRATION 


This Chapter of the EIS provides an assessment of the potential noise and vibration impacts 

associated with the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage scheme. The proposed drainage 

scheme is described in detail in Chapter 2 Project Description of the EIS. 

This assessment has been prepared by RPS Group in accordance with the recommendations of the 

Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Guidelines on the Information to be Contained in 

Environmental Impact Statements (EPA, 2002) and Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the 

preparation of Environmental Impact Statements) (EPA, 2003). 

The various phases of the proposed scheme have been assessed although it is considered that the 

construction phase will have greatest potential for impact. There will be no significant noise & 

vibration impact resulting from the operation of the proposed Drainage Scheme. 

Following a review of the preliminary design of the proposed drainage scheme a noise and vibration 

impact assessment was undertaken. In order to present a worst-case scenario a number of sensitive 

receptors in close proximity to the construction working area were identified and noise levels 

associated with the construction of the flood defences were predicted at these locations, 

representative of the noise levels associated with the construction phase. 

A baseline noise-monitoring programme was undertaken in July 2012 at representative noise 

sensitive receptors located in close proximity to the proposed flood defences. This baseline data was 

used to compare existing baseline noise levels in the area with predicted noise levels from 

construction works associated with the drainage scheme. The predicted noise levels have been 

assessed against the baseline noise data in addition to commonly adopted national and international 

guideline limits. 

Although the construction phase of the proposed Drainage Scheme has the greatest potential for 

impact it must be recognised that these works will be temporary in duration. It is anticipated that 

construction works will take approximately 24 months to complete. However, construction works will 

not be on-going in any one area for the duration of the construction phase. Given the fact that the 

drainage scheme primarily comprises of constructing flood defences on the Assolas Stream, River 

Ilen and the Caol Stream, construction works will progress along the scheme which will in effect be a 

linear development. Therefore construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme will 

be temporary and transient in nature. 

It is noted that there are noise sensitive receptors located adjacent to the proposed works and as 

such noise sensitive receptors will abut the construction working area along sections of the flood 

alleviation works. It will be necessary therefore to maintain strict adherence to mitigation measures 

and best practice presented herein to ensure that potential negative noise and vibration impact is kept 

to a minimum. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-1 Rev. F01




11.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLGOY 

In the absence of any national legislation relating to environmental/construction noise emission limits 

the assessment criteria used in this report are those used commonly adopted by regulatory and local 

authorities. The predicted change in the existing noise environment is also considered. 

The noise and vibration impact assessment was carried out with cognisance to the methodologies 

and guidelines listed below:- 

• Review of the location of the proposed drainage scheme defences and associated construction 

works, with respect to the location of sensitive receptors. 

• Baseline noise monitoring was undertaken at a number of representative noise sensitive 

receptors in the vicinity of the proposed working area, in accordance with the National Road 

Authority, (NRA) “Guidelines for the Treatment of Noise and Vibration during the construction of 

National Road Schemes 2004. 

• Plant and machinery noise levels were referenced from BS 5228 “Noise and Vibration Control 

on Construction and Open Sites, Part 1, Annex B” and the UK Department for Environment, 

Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), “Update of Noise Database for Prediction of Noise on 

Construction and Open Sites, 2005”. 

• Assessment of noise emissions from the proposed works. Noise predictions were undertaken 

in accordance with BS5228 “Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and Open Sites”, to 

predict noise levels at nearby houses. The construction noise impact was assessed based on 

the assessment methodology specified in BS 5228, and guideline noise levels outlined in the 

following: 

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) “Guidance note for noise in relation to 

scheduled activities, 2nd edition 2006”. 

• World Health Organisation (WHO) “Guidelines for Community Noise 1999”. 

• BS 7385 Part 2: “Evaluation and measurement of vibration in buildings - Guide to 

damage levels from ground-borne vibrations”; and BS 6472: 2008 “Guide to evaluation of 

human exposure to vibration in buildings”. 

• BS 7445-1:2003 (BS 7445-1:1991; ISO 1996) “Description and Measurement of 

Environmental Noise”. 

11.2.1 Construction Noise Assessment Criteria 

The greatest potential for noise impact will come from the construction phase. In setting criteria for 

construction noise, account has to be taken of the technical feasibility of the proposed criterion, and 

also the trade-off between the noise level, and the duration of the noise exposure. 

BS 5228 states that complaints about noise that have originated from new industrial sources indicate 

that the likelihood of a complaint increases as the difference between the industrial noise and existing 

background noise increases. It is possible that a similar effect occurs with the noise originating from 

construction and open sites since the noise will, in general be more noticeable in quieter areas. 

However the standard acknowledges that the relationship between response and noise level can be 

different, in particular a greater difference may be tolerated when it is known that the operations are of 

short duration. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-2 Rev. F01




The National Roads Authority outlined construction noise limits in its “Guidelines for the Treatment of 

Noise and Vibration in National Roads Schemes, 2004”. These limits, which are presented in Table 

11.1, represent a reasonable compromise between the practical limitations in a construction project, 

and the need to ensure an acceptable ambient noise level for residents. 

It is considered appropriate to apply the NRA guideline values, in the absence of other construction 

noise impact assessment guidelines in Ireland. Therefore, these guidelines were used given that 

there are no statutory Noise Regulations with regard to control of noise during construction activities 

in Ireland. The general construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme are similar 

to earthworks and drainage works associated with road construction activities. Given that the 

proposed drainage scheme is essentially a linear development it is considered appropriate to apply 

the NRA guideline values. 

Table 11.1: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels at the Façade of Dwellings during 

Construction1 (NRA Guidelines, October 2004) 

Days & Times LAeq (1hr) dB LAMax dB 

Monday to Friday - 07.00 to 19.00 70 80* 

Monday to Friday - 19.00 to 22.00 60* 65* 

Saturday - 08.00 to 16.30 65 75 

Sundays and Bank Holidays - 08.00 to 16.30 60* 65* 

* Construction activity at these times, other than that required in respect of emergency works, will normally 

require the explicit permission of the relevant authority. 

Indicative only – it may be appropriate to apply more stringent limits in areas where pre-existing noise levels are 

low. 

The EPA guideline daytime noise limit for industrial noise is 55 dB(A), at the nearest noise sensitive 

location(s). The World Health Organisation guideline for outdoor areas is in the range 50 to 55 dB(A). 

The EPA guideline noise limit for industrial noise during the night-time (22:00 – 08:00) is 45 dB(A), at 

the nearest noise sensitive location(s). Any noise limit that may be applied during the night-time will 

be in accordance with the EPA Guidelines. 

Subjectively, the significance that can be attached to changes in noise levels (perceptible to human 

beings) can be described as follows in Table 11.2. 

Table 11.2: Significance Scale for Changes in Noise Levels (Perceptible to Human Beings) 

Change in Noise 

EPA Glossary of 

Impact Rating 

Level 

Impacts 

Subjective Reaction 

0 No change n/a n/a 

15 dB(A) Severe Profound Significant 

Impact: Negative only 

--- 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-3 Rev. F01




It should be noted that the subjective description outlined in Table 11.2 applies to relatively 

continuous traffic noise. However, it can be used as likely indicative responses to changes in ambient 

noise levels. 

It is considered unlikely that there will be any construction works associated with the proposed 

drainage scheme undertaken during the night-time. However, in the event that any noise sources 

associated with the construction phase need to operate during the night-time (e.g. any water pumps), 

the EPA guidelines on noise “Guidance note for noise in relation to scheduled activities” night-time 

criteria of 45dB(A) at noise sensitive receptors will apply in order to prevent sleep disturbance. 

Appropriate mitigation measures including suitable attenuation of any equipment in operation, will be 

employed in order to ensure this. 

11.2.2 Operational Noise Assessment Criteria 

Although operational noise limits are discussed there will be negligible noise during the operational 

phase of the drainage scheme. Occasional maintenance/inspection works would be the most likely 

noise generating activities associated with the operational phase. 

The noise impact of the proposed drainage scheme is assessed taking account of absolute noise 

criteria contained in the national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines on noise 

“Guidance note for noise in relation to scheduled activities”, and World Health Organisation 

Guidelines “Guidelines for Community Noise 1999”. 

11.2.3 Vibration Assessment Criteria 

Best practice guidance documents for vibration were used for the assessment with regard to vibration 

that would be likely to lead to complaints, and vibration levels that would be likely to lead to structural 

damage (BS6472: 1992 Guide to Evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings (1Hz to 

80Hz), and BS7385: Part 2 1990: Evaluation and measurement for vibration in buildings - Guide to 

damage levels from ground-borne vibration). Common practice in Ireland has been to use guidance 

from these internationally recognised standards, which address vibration standards in two varieties, 

those dealing with human comfort and those dealing with cosmetic or structural damage to buildings. 

11.2.3.1 Construction Vibration Criteria 

Measurements of vibration from construction sites have shown that, even from piling works, levels 

typically become imperceptible at relatively short distances from the vibration source. 

However, higher levels of vibration are typically tolerated for single events or events of short duration. 

For example piling, one of the primary sources of vibration during construction works where 

competent rock is encountered, is typically tolerated at vibration levels up to 2.5 mm/s. Blasting is not 

proposed during construction works associated with the proposed drainage scheme. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-4 Rev. F01




The National Roads Authority guidelines identify 2.5 mm/s as the vibration level that may be 

considered tolerable due to piling works. The potential vibration levels that could be generated by 

rock breaking works, if required would be expected to be comparable to the level of vibration that may 

be generated by piling works. The vibration level of 2.5 mm/s is substantially below the guideline 

values for protection of properties against cosmetic damage. The NRA limits for protection against 

cosmetic damage are given as a function of vibration frequency, and are:- 

• 8 mm/s (vibration frequency 50 Hz). 

The NRA 2.5mm/s limit is for piling, which is a continuous activity. This limit provides for protection 

against the vibration nuisance, and is comfortably within the limits for cosmetic damage. It is 

considered that the potential impact is therefore likely to be minor. 

11.2.3.2 Operational Vibration Criteria 

In the case of nominally continuous sources of vibration, such as traffic, vibration is perceptible at 

around 0.5 mm/s and may become disturbing or annoying at higher magnitudes. However the 

operational phase of the proposed drainage scheme will not generate perceptible vibrations. 

11.3 RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT 

11.3.1 Environmental Noise Survey Results 

Prior to visiting the study area a desk based review of the Ordnance Survey Ireland Discovery Series 

mapping and the Ordnance Survey Ireland, 1:2,500 Vector mapping of the area was undertaken. A 

number of representative noise sensitive receptors were identified from the mapping. A noise 

sensitive location is defined by the EPA, “Environmental Noise Survey Guidance Document, 2003” as 

“any dwelling house, hotel or hostel, health building, educational establishment, place of worship or 

entertainment, or any other facility or other area of high amenity which for its proper enjoyment 

requires the absence of noise at nuisance levels”. A baseline-monitoring programme was then 

planned. 

Designated conservation sites are also sensitive noise receptors. The location of such sites is 

discussed separately in Chapter 8 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna section of the EIS. The potential 

impacts on fauna resulting from increased noise levels are discussed in the Chapter 8 Flora and 

Fauna of the EIS. It is commonly accepted that the immediate area where construction works are 

undertaken will be avoided by animals during the construction phase and behaviour will return to 

normal when works are complete. 

RPS undertook a baseline environmental noise survey and calculations of the potential noise impact 

associated with the construction phase of the proposed drainage scheme. A daytime noise survey 

was carried out at six noise sensitive locations in the vicinity of the location of the proposed drainage 

scheme on 7 th of July 2012. The location of the noise monitoring points is illustrated on Figure 11.1. 

Noise measurements were carried out over 15-minute intervals and at the end of each 15-minute 

interval the existing ambient noise levels (LAeq) and the noise statistics for the monitoring period 

were automatically stored to instrument memory. The details of the noise surveys are outlined herein. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-5 Rev. F01




The noise monitoring was carried out using a Bruel&Kjaer Model 2250, Type 1 Integrating Digital 

Sound Level Meter (SLM), capable of measuring within +/- 0.3dB(A) in Leq and sound pressure levels 

(SPL) in ‘A’ scale. The instrument records the LAeq, LA10, LA90, LAMax and LAMin percentiles 

simultaneously – see Appendix 11.1 Noise Terminology. The instrument was calibrated in 

accordance with ISO 1996 “Description and measurement of environmental noise” prior to 

commencing the surveys using the recommended standard calibration procedure and a known pure 

tone noise source. The unit was again calibrated on completion of the surveys to record drift during 

the course of the day. The unit had not drifted during the surveys. Drift is normally associated with 

battery fade and/or temperature. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-6 Rev. F01

Riverdate 

Estate 

2.3 

11.6 

CF 

CF 

15.8 

9.1 

2.2 2.4 

Assumption Place 

Coronea Court 

5.6 


12.9 

18.5 

UND 

14.7 

LS 

2.8 

Care Centre 

LS 

UPPER 

11.9 

The Moorings 

2.1 

BRIDGE 

STREET 

10kv 


(1-18) 

11.8 

2.6 

2.5 

The Moorings 

10.7 

15 

CF 

2.4 

2.5 

UND UND 

2.3 

2 

RIVER ILEN 

9.6 

Sports Ground 

10kv 

2.4 

7.6 

2.2 

2.4 

10kv 

BM 2.83 

2.5 

2.5 

John F 

Kennedy 

Bridge 

Hotel 

Church 


2.5 

Mardyke Court 

(1-6) 

8.0 

STREET 

3.3 

Fire Station 

2.5 

2.9 

3.5 

3.5 

BM 3.29 

5.5 

UND 

Mart 

CS 

BRIDGE 

10kv 

UND 

CS 

CS 

STREET 

BM 4.47 


3.4 

T 

CF 

3.0 

MAIN 

10kv 

NCT 

Centre 

2.5 

2.2 

STREET 

CF 

2.2 

2.8 

Treatment 

Plant 

CS 

2.6 

THE 

SQUARE 

Town Hall 

T 

STREET 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

CS 

Sports Ground 

2.7 

CR 

Sports Ground 

Club House 

T 

Cathedral 

UND UND 

1.9 

The Rock 

Tank 

CS 

MILL MILL 

ROAD ROAD 

1.7 

School 

2.8 

SKIBBEREEN 

10kv 

2.1 

Show Grounds 

School 

CS 

Sports Centre 

3.2 

Burial 

Ground 

School 

T 

3.5 

School 

30 

Souterrain 


CR 

Hillcrest 

School 

T 

4.4 

3.8 

UND 

4.3 

Gaelscoil 


CS 

UND 

FF 

UND 

4.7 

4.8 

45.3 

10kv 

T 

CS 

FF 

7.5 

5.8 

49.3 

10kv 

CR 

10 

FF 

1 

6.2 

Tanks 

UND 

50.4 

Town Co Bdy 

Town Town Town Co Co Co Bdy Bdy Bdy 

10KV 

UND 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

ROAD ROAD 

Glencurragh 

RIVER 

N 4 

CORK CORK 

Town Town Co Bdy 


ILEN 

HWM 

N 1 

STREET STREET 

NORTH 

14 11 

N 3 

STREET 

ILEN STREET 

N 2 

RIVER 

ILEN 

NORTH 

Ardcarrig 

2 

11 12 

BRIDGE STREET 

10 

1 

2 

Pound Hill 

ROSSA 

ROAD 

ROSSA ROAD 


MARKET MARKET 

TOWNSHEND TOWNSHEND 

STREET 

STREET STREET 

Caol Stream 

N 5 

STREET 


37 

38 

Hawthorns 

43 

Mardyke Park 

27 28 

UND 

2 

8 

9 

1 

23 

24 26 

Area under 

construction 

61 

31 

32 

The Mills 

19 

FW 

46 

45 

Coronea 

10kv 

Drive 

UND 

UND 

Castle 

Town Co Bdy 

Legend 

UND 

Noise Monitoring Location 

19 

14 

8 

9 

6 

Abhainn Beag 

1 

10kv 

School 

N 6 

10kv 

UND 


5 

CARRIGFADDA 

Town Co Bdy 

10kv 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 




Project No. 

File Ref. 

MCE0703 

MCE0703Mi0013F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

Noise Monitoring Locations 

11.1 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 

Mi0013 

F01 










The weather conditions during the noise monitoring surveys were dry but cold, with very calm 

conditions. A slight breeze in a south-westerly direction was noted on occasion during the noise 

surveys on each day. 

All measurements were taken in accordance with ISO 1996, under suitable weather conditions. The 

sound level meter (microphone) was set-up in free-field conditions (i.e. away from any reflecting 

surfaces), and the meter was positioned 1.5 m above ground level. The noise monitoring locations for 

the baseline noise survey are described as follows. 

Table 11.3: Baseline Noise Sensitive Receptor Locations 

Location 

Reference 

N1 

N2 

N3 

N4 

N5 

N6 

Description 

Housing Estate on right hand side of the Schull Road (N71) 

West Cork Hotel Car Park on Ilen Street (behind hotel) 

Behind Civil Defence Building on North Street (on bank of the River) 

Old School/House next to the play ground at the end of Mill Road 

Next to Apartment Block, behind Roycroft Bicycle Shop in Super Valu Car Park off 

Townsend Street 

School on Castletownsend Road 

11.3.2 Noise Survey Results 

A summary of the results of the baseline noise surveys carried out at the representative noise 

sensitive receptors in the environs of the proposed drainage scheme, are presented in Table 11.4. 

RPS/MCE0590RP0004 11-8 Rev. F01


River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme Volume II Main Document 

Table 11.4: Measured Baseline Noise Levels (Sheet 1 of 2) 

Mon. 

Location 

N1 

Meas. 

Time 

11.59 

- 

12.14 

14:24 

- 

14:39 

16.51 

- 

17.04 

Measured Measured Noise Level dB(A) 

Comments 

Wind 

speed L Aeq L A10 L A90 L AMax L AMin 

(ms -1 ) 

0.3 63.2 67.8 45.6 77.7 35.6 Dominant source was fast moving traffic on the adjoining Schull Road N71. Noise 

from birds in the area was noted at times. The maximum level of noise was recorded 

from a lorry passing. 

0.2 63.0 67.8 43.6 76.7 36.8 Dominant source was fast moving traffic on the adjoining Schull Road N71. Noise 

from birds in the area was noted at times. The maximum level of noise was recorded 

from a van and lorry passing. 

0.3 61.0 75.0 43.2 75.0 34.5 Dominant source was fast moving traffic on the adjoining Schull Road N71. The 

maximum level of noise was recorded from a lorry passing. 

Average Noise level (log 

scale) 

67.3 

N2 

11:33 

- 

11.48 

14.04 

- 

14.19 

16.24 

- 

16.39 

0.2 44.4 49.0 40.0 71.5 36.9 Dominant source was cars in the car park. 

0.4 47.6 49.0 40.0 71.5 36.9 Dominant source was cars and people in the car-park. Noise from birds in the area 

was noted at times 

0.3 44.3 45.2 39.8 65.4 37.1 Dominant source was cars in the car park and traffic on adjoining road. Some distant 

bird song was also audible. People causing disturbance within the car park on one 

occasion. 


scale) 

51.0 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-9 Rev. F01



Mon. 

Location 

N3 

Meas. 

Time 

11:00 

- 

11:15 

13.41 

- 

13.56 

16.01 

- 

16.16 


scale) 

Mon. 

Location 

Meas. 

Time 


Comments 

Wind 


(ms -1 ) 

0.9 49.4 51.6 44.0 70.9 40.7 Dominant source was traffic noise on North Street. Occasional noise noted from 

birds and breeze in the trees but not significant due to the level of road traffic noise. 

1.1 47.9 50.6 42.6 60.8 37.7 Dominant source was traffic noise on North Street as per previous survey. Noise 

from people passing by was also recorded on one occasion. 

0.8 47.1 49.6 42.4 66.4 38.0 Dominant source was traffic noise on North Street as per previous survey. Noise 

from ducks quacking repeatedly for a period of 8 minutes nearby. 

Measure 

Wind 

53.0 

Measured Noise Level dB(A) 

L Aeq L A10 L A90 L AMax L AMi 

n 

Comments 

N4 

12.23 

- 

12:38 

16:10 

- 

16:25 

17.13 

- 

17.28 


scale) 

(ms-1) 

0.3 53.4 56.0 48.0 64.9 42.9 Dominant source was distant traffic adjacent to the playground. Noise from birds was 

also noted. 

1.2 52.8 55.8 46.2 64.6 41.9 Dominant source was distant traffic. Noise from people on nearby road was also 

recorded. 

0.6 52.4 55.0 47.4 68.4 41.2 Dominant source was distant traffic adjacent to the playground. Noise from birds was 

also noted. 

58.0 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-10 Rev. F01



Mon. 

Location 

N5 

Meas. 

Time 

12.50 

- 

13.05 

15.09 

- 

15.24 

17.33 

- 

17.48 


scale) 

N613. 

15- 

13.30 

N6 15.33 

- 

15:48 

17.55 

- 

18.10 


scale) 


Comments 

Wind 


(ms -1 ) 

1.2 51.2 52.4 42.4 72.1 38.9 Dominant source was traffic noise on Townsend Street. On one occasion noise from 

a barking dog and bicycle bell ringing was noted. Noise from a door slamming that 

was parked near the monitoring position was a significant noise source briefly 

towards the end of the measurement. 

0.2 47.2 49.4 40.2 68.6 37.8 Dominant noise source was traffic noise on Townsend Street, similar to previous 

measurement. Noise from a car horn beeping was noted briefly. 

0.6 52.4 52.0 39.0 80.0 36.0 Dominant noise source was traffic noise Townsend Street, similar to previous 

measurement. Noise from a car horn and a car moving near the monitoring position 

was also recorded. 

56.0 

0.4 56.0 60.2 39.0 72.6 32.1 Dominant noise source was from cars passing on Castletownsend Road. Occasional 

noise from children in the camp across the road was also observed. Maximum noise 

recorded was due to a lorry passing on the adjoining Castletownsend Road. 

0.2 55.3 59.4 39.4 72.1 34.0 Dominant noise source was traffic noise on Castletownsend Road 

0.3 53.9 58.4 36.4 70.0 32.0 Dominant source was traffic noise on Castletownsend Road. Eight people playing 

football less than 30m away also influenced the noise recordings. Some intermittent 

noise from birds was also noted. 

60.0 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-11 Rev. F01




11.3.2.1 Discussion of Results 

The existing ambient noise environment was notably influenced by proximity to the main noise 

sources in the area. Presently the predominant noise source in the area is road traffic noise on the 

roads and streets in the study area. 

The LAeq ambient noise levels measured at the noise sensitive receptors varied between 51.0dB(A) 

at N2, and 67.3dB(A) at N1. The sensitive receptors located near Schull Road and Townsend Street 

recorded the highest levels, i.e. L AMax N1 (77.7dBA) and N5 (80.0dBA). Traffic noise on the respective 

nearby roads was noted as dominant noise sources at both locations. 

The L A10 is a measure of the short high-energy noise events and is a good indicator of traffic noise. 

The similarity between the LAeq and the L A10 reflects the impact of traffic noise levels generally on the 

noise environment in the area. 

The noise results at each of the other noise sensitive receptor monitoring points (i.e. N1, N2, N3, N4, 

N5 and N6) all exhibit relative similarities with only slight differences between the LAeq and 

L A10 results. This is considered typical of ambient noise levels in an urban environment. 


The potential sources of noise emissions and vibration associated with the proposed development 

have been assessed for the following stages:- 

• The construction phase, and 

• The operational phase of the project. 

The noise impact assessment has considered the effects of the proposed development based upon 

the location map and extent of works as described in Chapter 2 Project Description. 

In this regard, the noise impact of the proposed development has been assessed in terms of 

considering the potential impacts during the construction phase, and impacts following completion of 

the development. During the construction phase the majority of works to be undertaken will comprise 

of site preparation works, involving use of earth moving and excavation equipment. There will also be 

additional traffic noise generated by construction site traffic, HGVs delivering concrete wall sections 

and ready-mix material to the site, which would have potential for a noise impact along haul routes to 

the site. It is not anticipated that rock breaking will be required to be undertaken during the 

construction of the proposed drainage scheme. 

Although the construction phase of the proposed development has the greatest potential for impact, it 

should be noted that these works will be temporary in duration as it is anticipated that construction 

works will take approximately 24 months to complete. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-12 Rev. F01




11.4.1 Construction Related Noise 

During the various phases of construction of the proposed drainage scheme, the main potential noise 

sources that would be evident at the site would be:- 

• Site Preparation, noise will be generated by plant and machinery used to place fill material to 

form flood defence embankments at the site, construct concrete flood defence walls etc. 

• Haulage of fill construction materials to the site, by heavy goods vehicles and distribution of the 

material to the different sections of the drainage scheme site by excavators and earth mover 

trucks. 

• Internal/external haulage and delivery of construction materials by trucks. 

• Traffic associated with employees working at the site during the construction phase of the 

proposed drainage scheme. 

11.4.2 Construction Related Vibration 

Potential sources of vibration during typical construction projects include rock-breaking equipment, 

sheet piling machinery, excavators, dump trucks and HGV’s. There are internationally recognised 

criteria for vibration levels, for vibration which would be likely to lead to complaints, and vibration 

levels which would be likely to lead to structural damage (BS6472: 1992 Guide to Evaluation of 

human exposure to vibration in buildings (1Hz to 80Hz), and BS7385: Part 2 1990: Guide to damage 

levels from ground-borne vibration). 

It is anticipated that the levels of vibration generated by construction works associated with the 

proposed drainage scheme and haulage of material to the site would be below the criteria specified in 

these standards, as the level of vibration from these activities would not be significant. 

Given that sheet-piled flood defence walls will be constructed along sections of the drainage scheme, 

vibration measurements can be carried out at any requisite monitoring points, if deemed necessary. 

This would help to ensure that vibrations generated by any of the construction activities at the site 

would not give rise to nuisance in the vicinity of proposed works. 


There will be no continuous noise or vibration generated by the proposed drainage scheme upon 

completion of the construction works. The proposed project comprises of the creation of the flood 

defences associated with the drainage scheme and there will be no operational noise or vibration 

sources as such on-site once the flood defences are constructed. 

In this regard there will be negligible noise during the operational phase of the proposed drainage 

scheme. There may be occasional inspections of the flood defences once constructed but there 

would be negligible noise or vibration associated with site inspections of the drainage scheme. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-13 Rev. F01




11.5 “DO NOTHING” SCENARIO 

Should the proposed works be abandoned, (i.e. the “Do Nothing” Scenario prevailed), it is considered 

that there would be no significant change in the existing noise environment in the vicinity of the site. 

11.6 PREDICTED IMPACTS 


The most noticeable noise impact will occur during general construction activities associated with the 

flood relief scheme. There are a number of noise sensitive receptors located adjacent to sections of 

the site where flood defences will be constructed (refer to Figure 11.1). 

Noise predictions were undertaken in accordance with BS5228 “Noise and Vibration Control on 

Construction and Open Sites”, to predict noise levels at nearby noise sensitive receptors. The plant 

and machinery sound power levels were taken from BS 5228 and the Department for Environment 

Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Updated Noise Database for Prediction of Noise on Construction 

and Open Sites, (DEFRA, 2005). 

11.6.1.1 Construction Works Associated with the Drainage Scheme Works 

To allow for prediction of the worst-case scenario the total plant involved in the construction works 

was input as being operational on a continual basis at the boundary of the construction working area 

closest to the noise sensitive receptors. Details regarding the nature and numbers of plant and 

machinery to be utilised on-site during the construction works have not been finalised at this stage. 

However an assumption has been made that the following plant and machinery items listed in Table 

11.5 will be required during the construction phase. 

Table 11.5: List of Construction Plant/Machinery and Associated Sound Power Levels 

Description 

Number Required 

Sound power level 

(Approximate) 

Lw dB(A) 

Tracked Dozer 1 114 

Tracked Excavator 2 97 

Pile Driver 1 94 

Articulated Dump Truck 1 102 

Articulated Lorries 2 98 

Concrete Mixer 1 90 

Compressor 1 90 

Considering the progressive nature of the works, i.e. topsoil stripping, construction of the new flood 

defence embankments, construction of the concrete defence walls and construction of the glass wall 

flood defences, the predicted noise levels represent an overestimate of the potential construction 

noise that may be generated at the site, as much of the plant and machinery will not be operational 

simultaneously and will not be operational at the same location. 

The predicted construction noise level at the sensitive receptors (i.e. the nearest sensitive receptors 

to the proposed drainage scheme) associated with the flood defences construction works is 62dB 

LAeq, 1 hour, assuming all of the plant and machinery listed in Table 11.5 are operational on a 

continual basis. This would be within the NRA guidelines for construction noise levels at noise 

sensitive receptors. Given the existing ambient noise levels at the sensitive receptors, and assuming 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-14 Rev. F01




the worst-case scenario predicted construction noise level of 62dB(A) was apparent at all of the noise 

sensitive receptors, the resultant cumulative noise levels at each of the sensitive receptors would be 

as outlined in Table 11.6. 

It should be noted that the predicted cumulative noise levels presented in Table 11.6 are worst-case 

scenario and in reality it is likely that noise levels will be lower. Not all items of plant listed in Table 

11.5 will be in operation at the same location at the same time for 100% of the working day. 

Table 11.6: Predicted Noise Levels at Noise Sensitive Locations During Construction 

Noise 

Sensitive 

Location 

Measured 

Baseline 

Level 

dB(A) 

LAeq 

Predicted 

Worst-case 

Construction 

Noise Level 

dB(A) 

NRA Guideline 

Construction 

Noise 

Criterion 

dB(A) 

Predicted 

Cumulative 

Noise Level at 

Receptor 

dB(A) 

N1 67.3 62.1 70 68.4 

N2 51.0 62.1 70 62.4 

N3 53.0 62.1 70 62.6 

N4 58.0 62.1 70 63.5 

N5 56.0 62.1 70 63.1 

N6 60.0 62.1 70 64.2 

Impact 

Moderate 

Short-Term 

Negative 

Moderate 

Short-Term 

Negative 

Slight Short- 

Term 

Negative 

Significant 

Short-Term 

Negative 

Slight Short- 

Term 

Negative 

Moderate 

Short-Term 

Negative 

The results of the noise assessment indicate the predicted construction noise levels associated with 

the drainage scheme will give rise to cumulative noise levels at the sensitive receptors during the 

construction phase, that are below the NRA Guideline Construction Noise Criterion of 70 dB(A). 

It should be noted however that the noise levels presented in Table 11.6 are indicative of the potential 

worst-case scenario and effectively represent an overestimate of the likely construction noise levels 

that will be generated on a short-term basis. As outlined above, the predicted construction noise 

levels assume that all noise sources will be operating simultaneously throughout the day, which is 

unlikely to occur. 

11.6.1.2 Construction Traffic 

During the various phases of construction of the proposed flood relief scheme, the main potential 

noise sources that would be evident at the site would be:- 

• Site Preparation, noise will be generated by plant and machinery used to place fill material to 

form flood defence embankments at the site, construct concrete flood defence walls, glass flood 

defence walls etc. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-15 Rev. F01




• Haulage of fill construction materials to the site, by heavy goods vehicles and distribution of the 

material to different sections of the drainage scheme site by excavators and earth mover trucks. 

• Internal / external haulage and delivery of construction materials by trucks. 

• Traffic associated with employees working at the site during the construction phase of the 


It is anticipated that the construction traffic noise levels will be within the recommended construction noise 

limits prescribed in the NRA Guidelines for the Treatment of Noise and Vibration during the construction 

of National Road Schemes 2004. The predicted construction traffic noise levels would be likely to be 

within the range of the existing ambient noise levels in the area and would not be expected to give rise to 

a significant negative noise impact in the area. 

11.6.1.3 Construction Related Vibration 

Potential sources of vibration during typical construction projects include rock-breaking equipment, 

sheet piling machinery, excavators, dump trucks and HGV’s. There are internationally recognised 

criteria for vibration levels, for vibration which would be likely to lead to complaints, and vibration levels 

which would be likely to lead to structural damage (BS6472: 1992 Guide to Evaluation of human 

exposure to vibration in buildings (1Hz to 80Hz), and BS7385: Part 2 1990: Guide to damage levels from 

ground-borne vibration). 

It is anticipated that the levels of vibration generated by construction works associated with the 

proposed drainage scheme and haulage of material to the site would be below the criteria specified in 

these standards, as the level of vibration from these activities would not be significant. 

Given that sheet-piled flood defence walls will be constructed along sections of the drainage scheme, 

vibration measurements can be carried out at any requisite monitoring points, if deemed necessary. 

This would help to ensure that vibrations generated by any of the construction activities at the site 

would not give rise to nuisance in the vicinity of the proposed works. 


As outlined in Section 11.4.3, there will be no continuous noise or vibration generated by the 

proposed Drainage Scheme upon completion of the construction works. The proposed project 

comprises of the creation of the flood defences associated with the drainage scheme and there will be 

no operational noise or vibration sources as such on-site once the flood defences are created. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-16 Rev. F01




11.7 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES 


Although it is predicted that noise levels will not exceed NRA assessment guideline criteria it is 

recommended that the following mitigation measures are strictly adhered to, as a measure to keep 

potential noise levels at a minimum. Mitigation measures, as outlined in BS5228 will be employed onsite 

during construction. The contract documents will clearly specify that the Contractor will be 

obliged to implement best practice noise abatement measures and comply with the recommendations 

of British Standard BS 5228, Code of Practice for Noise and Vibration Control on Construction and 

Open Sites – 2009. The following parts of this British Standard are applicable:- 

Part 1: Noise 

Part 2: Vibration 

It is recommended that “Best Practice Means” should be employed to minimise construction impacts. 

These include the following:- 

• Normal working hours will be 0800-1900 hours Monday to Friday and 0800-1600 hours on 

Saturdays. Sunday working will be avoided but may be necessary on some occasions. When 

working outside of normal hours is required the contractor will discuss such requirements with 

Cork County Council before such operations begin with adequate notice to the local 

community. 

• Selection of plant machinery with low inherent potential for generation of noise and/or vibration. 

All construction plant and equipment to be used at the site will be modern equipment and will 

comply with the European Communities (Construction Plant and Equipment) (Permissible 

Noise Levels) Regulations. 

• Regular maintenance of plant will be carried out in order to minimise noise produced by on-site 

operations. The regular and effective maintenance of plant can play an important role in 

reducing noise emissions. In particular, attention will be paid to the lubrication of bearings and 

the integrity of silencers. Silencers and engine covers will be maintained in good and effective 

working order. 

• All vehicles and mechanical plant will be fitted with effective exhaust silencers and maintained 

in good working order for the duration of the Contract. 

• Any compressors used on-site will be of the “sound reduced” models fitted with properly lined 

and sealed acoustic covers which will be kept closed whenever the machines are in use and all 

ancillary pneumatic tools shall be fitted with suitable silencers. 

• Machines, which are used intermittently, will be shut down or throttled back to a minimum 

during those periods when they are not in use. 

• Any plant, such as generators or pumps, which are required to work outside of normal working 

hours, will be surrounded by an acoustic enclosure. 

• Training of drivers to ensure smooth machinery operation/driving, and to minimise unnecessary 

noise generation. 

• A maximum speed limit of 40 km/hr will be imposed for HGV’s and drivers will be instructed to 

maintain as far as possible the distances between vehicles or 24 km/hr on un-surfaced roads. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-17 Rev. F01




It is also recommended that periodic noise monitoring be undertaken during the initial construction 

phase to determine levels at noise sensitive receptors, in particular during ‘noisy’ activities. If the 

recommended noise exposure levels are exceeded further mitigation measures will be employed 

including temporary enclosures or screens around particularly ‘noisy’ plant. 


There will be no continuous operational noise or vibration generated by the proposed drainage 

scheme upon completion of the construction phase. 

Therefore, no mitigation measures are prescribed for the operational phase of the River Ilen 

(Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme. 

11.7.3 Vibration Mitigation 

It is anticipated that the levels of vibration generated by construction activities will be below the criteria 

specified in the standards, outlined in Section 10.2.3 and 10.4.2 of this report. 

Vibration measurements will be carried out at any requisite monitoring points. This would help to 

ensure that any vibration generated by the construction of the proposed drainage scheme would not 

give rise to nuisance in the vicinity of the proposed development. If vibration-monitoring results were 

to indicate that levels were approaching the standard limits, appropriate mitigation measures would be 

put in place to ensure that vibration levels were reduced to acceptable levels. 

11.8 MONITORING 

A programme of noise and vibration monitoring at sensitive receptors will be detailed by the 

Contractor prior to works beginning. This will allow for a constant review of noise and vibration levels 

generated by the construction of the proposed drainage scheme and will highlight the need for further 

mitigation measures should they be required. 

Should complaints arise, it is recommended that noise monitoring be carried out at sensitive receptors 

during the construction phase of the proposed drainage scheme to ensure guideline limits are not 

exceeded and to determine whether further mitigation measures are required. 


There will be no significant residual noise and vibration impacts associated with the construction or 

operation stage of the proposed drainage scheme. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 11-18 Rev. F01




12 CULTURAL HERITAGE 


This Chapter assesses the cultural heritage impacts of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage 

Scheme. The term ‘cultural heritage’ is used to encompass the archaeological, architectural, historical 

and folklore heritage resource. The assessment identifies potential impacts on the cultural heritage 

resource and recommends mitigation measures where appropriate. 

The scheme has been designed to provide flood relief defences for the sections of the River Ilen and 

its tributaries within the environs of Skibbereen Town. It will primarily involve the creation of localised 

flood defenses along the banks of the watercourses and also along terrestrial areas prone to flooding. 

Localised in-stream works are proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge and in the Caol Stream, where a 

walled channel is to be installed. Limited flood relief works are also proposed for the banks of the 

Assolas stream which is a small tributary stream to the Caol in the southwest corner of the town. The 

confluence of the Glencurragh Stream with the River Ilen is located to the southwest of The Moorings 

Housing Estate on the Schull Road and it is proposed to construct a pump station in the green field 

site immediately west of The Moorings Housing Estate. 

A Cultural Heritage Constraints Report was previously compiled for the proposed scheme by John 

Cronin & Associates (JCA) in July 2011. The study area for the Constraints Report incorporated an 

area approximately 8km downstream and 7 km upstream of Skibbereen Town. It included the 

identification of all recorded archaeological monuments within the study area including the legal 

status, if any, of these features. All protected and potential structures of architectural heritage 

significance within the constraints study area were also assessed. This was carried out in order to 

allow the scheme to be designed to avoid impacts on all protected cultural heritage features. 

The present Chapter assesses a more focused study area that encompasses an area extending for 

300 m from the lands that will be directly impacted by the proposed scheme. The assessment 

methodology included comprehensive desktop and field-walking surveys of the revised study area. 

The Appendices for this chapter comprise a photographic record of the study area (Appendix 12.1); 

the relevant extracts from the Archaeological Inventory of Co. Cork (Appendix 12.2); the Record of 

Protected Structures (Appendix 12.3), the translations of the placenames within the study area 

(Appendix 12.4) and the relevant entries from the Excavations Database (Appendix 12.5). 

An underwater archaeological survey was previously carried out within the area to be impacted by the 

proposed drainage scheme (Kieran 2004). It was undertaken as an assessment of the impact of a 

proposed sewerage scheme and works comprised an underwater/wading survey (04D023) and metaldetecting 

survey (04R057) within the section of the River Ilen that flows through Skibbereen. The only 

in-channel grading impacts within the River Ilen will be localised works in the vicinity of the John F. 

Kennedy Bridge. This area was previously inspected during the underwater archaeological 

assessment and nothing of archaeological significance was identified. The underwater survey also 

encompassed the confluence of the Ilen with the Caol Stream in the centre of the town. The results 

and recommendations of this underwater archaeological survey were consulted as part of the present 

assessment and relevant extracts are provided (Appendix 12.6 Under Water Archaeological 

Assessment). 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-1 Rev. F01




12.2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 

The methodology used for this assessment is based on the EPA (2003) Advice Notes on Current 

Practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements) on Cultural Heritage, including 

folklore/tradition, architecture/settlements and monuments/features, following a baseline study of the 

existing cultural heritage features in the area of the proposed development, as well as per the Institute 

of Archaeologists (IAI) Good Practice Guidelines. 

This assessment is based on a desktop survey which identified all recorded archaeological, 

architectural and other cultural heritage sites within the study area. An underwater archaeological 

survey was previously carried out in the sections of the river channel and river bed to be impacted by 

the present scheme and the results were consulted as part of the desktop survey (Kieran 2004) (see 

Section 12.2.1). 

A walk over inspection of the areas to be impacted by the proposed scheme was undertaken by John 

Cronin and Associates in July 2012 (see Section 12.2.2). 

12.2.1 Desktop Survey 

The principal sources reviewed for the assessment of the known archaeological resource were the 

Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) and the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) for County 

Cork. These provide comprehensive lists of the known archaeological resource and their legislative 

basis is outlined below (Section 12.3.2).The Record of Protected Structures (RPS) and the National 

Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) were the main sources consulted for assessing the known 

architectural heritage resource. The following sources were also consulted as part of the assessment: 

Database of Irish Excavation Reports 

The Database of Irish Excavation Reports contains summary accounts of all archaeological 

excavations carried out in Ireland – North and South – from 1970 to 2008. The excavations database 

contains summaries of a number of archaeological investigations within the study area and these are 

included in Appendix 12.5. 

Development Plans 

The local authority development plans relevant to the study area were consulted as part of this 

assessment. These plans outline the local authorities’ policies for the conservation of the 

archaeological and architectural heritage resource and include the Record of Protected Structures 

(RPS) and designate Architectural Conservation Areas (ACA). The relevant development plans for the 

study area comprises the Cork County Development Plan (2009-2015) and the Skibbereen Town 

Council Development Plan (2009-2015). 

Cartographic Sources 

The detail on cartographic sources can indicate past settlement and land use patterns in recent 

centuries and can highlight the increased impact of modern developments. This information can aid in 

the identification of the location and extent of unrecorded, or partially levelled, features of 

archaeological or architectural interest. The cartographic sources examined for the study area 

included various editions of the Ordnance Survey (OS) maps. These included the 1 st editions of the 

OS 6-inch maps (surveyed and published in the 1830s & 1840s) and the 25” OS maps (surveyed and 

published 1888-1913). These two cartographic sources are referred to as the “OS maps” within this 

chapter and the relevant extracts are provided in Appendix 12.7. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-2 Rev. F01




Photographic Sources 

A number of photographic sources were consulted as a means of identifying possible cultural heritage 

sites. This included the Digital Photographs database of the National Library of Ireland 

(http://www.nli.ie/), the online resource of the River Ilen Planning Project Liaison Executive (RIPPLE) 

(http://rippleskibbereen.com/gallery/) and local history publications. 

Literary Sources 

Literary sources are a valuable means of completing the written archaeological, historical and 

architectural record of a study area and gaining insight into the history of the environs of the proposed 

scheme. This included a review of the Underwater Archaeological Assessment undertaken in the 

River Ilen as part of the assessment of a sewerage scheme. A list of all literary sources consulted is 

provided (Section 12.6). 

Place names Database of Ireland 

The Place-Names Branch (Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht) provides a 

comprehensive management system for data, archival records and place names research conducted 

by the State. Its primary function is to undertake research in order to establish the correct Irish 

language forms of the place names of Ireland and to publish them on a public website 

(www.logainm.ie). The Gaelic roots of many place names can provide information on the presence of 

sites of archaeological interest. The translations of the place names within the study area are 

provided in Appendix 12.4. 

12.2.2 Site Survey 

In July 2012 areas to be impacted by the flood relief works were inspected along the entire length of 

the proposed scheme. The topography and land use within the study area was assessed as these 

can often indicate the potential for the presence of hitherto unrecorded archaeological and 

architectural heritage sites. The riverine environment was inspected from the river banks and 

compared with the results of the desktop study and the previous underwater archaeological survey 

within the study area. 

12.2.3 Impact Criteria 

The assessment for the nature of impacts on the cultural heritage resource is based on various 

guidelines published by the National Monuments Service (NMS), the Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA) and the National Road Authority (NRA). Impacts are generally categorised as either 

being direct, indirect or of no predicted impact. The criteria for determining the nature of impacts are 

based on the following:- 

• Direct Impact– where a cultural heritage site is physically located within the footprint of the 

scheme, which will result in its complete or partial removal. 

• Indirect Impact– where a cultural heritage site or its setting is located in close proximity to the 

footprint of the scheme. 

• No predicted impact– where the potential scheme will not adversely or positively affect a 

cultural heritage site. 

The impact categories are assessed further in terms of the quality of the impact, which is deemed to 

be negative, neutral, or positive: 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-3 Rev. F01




• Negative Impact is applied when a change will detract from or permanently remove a cultural 

heritage site from the landscape. 

• Neutral Impact is applied when a change does not affect cultural heritage sites. 

• Positive Impact: is applied when a change improves or enhances the setting of a cultural 

heritage site. 

A significance rating for these impacts is then applied; whether profound, significant, moderate, slight, 

or imperceptible 

• A profound impact applies where mitigation would be unlikely to remove adverse effects that 

arise where a cultural heritage site is completely and irreversibly destroyed by a proposed 

development. 

• A significant impact applies when an impact, by its magnitude, duration or intensity, alters an 

important aspect of the environment. It applies where part of a cultural heritage site would be 

permanently impacted upon, leading to a loss of character, integrity and data about the 

feature/site. 

• A moderate impact applies when a change to a cultural heritage site is proposed that, though 

noticeable, does not compromise the integrity of the site and which is reversible. This arises 

where a cultural heritage site can be incorporated into a modern day development without 

damage and where all procedures used to facilitate this are reversible. 

• A slight impact causes changes in the character of the environment which are not significant or 

profound and do not directly impact or affect a cultural heritage site. 

• An imperceptible impact applies where an impact is capable of measurement but does not 

carry noticeable consequences. 

12.3 THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT 

12.3.1 Environmental Context 

The River Ilen rises in the hills north of Drimoleague and flows into Roaringwater Bay downstream of 

Skibbereen. The river channel is up to 40 m in width and meanders through the town forming a 

floodplain known as the Marsh along the western bank. The local authority have lowered a section of 

the Marsh area and used the excavated material to construct a 200 m long flood protection berm. The 

channel measures up to 40 m in width and the substrate is comprised of cobble and small boulder in 

faster flowing stretches with sand and gravels in areas of slacker flow (Cronin & Miller 2007). The 

River Ilen valley extends through both Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Limestone geological 

areas that are dominated by brown podzolic soils, which support a wide land use capability (Aalen et 

al 1997, 18). 

12.3.2 Legal Status 

The management and protection of cultural heritage in Ireland is achieved through a framework of 

international conventions and national laws and policies. This is undertaken in accordance with the 

provisions of the ‘European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage’ (the Valletta 

Convention) and ‘European Convention on the Protection of Architectural Heritage’ (Grenada 

Convention). Cultural heritage can be divided loosely into the archaeological resource covering sites 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-4 Rev. F01




and monuments from the prehistoric period until the post-medieval period and the architectural 

heritage resource, encompassing standing structures and sites of cultural importance dating from the 

post-medieval and modern period. In addition, local place-names, folklore and traditions are 

considered part of our cultural heritage. 

The legislation; national policy statements, guidelines and advice notes relevant to this assessment 

include:- 

• National Monuments Act 1930 (and amendments in 1954, 1987, 1994 and 2004). 

• Heritage Act (1995). 

• National Cultural Institutions Act (1997). 

• Policy for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (Department of Arts, Heritage, 

Gaeltacht and the Islands 1999). 

• Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and National Monuments (Misc. Provisions) Act 

(1999). 

• Local Government (Planning and Development) Act (2000). 

• Department of Environment, Heritage, and Local Government’s Architectural Heritage 

Protection: Guidelines for Planning Authorities (2004). 

Archaeological Resource 

The Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DAHG) is presently responsible for the statutory 

functions and the administration of the national policy in relation to archaeological heritage 

management. The National Monuments Act 1930 (and subsequent amendments in 1954, 1987, 1994 

and 2004), the Heritage Act 1995 and relevant provisions of the National Cultural Institutions Act 1997 

are the primary means of ensuring the satisfactory protection of archaeological remains, which are 

held to include all man-made structures of whatever form or date except buildings habitually used for 

ecclesiastical purposes. A national monument is described as ‘a monument or the remains of a 

monument the preservation of which is a matter of national importance by reason of the historical, 

architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest attaching thereto’ (Section 2, National 

Monument Act, 1930). 

There are a number of mechanisms under the National Monuments Act that are applied to secure the 

protection of archaeological monuments. These include the Register of Historic Monuments, the 

Record of Monuments and Places (RMP), formerly the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR), and the 

placing of Preservation Orders and Temporary Preservation Orders on endangered sites. 

There are ten recorded archaeological sites listed in the RMP/SMR within 300 m of the proposed 

scheme and only one of these is within 100m of the scheme. The 1994 Act provides that the Minister 

shall establish and maintain a record of monuments and places and comprises a list and maps of 

monuments and relevant places. Sites recorded on the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) 

receive statutory protection under the National Monuments Act 1994. The RMP is based on the Sites 

and Monuments Record (SMR) files maintained by the National Monuments Service. The SMR are 

lists with accompanying maps and files of all certain or possible archaeological sites and monuments, 

mainly dating to before 1700 AD, for all Counties in the State. 

Section 12 (3) of the 1994 Act provides that ‘where the owner or occupier (other than the Minister) of 

a monument or place included in the Record, or any other person, proposes to carry out, or to cause 

or permit the carrying out of, any work at or in relation to such a monument or place, he or she shall 

give notice in writing to the Minister to carry out work and shall not, except in the case of urgent 

necessity and with the consent of the Minister, commence the work until two months after the giving 

of notice.’ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-5 Rev. F01




It should be noted that whilst these are recorded (or formerly recorded) archaeological sites, it is 

possible that further archaeological sites and artefacts still remain undetected below the present 

ground surface. 

Architectural Heritage 

Protection of architectural heritage is provided for through a range of legal instruments that include 

the Heritage Act, 1995, the Architectural Heritage (National Inventory) and National Monuments 

(Misc. Provisions) Act, 1999, and the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act 2000. 

Section 2.1 of the Heritage Act, 1995, describes architectural heritage as ‘all structures, buildings, 

traditional and designed, and groups of buildings including streetscapes and urban vistas, which are 

of historical, archaeological, artistic, engineering, scientific, social or technical interest, together with 

their setting, attendant grounds, fixtures, fittings and contents, and, without prejudice to the generality 

of the foregoing, includes railways and related buildings and structures and any place comprising the 

remains or traces of any such railway, building or structure’. 

The Heritage Council 

The Heritage Council seeks to promote the interest in, knowledge and protection of Irish heritage, 

including the architectural resource. The 1995 Heritage Act protects all heritage buildings owned by a 

local authority from damage and destruction. 

Record of Protected Structures (RPS) 

Under the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act, 2000, all Planning Authorities are 

obliged to keep a ‘Record of Protected Structures’ of special architectural, historical, archaeological, 

artistic, cultural, scientific, social or technical interest. As of the 1st January 2000, all structures listed 

for protection in current Development Plans, have become ‘protected structures’. Since the 

introduction of this legislation, planning permission is required for any works to a protected structure 

which would affect its character. If a protected structure is endangered, planning authorities may issue 

a notice to the owner or occupier requiring works to be carried out. The Act contains comprehensive 

powers for local authorities to require the owners and occupiers to do works on a protected structure if 

it is endangered, or a protected structure or a townscape of special character that ought to be 

restored. The protected structures within the study area are listed in Appendix 12.3 Protected 

Structures in the Study Area. The Skibbereen Development Plan outlines the following policies for 

protected structures: 

TM1-1 Structures entered onto the Record of Protected Structures or listed to be entered onto 

the Record of Protected Structures shall be protected and their reuse/conservation/restoration 

and appropriate use encouraged. 

TM1-2 Proposals for development involving alterations or additions to a protected structure or 

its setting shall be encouraged where those works 

(a) Enhance the special character of the structure; and/or 

(b) Complement and reflect the design and character of contiguous buildings 

and the surrounding area; and/or 

(c) Features of architectural or historic interest and the historic form and structural integrity of 

the structure are retained. 

TM1-3 Proposals for development of protected structures shall be encouraged where those 

proposals: 

(a) Contribute to the continued maintenance and repair of the structure; and/or 

(b) Maintain existing usage or provide a new use compatible with the character the structure or 

its setting. 

TM1-4 Development proposals on sites contiguous with a protected structure shall only be 

permitted where it can be clearly demonstrated that the development has no adverse impacts 

on the character or integrity of the protected structure, or views to and from it. 

Architectural Conservation Areas 

Architectural Conservation Areas (ACA) are also included in Development Plans and are designed to 

conserve whole streetscapes, together with the buildings, shop fronts, street furniture and hard and 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-6 Rev. F01




soft surfaces they encompass. The Skibbereen Town Development Plan defines the entire town 

centre as an ACA and outlines the following the policies: 

TM2-1 Proposals involving re-use, change of use, new build and extension of buildings and 

structures in ACA’s shall only be permitted where it can be clearly demonstrated that 

development will 

(a) Reflect and respect the scale, massing, proportions, design and materials of existing 

structures and reflect the character of the area and its streetscape; and 

(b) Retain important exterior architectural features that contribute to the character and 

appearance of the ACA; and 

(c) Where it is not possible to retain the existing features, make use of natural local materials. 

TM2-2 The total demolition of buildings within an ACA which is not scheduled within the Record 

of Protected Structures shall only be permitted where it can be clearly demonstrated that: 

(a) The existing building or structure does not contribute positively to the character or 

appearance of the ACA; or 

(b) The building or structure is beyond viable repair or reuse. 

National Inventory of Architectural Heritage 

The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) identifies a range of built heritage structures 

within the Republic of Ireland and it is used to advise local authorities on compilation of a Record of 

Protected Structures (RPS) as required by the Local Government (Planning and Development) Act, 

2000. The NIAH surveys are ongoing and are carried out by county administrative areas. The 

Skibbereen structures listed in the NIAH broadly correlate with the protected structures published in 

the town development plan. 

12.3.3 Cultural Heritage Resource 

The following section is based on a desktop survey on the cultural heritage of the study area in order 

to inform assessment of the potential impacts of the proposed scheme. Figure 12.1 below illustrates the 

layout of River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme in relation to recorded archaeological monuments. The 

desktop survey has resulted in the identification of ten recorded archaeological sites and a large 

number of protected structures within the wider environs of the scheme. The following section 

provides a summary of these recorded sites organised into the main periods of the Irish 

archaeological record based on the date ranges published by the National Monuments Service 

(2006). The published archaeological inventory descriptions of the recorded archaeological sites 

within the study area are provided in Appendix 12.2 Inventory Descriptions of Recorded 

Archaeological Sites within Study Area. A summary of potential impacts on the identified cultural 

heritage resource is provided in Table 12.1 and Table 12.2. 

Early Prehistoric Period 

The earliest recorded evidence for human settlement in Ireland dates to the Mesolithic period (7000– 

4000 BC) when groups of hunter-gatherers arrived on the island. While these Mesolithic settlers did 

not construct settlements or monuments that have left any above ground traces, their presence can 

often be identified by scatters of worked flint in ploughed fields. The Neolithic period (4000-2400 BC) 

began with the arrival and establishment of agriculture as the principal form of economic subsistence, 

which resulted in more permanent settlement patterns. As a consequence of the more settled nature 

of agrarian life, new site-types, such as substantial rectangular timber houses and various types of 

megalithic tombs, begin to appear in the archaeological record during this period. There are no 

recorded Mesolithic or Neolithic sites within the study area. 

The Bronze Age 

Metalworking arrived in Ireland with the advent of the Bronze Age period (c. 2400–500 BC). This new 

technology introduced a new artefactual assemblage into the Irish archaeological record and this 

period was also associated with the construction of new monument types such as standing stones, 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-7 Rev. F01




stone rows, stone circles and fulachta fiadh. There are two standing stones within the study area, in 

the townlands of Abbeystrowry (CO141-087---) and Coronea (CO141-154---). These lithic 

monuments, which are also known as gallán, are typically dated to the Bronze Age and comprise a 

single, un-worked stone set upright into a prepared socket dug into the ground. A number of 

interpretations have been forwarded for these monuments, such as burial or boundary markers, and it 

is possible that all examples were not erected to fulfil the same function. 

The Iron Age 

The centuries that comprise the Iron Age (c. 600 BC–400 AD) are amongst the most obscure in the 

archaeological record for the Irish prehistoric period (Waddell 1998, 279). There is general agreement 

that the development of an iron technology saw the advent of the Iron Age and was a significant factor 

in the eventual demise of bronze working on a large scale, but the nature of this transition in Ireland is 

unclear. There are no recorded Iron Age sites within the study area. 

Early Medieval 

The early medieval period broadly begins with the introduction of Christianity and continued up to the 

arrival of the Anglo-Normans (c. 400–1169 AD). The introduction and establishment of Christianity is 

attested to in the archaeological record by the presence of church and graveyards, stone crosses, 

shrines and holy wells. While this period saw the emergence of the first phases of urbanisation 

around both the large monasteries and the Hiberno-Norse ports the dominant site types of the period 

were rural-based, such as ringforts, souterrains and the various monuments associated with early 

ecclesiastical activity. Ringforts are the most widespread archaeological field monument in the Irish 

countryside and are often referred to as ‘dun’ or ‘lios’, which form some of the most common elements 

in Irish place names. These sites comprise a circular or roughly circular area enclosed by an earthen 

bank formed of material thrown up from an external concentric fosse (ditch). Excavations within the 

interiors of the enclosure have uncovered the remains of houses, outbuildings and activities such as 

crop-processing and metal-working. Souterrains (underground chambers) are often found in 

association with ringforts, although isolated examples, perhaps associated with unenclosed 

settlements, have also been recorded. The early ecclesiastical sites were morphologically similar to 

ringforts and cashels but are often differentiated by the presence of features such as church buildings, 

graves, stone crosses and shrines. The study area contains three recorded ringforts (CO141-086---, 

CO141-088--- & CO141-122---) and two isolated souterrains (CO141-089--- & CO141-140). 

Late Medieval (1169 – 1550 AD) 

The arrival and conquest of large parts of Ireland by the Anglo-Normans in the late 12 th Century 

broadly marks the advent of the Irish late medieval period, which continued up until the beginning of 

the post-medieval period during the middle of the 16 th Century. Within the late medieval period, towns, 

markets, and fairs were established and change and reform attempted in the Irish church. By the 15 th 

Century the native Irish chieftains and lords began to construct tower house castles as centres of 

territorial control. The study area contains the former site of a castle on the east bank of the Caol 

Stream in Gortnaclohy townland (CO141-094---). The castle was described as in ruins during the 19 th 

Century, when only the foundations were visible, and there are now no surface traces of the site 

(Power 1992). 

Post-Medieval (1550+) 

Skibbereen Town has its origins in the 17 th Century when a settlement centred on the High Street 

(New Stapletown) and Bridgetown (Bridge Street) areas was established. There are few historical 

references to the town during the 17 th and 18 th Centuries and it has been suggested that this was 

because it was not a parliamentary borough (Barnard 2006, 3). The origins and development of the 

settlement during the post medieval period have been summarised as follows (Zajac at al 1995): 

“Established as a market town on the lands of Sir Walter Coppinger who secured the right to hold fair in 

the area in 1615. Originally two separate settlements, divided by a small stream, the present town 

combines the parishes of Bridgetown to the west and Creagh or Stapletown to the east. Skibbereen was 

formerly an important centre for the manufacture of textiles, particularly wool and linen, its location on the 

south bank of the Ilen River gave the town access to Baltimore Harbour from where corn and flour were 

exported. An extensive brewery was established here in 1809 that supplied the surrounding areas as did 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-8 Rev. F01




the weekly markets that were noted for their abundance of provisions. Skibbereen has been a cathedral 

town of the diocese of Ross since the 19th century”. 

In the 17 th and 18 th Centuries, North Street, Main Street and their ancillary warehouses, corn-mills and 

breweries evolved with the use of the river for transport. While the town’s standing as a regional 

market centre was important to its continuing development, it was also a centre for a number of post– 

medieval industries, such as rope making, tanning, distilling, brewing, milling, weaving, (woollen and 

linen), basket making, rail making and boat manufacture. The importance of the river to Skibbereen 

as a transport resource was vital during the post-medieval period even though the town was not 

accessible to large boats. A description of the town in the 1830s noted that the river was navigable for 

vessels of 200 tons' burden to Oldcourt, two miles below Skibbereen (Lewis 1837) and goods were 

then brought upriver by barges to small quays in the town.The remains of a number of 19 th Century 

riverside quays were assessed in 2007 and were described as random dry-stone bank revetments, 

with no evident slipways, which were generally in derelict condition (Millar & Cronin 2007). None of 

these former quays are listed in the RMP, RPS or NIAH. The sites of three of the quays (Long Quay, 

Chapel Quay and Minihane’s Quay) were obscured by silting, overgrowth and rubble when the 

underwater archaeological assessment was carried out in 2004. The riverside sewerage pipe and 

associated services were subsequently constructed along the line of these quays in 2008. The 

fragmentary and partially demolished remains of the quay walls are visible along the west side of 

Levis Quay. The remains of a Steam Mill Quay, to the west of John F. Kennedy Bridge, still survive as 

a low, riverside revetment. 

The RMP/SMR list three sites post-medieval archaeological within the study area and these comprise 

two graveyards within the town centre (CO141-092--- & CO141-093) and Lurriga Country House 

(CO141-045001) outside the northern end of the town. The Ilen Valley Railway from Dunmanway to 

Skibbereen opened in 1877 and the old rail bridge spanning the River Ilen is listed as a protected 

structure in the town development plan (ref. RPS 152). 

Excavations Database 

The Excavation Database contains summary accounts of all the archaeological excavations carried 

out in Ireland (North and South) from 1970 to 2008. It has been compiled from the published 

Excavations Bulletins from those years, with a similar format. The database contains summaries of 

four archaeological investigations within, or in close vicinity to the study area, and these are provided 

in Appendix 12.5 Summaries of Archaeological Investigations within the Study Area. Nothing of 

archaeological significance was uncovered in the terrestrial excavations carried out in advance of the 

construction of the Skibbereen relief road, which extends through the northern half of the study area. 

The relevant extracts from the 2004 underwater archaeological survey of the River Ilen are provided 

in Appendix 12.6 Under Water Archeological Assessment. 

Potential Underwater Sites 

Under the National Monuments Acts 1930-1994 all shipwrecks over one hundred years old, including 

underwater archaeological structures, features and objects are protected. Given the historic 

significance of the River IIen and associated river traffic in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries, underwater 

archaeology may be another important aspect of Skibbereen’s archaeological heritage as there is 

generally a high archaeological potential within riverine environments. There are no recorded 

archaeological sites or features within, or adjacent to, the River Ilen. However, the RMP does not 

include all underwater archaeological sites and as a result the development could potentially impact 

negatively on unrecorded underwater archaeological features. As previously noted, the section of the 

river within the study area has previously been subject to a comprehensive dive and metal-detecting 

survey in advance of the Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme (Kieran 2004). Nothing of archaeological 

significance was uncovered other than fragmentary remains of dry-stone-lining along sections of the 

bank. It was recommended that the stone-lining be either preserved in situ or preserved by record in 

advance of any potential impacts. The sewerage scheme was undertaken in 2008 and involved laying 

concrete enclosed pipes across a number of points in the river channel and along its banks. The 

licensing section of the National Monuments Service was consulted and has no record of a licence 

being issued for archaeological monitoring of these in-channel and riverside sewerage works. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-9 Rev. F01




Placename evidence 

The proposed scheme extends through the parishes of Creagh and Abbeystrowry, both of which are 

within the barony of West Carbery, and the study area encompasses the townlands of Carrignafadda, 

Coronea, Curragh, Gortnaclohy, Lurriga and Marsh. The townland is the smallest unit of land division 

in the Irish landscape and many may preserve early Gaelic territorial boundaries that pre-date the 

Anglo-Norman conquest. The layout and nomenclature of the Irish townlands was recorded and 

standardised by the work of the Ordnance Survey in the 19 th Century. The Irish roots of townland 

names often refer to natural topographical features but some name elements may also give an 

indication of the presence of past human activity within the townland. For instance, the placename 

elements dun, lios or rath indicate the presence of a ringfort within the townland while temple, termon 

or kill suggest an association with a church site. The translations of the townland names within the 

study area refer to natural topographical characteristics and they are listed in Appendix 12.4 

Translation of Placenames in Study Area (source www.logainm.ie). 

Architectural Heritage 

The post-medieval period saw the proliferation of both high and low status housing stocks and the 

expansion of urban settlements throughout Ireland. In particular local landlords improved their estates 

and built residences for themselves. During this period any given settlement cluster is likely to have 

consisted primarily of single-storey thatched cottages with associated farm buildings. From later 

Victorian times onwards, two-storey farm houses became more common. In the latter half of the 20 th 

Century, there was a radical change in the nature and character of Irish domestic architecture 

manifested by the replacement of older stone-built structures with modern bungalows of concrete 

blockwork construction. 

Almost all of the surviving built fabric in Skibbereen Town and its hinterland dates to the 18 th and 19 th - 

centuries and includes townhouses, country houses, bridges, quays, civic buildings and churches. 

The proposed scheme extends into two local authority areas: Skibbereen Town Council and Cork 

County Council. Both of these planning authorities have published development plans that provide 

Records of Protected Structures (RPS). The Cork County Council Development Plan 2009-2015 does 

not list any RPS sites with the section of the study area under their aegis. The RPS published in the 

Skibbereen Town Council Development Plan 2009-2015 includes 161 buildings and structures within 

the town centre and these are listed in Appendix 12.3 Protected Structures within the Study Area. 

The entire town centre of Skibbereen has been designated as an ACA in the development plan, which 

also notes the historical significance of five disused stone quays along the east side of the River Ilen. 

These quays survive in generally derelict conditions but any proposed works in their vicinity will 

require appropriate mitigation strategies. The building stock in Skibbereen listed in the National 

Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH) broadly overlaps with the RPS as published in the 

Skibbereen Development Plan. The only riverine structure listed in the RPS which is in close vicinity 

to the scheme is the railway bridge (RPS ref. 152) close to the modern John F. Kennedy road bridge. 

This single-arch former railway bridge is of wrought-iron box girder construction and is supported by 

concrete slabs. It was built in the 1870s and was converted to a pedestrian bridge in the 1960s. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-10 Rev. F01




Figure 12.1 Recorded Archaeological Monuments 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-11 Rev. F01




12.3.4 Site Survey 

The riverside and floodplain areas to be impacted by the proposed scheme were inspected in July 

2012. The following section provides descriptions of these areas and incorporates relevant 

information from the previous underwater archaeological assessment (Kieran, 2004), cartographic 

sources, recent sewerage/improvement works and proposed impacts of the drainage scheme. Where 

possible, the flood defences will be located away from the river’s edge to avoid encroachment into the 

river channel. It is expected that access to construct any proposed flood defences which are located 

away from the river’s edge will be from the landward side in order to avoid any impact to the river. As 

well as the envisioned works, the scheme may also entail miscellaneous ancillary works including 

local drainage works behind flood defences in all areas. 

Caol Stream and Floodplain 

The southern end of the proposed scheme will involve the construction of a combination of flood walls 

and embankments along the Caol Stream, and its surrounding floodplain, in the low-lying lands on the 

southern outskirts of the town. There are no recorded archaeological or architectural features located 

in the vicinity of the lands and banks in this area that will be impacted by the proposed scheme. No 

features of cultural heritage interest are indicated in this area on the cartographic sources. The 

meandering and slow-flowing section of stream extends through overgrown, marshy lands that are 

described as ‘liable to flood’ on the OS maps (Plates 12.1 & 12.2 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic 

Record). From the industrial premises on Castletownshend Road to the Caravan Park site, it is 

proposed to construct approximately 558 m of embankment wall along the southern/western bank of 

the Caol Stream (Caol 4). The embankment will be approximately 1.5 to 2.5 m high in relation to the 

level of the adjacent fields. There were no traces of any features of cultural heritage interest noted 

during a field inspection of the overgrown banks and marshy marginal land in the area of floodplain 

that will be impacted by this section of the proposed scheme. 

The proposed scheme will involve the construction of drainage walls along both banks of the section 

of the Caol Stream that flows through Skibbereen Town. There are no recorded archaeological or built 

heritage sites in the immediate vicinity of this section of the stream and no associated features, such 

as bridges, are present on the 1 st edition map. This section of the scheme enters the ACA as defined 

by in the Skibbereen Development Plan. This section of the watercourse has been impacted by 

modern developments such as the Super Valu car park, stream cleaning works and the 2008 sewage 

scheme. As the stream enters the town it extends under a road bridge at the southern end of the 

Super Valu car park (Plate 12.3 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Records). This bridge is not listed 

in the RPS or NIAH. It is not present on the 1 st edition OS map but it is on the 25” OS map indicating 

that it dates to the second half of the 19 th -century. The height of the walls on the road bridge is 

insufficient to contain predicted flood levels and will therefore need to be raised at both the upstream 

and downstream sides of the bridge. Short stretches of both sides of the stream immediately to the 

north of the bridge are lined with modern rock armour (Plate 12.4 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic 

Record), which was created during the recent Caol Stream Enhancement Project. This project was 

undertaken by a local group in recent years and involved the cleaning, deepening and widening of the 

stream in the town (http://rippleskibbereen.com/caol-stream-enhancement/). The earthen stream 

banks along the entire west bank in this area have been exposed while the east bank remains 

overgrown and flanked by the rear boundary walls/hedges of properties facing onto Market Street to 

the east (Plate 12.5 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The Market St properties and their 

boundaries are not present on the 1 st edition OS map, which also shows the car park area as 

undeveloped land outside the south end of the town. There were no features of cultural heritage noted 

during an inspection of the section of the stream that extends along the east side of the car park area. 

The Caol Stream then extends along the west side of the north end of Clerke’s Lane and the banks 

and bed in this area have been impacted by the sewerage scheme undertaken in 2008. The northern 

section of the lane provides vehicle access to the car park to the south and it was created by the 

clearance of buildings shown on the 1 st edition 6” and 25” OS maps. The lane (east) side of the 

stream is lined with concrete slabs and much of the random rubble boundary wall delimiting the west 

side has been rebuilt with modern replacement masonry. The west side of the stream bed has been 

impacted by a concrete-enclosed sewerage pipe and a concrete weir structure is visible on the west 

side of the stream bed in this area. The Caol Stream then continues under the twin arch masonry 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-12 Rev. F01




road bridge that spans the section of the stream that extends through Bridge Street and partially 

extends into Levis Quay to the north. This bridge structure is shown as measuring the width of the 

street on the 1st edition OS map while the existing extension into Levis Quay is present on the 25” OS 

map. The bridge is not a protected structure. The open bridge railing at street level cannot contain 

floodwaters and a floodwall will therefore need to be constructed here. Approximately 340m of U-box 

channel is proposed between the bridge and the modern road bridge in Field’s Super Valu Carpark to 

the south. The sides of the box channel will be approximately 1.2 m to 1.6 m high. A thalweg will be 

provided within the channel to emulate the existing streambed features in so far as possible. The area 

of the stream to be impacted by this culvert was previously impacted by the 2008 sewerage scheme 

and stream cleaning works. 

Upstream of Market Street, it is proposed to construct approximately 320m of masonry clad flood wall 

along southern/western bank of the Caol Stream. The wall is to be constructed to the rear of the 

industrial premises along Castletownshend Road. The proposed wall will be approximately 1.5 m high 

in relation to the level of the adjacent industrial areas. Upstream of Market Street, it is also proposed 

to construct approximately 83 m of masonry clad flood wall along northern/eastern bank of the Caol 

Stream. 

The Caol Stream emerges from under Bridge Street and flows into Levis Quay where it discharges 

into the River Ilen. This area was inspected as part of the 2004 underwater archaeological survey and 

nothing of archaeological interest was noted within the channel. The steps that provided access from 

Bridge Street down to the centre of the quay area are in poor condition and will not be impacted by 

the proposed scheme. These steps extend from the edge of the bridge extension shown on the 25” 

OS map and, as such, also post-date the 1 st edition OS map. The east side of the quay has been 

redeveloped in recent years and the original quay wall covered with a stone faced concrete wall The 

base of the overgrown quay walls at west are flanked by the concrete sewerage pipe. The quay walls 

at west were visible at the time of the underwater survey in 2004 and a number of rebuilds were noted 

(Plate 12.9 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The proposed scheme will entail the 

construction of a flood wall along the sides of the quay. Approximately 40m of flood wall are proposed 

along the western bank of the stream. This masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be 

approximately 1.6 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Levis Quay and will be constructed on 

top of a later rebuild over the original quay wall. 

Assolas Stream 

The Assolas Stream passes under Townshend Street approximately 80 m northwest of the Baltimore 

Road / Townshend Street roundabout. There are no recorded cultural heritage sites in the vicinity of 

this stream. The proposed works along the Assolas Stream have been summarised as follows: 

Approximately 35 m of flood wall along the western bank of the stream, located along a property 

boundary. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.3 m high in relation to 

the level of the adjacent garden. Approximately 65 m of embankment along the eastern bank of the 

stream, located along the edge of a field adjacent the roundabout. The embankment will be 

approximately 1.3 m high in relation to the level of the field. Approximately 202 m of embankment 

along the western bank of the stream, located along property boundaries. The embankment will be 

located at the western side of the existing treeline which currently runs alongside the watercourse. 

The height of the embankment will vary from 0.6 to 1.8 m approximately in relation to the level of the 

adjacent land. Approximately 277 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the stream, located along 

property boundaries. There is an existing wall at Lidl but this does not have sufficient height to provide 

500 mm freeboard and it is therefore proposed to construct a concrete stub wall, approximately 450 

mm high, on top of the existing bank through the grounds of Lidl. The remainder of the wall will be 

masonry faced reinforced concrete, approximately 1.1 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent 

gardens. Approximately 92 m of embankment along the eastern bank of the stream, located in front 

gardens between the stream and the Baltimore Road. An existing double culvert to the east of the 

Care centre on Baltimore Road will be replaced with a single box culvert under the public roadway. 

There were no potential cultural heritage sites noted in this area during the compilation of the desktop 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-13 Rev. F01




study or during an inspection of the areas to be impacted by the works in the vicinity of the Assolas 

Stream. 

River Ilen Channel 

The relevant extracts of the 2004 Underwater Archaeological Assessment that provide a description 

of the river banks to be impacted by the proposed drainage scheme are provided in Appendix 12.6 

Under Water Archaeological Assessment. In summary, there were no archaeological features 

noted within the river bed and the only features of interest were fragmentary traces of drystone lining 

and the possible remains of a quay along the river banks. In the event that any impact on these 

features was envisioned it was recommended that they should be preserved in record in advance of 

the sewerage scheme (Kieran 2004). 

The proposed scheme will entail re-grading of approximately 1,670 m 2 of the bed of the River Ilen at 

John F. Kennedy Bridge and structural protection works to the modern bridge. The re-grading works 

are to be carried out at bed level and will not impact on the former railway bridge which spans the 

river to the east of John F. Kennedy Bridge. The relevant extracts of the 2004 underwater 

archaeological assessment that provide a description of the river bed to be impacted by the proposed 

flood re-grading works are provided in Appendix 12.6 Under Water Archaeological Assessment. In 

summary, there were no archaeological features noted within this section of the river bed during the 

underwater archaeological survey. 

The riverside areas to be impacted by the proposed drainage scheme were re-inspected from the 

adjacent lands to assess if any changes to these areas had occurred since the completion of the 

underwater archaeological assessment. The dryland areas within the wider floodplain that will be 

impacted by flood defence embankments were also inspected. 

The following provides details of the proposed scheme along the River Ilen and the results of the 

inspection of the areas to be impacted: 

Approximately 147 m of flood wall along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the Schull 

Road, along the boundary of a public seating area. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will 

be approximately 1.4 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road. There were no 

potential archaeological or architectural heritage features noted in this area during the compilation of 

the desktop study or the inspection of the area to be impacted by these works. 

Approximately 709 m of embankment along the northern bank of the river, located adjacent to the 

Schull Road, from the upstream end of the wall described above to John F Kennedy Bridge. The 


Schull Road. There were no potential archaeological or architectural heritage features noted in this 

area during the compilation of the desktop study or the inspection of the marginal agricultural lands 

located within the section of the floodplain to be impacted by these works. 

Approximately 105 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located just downstream of 

John F. Kennedy Bridge. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be approximately 1.8 m 

high in relation to the level of the adjacent carpark. This area of the river bank has been impacted by 

the 2008 sewerage scheme and the construction of a modern wall along the bank. No potential 

archaeological or architectural heritage features were noted in this area during the compilation of the 

desktop study or the inspection of the area to be impacted by these proposed works. 

The proposed scheme will entail the following works to section of the river bank to the rear of Bridge 

Street. Approximately 270 m of flood wall along the southern bank of the river, located upstream of 

John F. Kennedy Bridge. The masonry faced wall will be approximately 1.8 m high in relation to the 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-14 Rev. F01




level of the adjacent carparks and yards to the rear of Bridge Street properties. It is possible that the 

wall be constructed by sheet piling, and will be offset from the existing river wall by approximately 2 to 

3 m in the river direction. Where feasible, the flood defence wall will be constructed along the existing 

quay edge. Should works encroach significantly in to the river, then works will be completed on the 

opposite river bank to compensate for volume of river lost. Approximately 12 m of flood wall along the 

southern bank of the river, located 62 m upstream of the new footbridge at Levis Quay. The height of 

the masonry faced reinforced concrete wall is to be approximately 1.7 m in relation to the level of the 

adjacent property and yard. This area of the river bank was impacted by the manholes and pipes 

installed during the sewerage scheme. The cover levels of these manholes will be approximately 2 m 

lower than the height of the proposed flood wall. No potential archaeological or architectural heritage 

features were noted during the desktop study, underwater archaeological assessment and field 

inspection of the area to be impacted by these proposed works. 

As noted in the underwater archaeological survey report, the section of the river to the rear of North 

Street is fronted on the eastern side by a narrow strip of densely overgrown ground, which in turn is 

bounded by the boundary walls of North Street properties (Appendix 12.6 Underwater 

Archaeological Assessment). Since the completion of the underwater survey this section of the east 

bank has been impacted by sewerage pipes and concrete manholes that have become obscured with 

overgrowth (Plate 12.11 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The overgrown, earthen west 

bank in this area slopes steeply down to the river (Plate 12.10 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic 

Record) and the adjacent land at this section of the west bank comprises an overgrown, unenclosed 

marshy area. It is proposed to construct approximately 210 m of embankment, floodwall and stone 

revetment along the eastern bank of the river to the rear of North Street. The top of the flood defence 

wall will be approximately 1.2 – 1.8 m higher than the level of the existing yards in this area. The 

overall width of the flood defences along this stretch of river is approximately 9.5 m, which 

encroaches into the river. The volume of river which is lost on the eastern bank is to be compensated 

for on the western bank by widening of the river channel over this length of works. There were no 

potential archaeological features noted in this area during the 2004 underwater archaeological 

assessment, the desktop study or during the field inspection carried out as part of the present 

assessment. The properties along North Street are listed as protected structures in the Skibbereen 

Town Development Plan. The footprint of the proposed scheme will not impact on any of these 

protected structures and will not require the removal or alteration of any associated curtilage features, 

such as garden walls (E12 on Section C01 – 160 on DG 0213 as submitted with the scheme). 

The western half of the proposed scheme will impact along the south bank of the section of the River 

Ilen that broadly flows east-west to the north of Bridge Street. The underwater archaeological survey 

noted that the southern side of the river in this area consisted primarily of residential plots fronting 

directly onto the river. These had a very short riverbank area on which no archaeological material was 

noted. A large modern stone built wall was noted throughout the middle section of this area and has 

become obscured by overgrowth (Plate 12.13 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). This large 

modern structure was built directly onto the riverbed and it appears that its construction may have 

removed any possible archaeological remains that may have been present in the area. Two potential 

remains of what appeared to be small quay type structures were noted during the underwater 

archaeological survey on the southern banks in the area to the east of the railway bridge. This section 

of the river bank was impacted by the construction of the sewerage pipe in 2008 and no traces of the 

potential quays were noted during the site survey (Plate 12.12 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic 

Record). The West Cork Hotel (RPS 151) and the properties along Bridge Street are listed as 

protected structures, although the Bridge Street properties in this area do not extend to the river. The 

footprint of the proposed scheme will not impact on any of these protected structures and will not 

require the removal or alteration of any associated curtilage features. 

The section of the river bank to the west of John F Kennedy Bridge is lined with a low drystone 

revetment and this appears to be associated with the remains of Steam Mill Quay (Plate 12.14 in 

Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). This former quay was constructed in the second half of the 

19 th century and is not listed in the RPS or RMP. A combination of approximately 135 m of floodwall 

and embankment is proposed along the southern bank of the river, located adjacent to The Flax Mills. 

The wall/embankment will be approximately 1.1 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent access 

road around The Flax Mills houses. It is envisioned that the existing riverbank drystone revetment at 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-15 Rev. F01




this location will be retained as part of the proposed scheme. The Heritage Centre, which is located 

behind the west end of the proposed flood defences in this area, is listed as a protected structure in 

the town development plan. The footprint of the proposed scheme will not impact on this protected 

structure and will not require the removal or alteration of any associated curtilage features. 

River Ilen: Western/Northern Floodplain 

The lines of the proposed embankments within the margins of the floodplain to the north and west of 

the river were also inspected in July 2012. It is proposed to construct approximately 420 m of flood 

embankment along the southern side of the Skibbereen Relief Road. The embankment will be 

approximately 300 – 600 mm high in relation to the level of the adjacent Relief Road (Plate 12.15 in 

Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). This area was archaeologically tested in advance of the road 

construction and nothing of significance was encountered (Appendix 12.5 Summaries of 

Archaeological Investigations within Study Area). A 709 m long embankment will be constructed 

along the south side of the section of the Schull Road to the west of the roundabout at the west 

terminal of the relief road and will extend to John F. Kennedy Bridge. The embankment will vary from 

approximately 1.2 to 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Schull Road. This area is on the 

former line of the railway and is colonised by reeds and gorse that flank the road margin in this area 

(Plate 12.16 in Appendix 12.1). Between the western bank of the River Ilen and the rear of the 

industrial premises along Marsh Road, it is proposed to construct approximately 547 m of 

embankment. The height of the embankment will vary from approximately 1.4 to 2 m high in relation 

to the level of the adjacent industrial premises. These embankments will impact on the margins of a 

number of large pasture fields that extend to the west bank of the river (Plate 12.7 in Appendix 12.1 

Photographic Record). Nothing of cultural heritage significance was noted during the inspection of 

the proposed areas to be impacted by the embankments in this area. 

River Ilen: Eastern/Southern Floodplain 

The proposed works in the south end of this area will involve the construction of embankments along 

the margins of two sports pitches situated on the north and south sides of the relief road (Plate 12.18 

in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). The proposed scheme will entail the construction of 

embankments along the margins of these sports grounds. Between the eastern bank of the River Ilen 

and Cork Road, it is proposed to construct approximately 313 m of embankment in the sports grounds 

of the school. The embankment will be approximately 1.25-1.8 m high in relation to the level of the 

adjacent sports pitches. Between the eastern bank of the River Ilen and Mill Road approximately 424 

m of flood embankment from 70 m north of the Showgrounds stream to the Rugby Club property. The 

height of the flood defence embankment will be approximately 1.8 – 2.4 m above the levels in the 

adjacent fields. IIt is proposed to construct approximately 300 m of masonry face reinforced concrete 

floodwall around the grounds of Skibbereen Rugby Club and to the rear of the properties to the north 

of the rugby club. The floodwall will be approximately 1.5 to 1.8 m high in relation to the level of the 

adjacent rugby pitch and back gardens. There were no potential archaeological or architectural 

heritage features noted during the inspection of the landscaped sport pitches located within the 

section of the floodplain to be impacted by these works. Nothing of archaeological significance was 

encountered during test trenching of the section of the relief road that extends through the land 

between the two sports grounds. Approximately 308 m of flood wall along the eastern bank of the 

river, located in two pasture fields between the confluence of the River Ilen with the Showgrounds 

Stream and Skibbereen County Hospital. The masonry faced reinforced concrete wall will be 

approximately 1 to 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent Mill Road. 

The following works are proposed for the area around the Showgrounds to the east of the Mill Road. 

Approximately 48 m of concrete culvert will be constructed between the River Ilen flood defence 

embankment/wall and will extend under the Mill Road and terminate on the eastern side of the road. 

Approximately 15 m of flood embankment will be constructed along the eastern side of Mill Road. The 

embankment, will be located within open field and shall tie into existing high ground levels locally. 

The embankment will be approximately 1.6 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent road. 

Approximately 250 m of flood embankment will be constructed along the southern bank of the stream 

along the north boundary of the Showgrounds (Plate 12.19 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic 

Record). The embankment will be approximately 1.5 m high in relation to the level of the adjacent 

grounds. At the eastern end of this embankment, a masonry faced reinforced concrete floodwall shall 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-16 Rev. F01




extend across the stream crossing and approximately 77 m north of the Showground stream, 

approximately 1.2 m high relative to the adjacent road. Approximately 223 m of embankment will be 

constructed running perpendicular to the stream along the roadside boundary of the Lurriga Road, 

and to the rear of a private property at the Cork Road/Lurriga Road junction. The height of the 

embankment will vary from approximately 1.1 to 1.5 m in relation to the level of the adjacent road. 

There were no potential archaeological or architectural heritage features noted during the inspection 

of the area to be impacted by these proposed works. 

The confluence of the Mill Race stream with the River Ilen in the townland of Lurriga will be impacted 

by the northernmost section of floodwall proposed as part of the scheme. Beginning at the confluence 

and travelling upstream, the following flood defences are proposed along the Mill Race stream: The 

downstream section of the existing Mill Race will be culverted over approximately 60 m upstream from 

the Mill Road road crossing, parallel to a local road, and culverted under this local roadway. The Mill 

Race will be diverted from its existing road crossing to this new crossing. Approximately 110 m of 

embankment will be constructed to run parallel to the new Mill Race route. The height of the 

embankment, which will be constructed in fields, will vary from approximately 1.8 to 2.0 m in relation 

to the level of the adjacent local road. The stream in this area is indicated as a looped offshoot of the 

River Ilen on the OS maps and, although not labelled as such, appears to have been a short millrace 

associated with Lurriga Mill located outside the north end of the scheme. The overgrown wooded area 

through which the shallow stream meanders was inspected and no features of cultural heritage 

interest were noted (Plate 12.20 in Appendix 12.1 Photographic Record). 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-17 Rev. F01





12.4.1 Construction 

In general terms, the flood relief measures have been designed to avoid impacts on known cultural 

heritage sites. The scheme will entail a series of direct impacts within the channels and along the 

banks of the River Ilen and its tributaries and also within the adjacent floodplains. In-stream works are 

proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge and in the Caol Stream, where a walled channel is to be 

installed/constructed in the section of the watercourse through Super Valu carpark. The remainder of 

the proposed works primarily consist of the construction of flood defences adjacent to the river banks. 

Where possible, the flood defences are located away from the river’s edge to avoid encroachment 

into the river channel. The nature of these impacts is incorporated into the Site Survey section of this 

chapter (Section 12.3.4 above). None of these measures will directly impact on any protected sites 

listed in the Record of Monuments and Places (RMP) or in the Record of Protected Structures (RPS). 

The proposed works along the River Ilen banks will extend to the rear of a number of street-front 

buildings on North Street and Bridge Street that are listed in the RPS. The flood defences will not 

extend into the property boundaries of any of these buildings or involve the removal or alteration of 

any curtilage features. The Railway Bridge (RPS 152), the West Cork Hotel (RPS 151) and the 

Heritage Centre (RPS 153), and their associated curtilage features, will not be impacted by the 

proposed scheme. The riverside flood defences will not remove or impinge on any views to protected 

buildings from the surrounding streetscape within the town centre or hinterland. It is noted that this 

outcome in keeping with policy TM1-4 of the Skibbereen Town Development Plan which states that 

developments contiguous to protected structures must have “no adverse impacts on the character or 

integrity of the protected structure, or views to and from it”. 

The Caol Stream section of the scheme extends through the centre of the Skibbereen Architectural 

Conservation Area. The south end of the stream extends through the modern Super Valu shopping 

centre development while the sides of the channel to the north are presently lined with modern 

masonry. The flood defences along the section of the River Ilen within the ACA will be located behind 

the north side of the street-front buildings and will not be visible from the majority of the ACA. Given 

the existing modern nature of the Caol channel within the town and the lack of visibility of the riverside 

section of the River Ilen defences, it is concluded that the proposed scheme will not negatively impact 

on the existing nature, scale or character of the Skibbereen ACA. The proposed scheme has the 

potential to positively impact on both the ACA and the protected structures therein through the 

reduction of flood events that may negatively impact on the streetscape and ground floor fixtures and 

fittings within protected structures. 

As noted many sections of the Ilen and Caol channels and banks that will be impacted by the 

proposed scheme were previously impacted by the 2008 sewerage scheme. The section of the Caol 

Stream within the town has also been recently impacted by widening and cleaning works undertaken 

as part of a stream enhancement project. Nonetheless, there remains the potential for negative 

impacts on any unrecorded archaeological features and artefacts that may exist within or adjacent to 

the watercourses. 

The former sites of a number of 19 th Century quays have been previously identified along the line of 

the proposed flood relief defences on the south bank of the River Ilen. These comprised simple 

structures of random rubble stone-lining along the river banks and were described as being in derelict 

condition in the past decade. They are not included as protected structures in the RMP, RPS or NIAH. 

The nature of the impact of the 2008 sewerage scheme on the location of many of these quays is 

unknown but appears to have been negative and profound. There are still visible traces of sections of 

drystone revetment along the river bank at the site of Steam Mill Quay and on the west side of Levis 

Quay. It is envisioned that the remains of these former quay sites will not be impacted by the 


RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-18 Rev. F01




The construction of flood defence walls/embankments represents a direct impact on the ground 

surfaces affected that may contain unrecorded, sub-surface features and artefacts of archaeological 

interest. Where this is the case, archaeological mitigation can be anticipated in advance of any 

wall/embankments constructions proceeding, to ensure that an adequate record is made of the impact 

footprint. Typically such work would be limited to the footprint required for ground surface stripping 

and may entail pre-construction test trenching or monitoring of topsoil removal during the construction 

phase. 

Table 12.1: List of Identified Archaeological Sites Within the Study Area and Potential Scheme 

Impacts 

Status & 

Reference 

RMP 

CO141-032--- 

RMP 

CO141- 

045001 

RMP 

CO141-085--- 

RMP 

CO141-086-- 

RMP 

CO141-087--- 

RMP 

CO141-088--- 

RMP 

CO141-089--- 

RMP 

CO141-092--- 

RMP 

CO141-093--- 

RMP 

CO141-094--- 

RMP 

CO141-140--- 

Classification Townland ITM E ITM N 

Approx. 

distance from 

scheme 


Redundant Curragh 111960 34725 240 m to east Neutral 

Record 

Country House Lurriga 112598 34712 30 m to south Neutral 

Holy well Abbeystrowry 110900 34050 300 m to west Neutral 

Ringfort Abbeystrowry 110953 34394 300 m to 

northwest 

Neutral 

Standing stone Abbeystrowry 111044 34350 210 m to Neutral 

northwest 

Ringfort Abbeystrowry 111167 34320 152 m to north Neutral 

Souterrain Abbeystrowry 112692 34378 100 m to south Neutral 

Graveyard Gortnaclohy 112459 33560 216 m to east Neutral 

Graveyard Gortnaclohy 112608 33459 252 m to east Neutral 

Castle (site) Gortnaclohy 112812 32860 282 m to east Neutral 

Souterrain Lurriga 112514 34729 90 m to 

southeast 

Neutral 

Table 12.2: List of architectural heritage sites in close vicinity to scheme and potential impacts 

Status & 

Reference 

Classificatio 

n 

Townland ITM E ITM N 

Approx. 

distance from 

scheme 

Potential Impact 

RPS 152 Rail Bridge Coronea 111925 33845 0 m Indirect, Neutral, 

Slight 

None Steam mill 

quay 

Coronea 111879 33848 0 m Indirect, Neutral, 

Slight 

None Levis Quay Gortnaclohy 112109 33695 0 m Indirect, Neutral, 

Slight 

None Long Quay 


None 

None 

Minihane’s 

Quay (site of) 

Chapel Quay 


Gortnaclohy 111775 33676 0 m Unknown, area 

overgrown and 

obscured by 

sewerage scheme 


overgrown and 

obscured by 



overgrown and 

obscured by 


RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-19 Rev. F01





No impacts are identified during the operational stage of the proposed drainage scheme. 


12.5.1 Construction Stage -General Mitigation 

Proposed mitigation measures are presented as recommendations as they are subject to the approval 

of the Department of the Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. 

The design development of the proposed scheme has endeavoured to minimise the impact on the 

known and potential archaeological and architectural heritage resource wherever possible. Where it 

has not been possible to avoid potential adverse impacts on unrecorded (unknown) cultural heritage 

features, mitigation measures are proposed below. All mitigation measures, both at pre-construction 

and construction phases, will be undertaken in compliance with national policy guidance and statutory 

provisions for the protection of the archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage resource. 

The exact design for all elements of the proposed scheme will be finalised in the pre-construction 

phase and it is envisioned that consultation between the project archaeologist appointed to the 

scheme, the design team and the National Monuments Service will be carried out on an on-going 

basis. 

It is recommended that any ancillary construction works located outside the boundary of the proposed 

scheme, including site compounds, haul roads and spoil retention should be subject to a Cultural 

Heritage Impact Assessment. 

12.5.2 Recommended Mitigation Measures Construction Stage 

The combination of desktop reviews and site surveys has demonstrated that there are no recorded 

archaeological sites within the development footprint for the River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage 

Scheme. The former sites of a number of 19 th Century quays have been identified along the south 

bank of the River Ilen. These comprise sections of random rubble quays along the river bank at the 

site of Steam Quay Mill and Levis Quay. As noted above, these quays are not protected structures 

but are noted as features of historical interest in the town development plan. It is envisioned that 

these features will be retained as part of the scheme. However, in the event of any potential impacts 

on these quay structures, it is recommended that they be subject to archaeological survey in advance 

of construction in order to ensure their preservation by record. Archaeological survey will provide 

metrically accurate measured plans, elevations and related drawings supported by photographic 

record of the structural features extant at each site. Such work would focus on those locations where 

potential impacts are likely to occur, and will provide a complete record of these features prior to 

construction. 

The ground reduction works required for the construction of flood defence walls and embankments 

may impact on unrecorded sub-surface archaeological remains. It is recommended that, where 

feasible, pre-construction archaeological test trenching should be carried out on the footprint of the 

Greenfield areas to be impacted. In the event that areas are unavailable for investigation during the 

pre-construction phase it is recommended that archaeological monitoring of works be undertaken 

during the construction phase. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-20 Rev. F01




In-stream works are proposed at John F. Kennedy Bridge and in the Caol Stream. The section of the 

river bed to be impacted by re-grading works in the vicinity of the John F. Kennedy Bridge was 

previously the subject of an underwater archaeological survey and nothing of significance was 

identified. The section of the Caol Stream to be impacted has been impacted by recent sewage and 

stream cleaning schemes. The proposed scheme has been designed, where possible, to avoid 

impacts on the river banks. It is recommended that all extraction works that may impact on the river 

bed and its banks be carried out under constant archaeological supervision. 

It is recommended that pre-construction site investigation ground works, such as the excavation of 

trial-pits, should be carried out under archaeological supervision. 

Additional archaeological mitigation may arise following the mitigations outlined above. This may 

involve the full excavation or avoidance of any archaeologically significant material uncovered during 

site investigations. 

All onsite archaeological measures are subject to archaeological licensing by the Department of Arts, 

Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Sufficient lead-time must be allowed to ensure that archaeological 

permits and licences are in place before the archaeologists can present on site and related works 

commence. It is strongly recommended that lead times not less than six weeks are factored into the 

project schedules to ensure there are no delays on this count. 


No residual impacts are envisaged, as all archaeological, architectural and cultural heritage issues will 

be resolved at the pre-construction and construction stages of the development. The reduction of 

flooding events has the potential to have an on-going positive impact on the protected structures 

within the ACA in the town centre. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 12-21 Rev. F01




13 SOILS, GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY 


This Chapter of the EIS provides information on the existing soils, geology, hydrology and 

hydrogeology of the study area and discusses the potential impacts arising from the construction and 

operation of the proposed Drainage Scheme. In the event of impacts being identified suitable 

mitigation measures have been proposed where possible. The assessment of impacts is based on 

the proposed flood relief works as described in Chapter 2 Project Description:- 

• Embankments & flood walls; 

• Localised channel widening; 

• Non-return valves on existing culvert crossings; 

• Pumping stations; 

• Culverts; and 

• Local drainage 

No significant difficulties were encountered in the compilation of this chapter. 


The assessment was undertaken in accordance with the following guidance documents: 

• Guidelines On Information to be Contained in Environmental Impact Statements (Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2002); 

• Advice Notes on Current Practice in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements 

(Environmental Protection Agency, 2002); and 

• Geology in Environmental Impact Statements, A Guide (Institute of Geologists of Ireland, 2002). 

13.2.1 Desktop Review 

A desk top review of the available information was undertaken to provide the baseline assessment for 

the existing environment supplemented by data obtained during the site investigation phases 

undertaken between 1998 and 2012. The desk study phase comprised a review of the following: 

• The Geological Survey of Ireland (www.gsi.ie online mapping); 

• Geology of West Cork, 1:100,000 Bedrock Geology Map Sheet 24 (GSI, 2002); 

• Review of GSI 6” historical bedrock field sheets and OSI maps; 

• South Cork Groundwater Protection Scheme Report (GSI, May 2002); 

• EPA online mapping; 

• GSI areas of geological heritage; 

• Cork County Development Plan (2009 -2015); 

• Cork County Council Planning Department – Quarry Resister; 

• Site investigation Data 1998 to 2012; and 

• RPS Hydrology Report MCW0626Rp021. 

The baseline information was then used to assess the potential impact of the Drainage Scheme on 

the soils, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology within the study area. Where possible mitigation 

measures have been proposed to ensure that any potential impacts identified can be mitigated during 

the construction and operational phase. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-1 Rev. F01




13.2.2 Field Assessment and Site Investigation 

Information on the soils, geology, hydrology and hydrogeology of the study area has been obtained 

from the Geological Survey of Ireland website and suplemented by the data sources outlined 

previously. Considerable site investigation data is available from within the study area based on an 

number of site investigations which have taken place in 1998, 2003, 2008 and 2012. A detailed 

discussion of the site investigation information is provided in Section 13.2.3 of this chapter and a 

summary of the results are presented in the summary tables in Appendix 13.1 S.I. Investigation 

Report. 

A review of the available site investigation data (1998 to 2012) was undertaken by RPS in February 

2012 to identify any areas in the vicinity of the proposed flood relief structures where additional site 

investigation was required in order to complete the preliminary design. The site investigations in May 

2012 were concentrated in areas where data gaps were identified. It is also proposed that further 

detailed site investigation works will be undertaken in advance of the detailed design being finalised 

prior to the construction works commencing. The results of all of the available ground investigations 

to date have been included in this assessment. A number of site investigations were undertaken 

within the study area between 1988 and 2012 and are summarised below. 

13.2.3 Site Investigation 

2012 Investigations 

These investiagtions were undertaken by Priority Geotechnical Ltd. The 2012 field investigations 

included the excavation of 11 no. trial pits (CTP1 to CTP11) in the vicinity of the proposed works to fill 

data gaps from the earlier investigations. 

1998 Site Investigations 

These site investigations were undertaken by Geotech Specialists Ltd and involved the following 

works: 

• 44 no. cable percusion boreholes; 

• 40 no. trial pits; 

• 9 no. coreholes; 

• 14 no. probes with hand auger; 

• Seismic Refraction Survey; and 

• Standpipe piezometers installed in 6 no. boreholes to monitoring groundwater conditions. 

2004 Site Investigations 

This geotechnical ground investigation contract was undertaken between April and August 2004 to 

provide information for the Skibbereen Sewerage Scheme – Collection System. The investigations 

were undertaken by Marine Geotechnical and comprised of the following: 

• 23 no. cable percussion boreholes to depths of 0.70 m and 25.00 m; 

• 108 standard penetration tests; 

• 9 no. shear vane tests; 

• 13 no. falling head tests; 

• 80 no. sealed distrubed samples; 

• 111 no. bulk distrubed samples; 

• 13 no. water samples; 

• 17 no. rotary boreholes; 

• Standpipe piezoemeters installed in 19 no. cable percussion boreholes and 3 no. rotary; 

borehole to monitor groundwater conditions; 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-2 Rev. F01




• 44 no. trial pits to a max depth of 4.50m; 

• 55 no. slit trenches; 

• 19 no. cone penetration tests; and 

• 2 no. step tests at Marsh Field and Fields Carpark. 

2008 Irish Drilling Report (June 2008) Report No.: 85113R001EL Cone Penetration Tests 

This report involved undertaking Cone Penetrating Tesing – 9 no. electric Piezocone Penetration Tests 

(CPTU’s) to a maximum depth of 23.31m or refusal. 

2012 Site Investigations Priority Drilling Ltd. 

The site investigations were undertaken by Priority Geotechnical Ltd and involved the following works: 

• 11 no. trial pits (CTP1 to CTP11). 

• 2 no. boreholes. 

• Standpipe piezometers installed in 2 no. boreholes to monitor groundwater conditions in an 

area between Bridge Street and North Street. 

A summary of the results of the investigations of soil, subsoil and bedrock geology is provided in the 

Section 13.3.1. 

13.2.4 Evaluations 

The potential impacts have been assessed as per the assessment criteria outlined in “Guidelines On 

the Information To be Contained In Environmental Impact Statements” EPA, 2002. Where possible in 

the EIS the baseline and potential impacts on the Caol Stream and River Ilen have been discussed 

separately. The preparation of the EIS follows on from the completion of the Constraints Study which 

was completed in July 2011. No key constraints were identified during the Constraints Study in 

relation to soils, geology, hydrogeology and hydrogeology. A number of potential impacts were 

identified during the constraints study stage and these have been considered further within the EIS 

stage and appropriate mitigation measures have been recommended where possible. 

In accordance with the EPA guidance the impacts have been assessed as positive, neutral or 

negative while the magnitudes have been assessed in accordance with the EPA criteria as outlined in 

Table 13.1. 

Table 13.1: Assessment of Magnitude of Impact 

Magnitude of 


Imperceptible 

Slight 

Moderate 

Significant 

Profound 

Description 

An impact capable of measurement but without noticeable consequences. 

An impact that alters the character of the environment without affecting its 

sensitivities. 

An impact that alters the character of the environment in a manner that is 

consistent with existing or emerging trends. 

An impact, which by its character, magnitude, duration or intensity alters a 

sensitive aspect of the environment. 

An impact which obliterates all previous sensitive characteristics. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-3 Rev. F01




The duration of the impacts has been assessed as follows: 

• Temporary (construction related and lasting less than one year). 

• Short-term (lasting 1 to 7 years). 

• Medium-term (lasting between 7 to 15 years). 

• Long- term (lasting 15 to 60 years). 

• Permanent (lasting over 60 years). 


13.3.1 Soils & Subsoils 

Soil 

Information on the soils and subsoils in the study area is available from the EPA and GSI online 

mapping and the site investigations undertaken within the study area between 1998 and 2012. The 

extract from EPA soils data map for the study area is illustrated on Figure 13.1. The area in the 

immediate vicinity of the town to the south and south east of the River Ilen is composed of Made 

Ground. The area adjacent to the River Ilen is mapped as being underlain by alluvium (AlluvMin) in 

the Marsh area and on the east side of the River Ilen in the area west of the R593. To the south east 

of the town there is also an area of alluvium in the vicinity of the Caol Stream. To the east of the town 

in the Gortnaclohy area and west of the town in the New Bridge area the soil is deep well drained 

mineral soil composed of acid brown earths / brown podzolics (AminDW). There are also some minor 

areas of lithosols / regosols (AminSW) in the area where rock is close to the surface resulting in 

shallow well drained mineral soil but these areas are outside of the flood defence works. 

The site investigations confirm the presence of made ground in the vicinity of the town. The 2012 

investigations indicated top soil ranging in thickness from 0.10m to 0.40m with no topsoil present over 

some of the areas of fill. 

Sub Soil / Overburden 

The Quaternary Period covers the period from the beginning of the Ice Age (1.6 million years ago) to 

the present day. The quaternary deposits were deposited from either the ice sheets themselves 

(boulder clay) or from the melt waters associated with the ice (sorted deposits of gravel, sand, silt or 

clay). More recent deposits include river alluvium, beaches and blanket peat. Information on the 

overburden (Quaternary) geology is available from the Teagasc Subsoil Map which is available on 

both the EPA and the GSI websites. The extract from the Teagasc Subsoil map for the study area is 

shown on Figure 13.2. 

The map indicates the presence of alluvium deposits adjacent to the River Ilen (orange area). Moving 

away from the River Ilen the majority of the surrounding area in the north of the study area is 

underlain by sandstone till (TDSs) which is till derived chiefly from Devonian sandstones (red area). 

While the area to the south is underlain by sandstone and shale till (TDCSsS) which is till derived 

from mixed Devonian and Carboniferous rocks (pink area). There are areas of made ground in the 

vicinity of the town (blue areas). Areas where bedrock has been mapped as outcropping or being 

close to the surface are also indicated on the subsoil map (grey area). There are two minor areas of 

glaciofluvial sands and gravels (GDSs) within the study area (green areas). Information on the 

overburden deposits is also available on the Historical GSI 6” field sheets. 

The data from the available site investigations carried out within the study area (1988 to 2012) has 

been reviewed. A comment in relation to the subsoil / overburden deposits in the vicinity of each of 

the proposed structures is provided below. In general the investigations indicate the town is underlain 

by made ground ranging in depth from 0.10 m to a maximum depth of 3.20 m at Levis Quay. The 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-4 Rev. F01




made ground is composed of crushed rock sub base which is underlain by natural material composed 

of silty gravelly fine to medium sands to a maximum depth of 2.00 m, medium dense to dense sandy 

gravels to a maximum depth of 4.00 m and very soft to soft bluish grey silt to a maximum depth of 

11.85 m. The area surrounding the town is underlain by natural soils and occasional river deposits. 

Overburen is composed of a silty sandy topsoil to a max depth of 0.62 m underlain by gravelly fine to 

coarse sands to a max depth of 3.20 m, over very loose to dense silty sandy fine to coarse gravels 

with cobbles to a maximum depth of 6.20 m and very soft to soft silt to a maximum excavated depth of 

8.50 mbgl. In the Marsh Field area the site investigation data indicates weathered topsoil to a depth 

of 0.80 m underlain by fine to medium sands to a maximum depth of 1.70 m, over loose to dense 

sandy fine to coarse gravels to a max depth of 6.20 m and very soft light bluish grey silt to a maximum 

depth of 32.50 m. The overburden deposits in the vicinity of the proposed works are discussed below 

in terms of the individual relief structures. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-5 Rev. F01

HWM 

Estate 

2.3 

Riverdate 

11.6 

CF 

15.8 

CF 

9.1 

2.2 2.4 

A sumption Place 

Coronea Court 

5.6 


12.9 

18.5 

UND 

14.7 

LS 

2.8 

Care Centre 

LS 

UPPER 

11.9 

The Moorings 

2.1 

BRIDGE 

STREET 

10kv 


(1-18) 

11.8 

2.6 

2.5 

The Moorings 

10.7 

CF 

2.4 

2.5 

UND UND 

2.3 

RIVER ILEN 

9.6 

Sports Ground 

10kv 

2.4 

7.6 

2.2 

2.4 

10kv 

BM 2.83 

2.5 

10kv 

2.5 

John F 

Kennedy 

Bridge 

Hotel 

Church 


2.5 

Mardyke Court 

(1-6) 

8.0 

STREET 

3.3 

Fire Station 

2.5 

2.9 

3.5 

3.5 

BM 3.29 

5.5 

Mart 

CS 

BRIDGE 

10kv 

UND 

CS 

CS 

STREET 

BM 4.47 


3.4 

T 

CF 

3.0 

MAIN 

10kv 

NCT 

Centre 

2.5 

10KV 

2.2 

STREET 

CF 

2.2 

2.8 

Treatment 

Plant 

CS 

2.6 

FW 

THE 

SQUARE 

Town Hall 

T 

RIVER 

MARKET MARKET 

STREET 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

CS 

Sports Ground 

2.7 

CR 

UND 

Sports Ground 

Club House 

T 

Cathedral 

UND UND 

1.9 

The Rock 

Tank 

CS 

MI MI L L 

ROAD 

1.7 

School 

2.8 

SKIBBEREEN 

10 kv 

2.1 

Show Grounds 

School 

CS 

Sports Centre 

3.2 

Burial 

Ground 

School 

T 

3.5 

School 

30 

Souterrain 


CR 

Hillcrest 

School 

T 

4.4 

3.8 

UND 

4.3 

Gaelscoil 


CS 

UND 

FF 

4.7 

4.8 

45.3 

UND 

10kv 

T 

CS 

FF 

7.5 

5.8 

49.3 

10kv 

CR 

10 

FF 

1 

6.2 

Tanks 

UND 

50.4 

Town Co Bdy 

Town Town Town Co Co Co B dy 

UND 

Town Co B dy 

ROAD ROAD 

Glencurragh 

CORK CORK 

Town Town Co B dy 


ILEN 

STREET STREET 

NORTH NORTH 

14 1 

STREET STREET 

ILEN 

ILEN STREET 

NORTH 

RIVER 

Ardcarrig 

2 

11 12 

BRIDGE STREET 

10 

1 

2 

Pound Hill 

ROAD 

ROAD 

ROSSA 


TOWNSHEND 

TOWNSHEND STREET 

Caol Stream 

STREET STREET 

STREET 


37 

38 

Hawthorns 

43 

Mardyke Park 

27 28 

UND 

2 

1 

8 

9 

23 

24 26 

Area under 

construction 

61 

31 

32 

The Mills 

19 

46 

45 

Coronea 

10kv 

Drive 

Legend 

UND 

UND 

Soils 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

Castle 


Alluviums 

Deep poorly drained mineral 

Deep well drained mineral 

Abhainn Beag 

Miscellaneous 

Peats 

Poorly drained mineral soils with peaty topsoil 

Shallow well drained mineral 

Shallow, lithosolic-podzolic soils potentially wit 

19 

15 

14 

8 

9 

6 

5 

2 

1 

UND 

10kv 

CARRIGFADDA 

School 

UND 

10kv 

Town Co Bdy 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 





File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0016F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

13.1 

Soils Map 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 Mi0016 F01 







FF 

35.1 

UND UND 

62.2 

Mast 

70.2 

UND 

12.7 

16 

CF 

20 

CF 

31.1 

15 

58.2 

CF 

21 

64.5 

5 

UND 

26 


Inis Álainn 

36 

1.4 

37 

25 

CF 

27.6 

28 

40 

BM 28.21 

9 

58.1 

Derrendangan 

Reservoir 

1 

15.6 

2 

Town Co Bdy 

15 

55.3 

CF 

T 

UND 

52.3 

UND 

23.5 


38 

2.9 

49.6 

CF 

10kv 

19.6 

10kv 

2.3 

HWM 

16.2 

HWM 

2.3 

Riverdate 

Estate 

11.6 

CF 

CF 

15.8 

9.1 

2.2 2.4 

Coronea Court 

12.9 

18.5 

5.6 

UND 

14.7 

LS 

2.8 


Care Centre 

LS 

11.9 

The Moorings 

2.1 

10kv 

11.8 

2.6 

19 

2.5 

The Moorings 

10.7 

CF 

15 

14 

CF 

2.4 

8 

9 

6 

5 

2.5 

2.3 

Abhainn Beag 

2 

1 

9.6 

Sports Ground 

10kv 

10kv 

2.4 

7.6 

2.2 

2.4 

10kv 

BM 2.83 

2.5 

10kv 

T 

2.5 

2.5 

10kv 

8.0 

Mardyke Park 

10kv 

3.3 

BM 6.93 

2.5 

Fire Station 

Coronea 

Drive 

2.9 

CF 

6.2 

5.3 

3.5 

3.5 

4.2 

BM 3.29 

5.5 

5.0 

CS 

10kv 

CS 

CS 

BM 4.47 

3.4 

T 

CF 

3.0 

FF 

10kv 

2.5 

10KV 

2.2 

CF 

2.2 

2.8 

CS 

2.6 

FW 

T 

UND 

River Ilen 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

CS 

2.7 

CF 

Highest Point To Which 

CR 

7.8 

Medium Tides Flow 

UND 

UND 

Maple Leaf 

T 

Poulnagnave 

UND UND 

1.9 

UND 

COOLNAGARRANE 

Tank 

CS 

1.7 

4.4 

2.8 

2.8 

4.3 

3.5 

10 kv 

2.1 

CW 

BM 7.72 

61 

2.6 

School 

2 

1 

31 

2.8 

32 

CS 

8 

3.2 

8.3 

46 

9 

11.3 

Lu riga House 

45 

T 

3.5 

The Mills 

30 

CR 

UND 

19 

T 

11.7 

6.8 

10.4 

4.4 

18.7 

3.8 

21.2 

4.1 

UND 

4.3 

23 

Castle 


CS 

CR 

FF 

23.7 

4.7 

4.8 

45.3 

38 

UND 

10kv 

43 

T 

27 

28 

37 

10kv 

CS 

2 

FF 

1 

7.5 

CS 

5.8 

49.3 

10kv 

Hawthorns 

24.3 

CR 

CR 

10 

Pound Hill 

FF 

Area under 

construction 

26.6 

1 

6.2 

Tanks 

2 

UND 

50.4 

Ardcarrig 

10 

CS 

11 

12 

10kv 

CURRAGH 

LURRIGA 

UND 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 


UND 

Town Co B dy 

Glencurragh 


Town Co Bdy 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

14 1 

UND 

1 2 


CORONEA 

UND 

24 26 

10kv 

Legend 

UND 

UND 

UND 

Subsoils 

UND 

Alluvium undifferentiated 

Bedrock at surface 

Blanket peat 

Lake sediments undifferentiated 

Made ground 

Sandstone and shales till (Devonian/Carboniferous) 

Sandstone sands and gravels (Devonian) 

Sandstone till (Devonian) 


UND 

UND 

10kv 

CARRIGFADDA 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

10kv 

Town Town Co Co Bdy Bdy 

Town Co Bdy 

UND UND 


UND 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 





File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0018F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

13.2 

Subsoils Map 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 Mi0018 F01 










River Ilen Flood Relief Works 

Ilen 1 – 147 m of flood wall and Ilen 2 - 709 m of embankment - The trial pits and boreholes 

incidate overburden up to 6 m in places but bedrock was encountered in the river bed in ABH6 and 

ABH7. Water was encountered at depths ranging from 1.35 m to 1.85 mbgl. 

Ilen 3 – 135 m of floodwall and embankment - The data indicates sand, silt and gravel to depths of 

up to 6.2 m. Water was encountered at depths ranging from 2.1 m to 3.8 mbgl. 

Ilen 4 – 105 m of flood wall– The overburden is composed of gravelly sand over silt with overburden 

upto 6 m in depth. 

Ilen 5 - Regrading of 1,670 m 2 of river bed – There is no site investigation data from this area. 

Ilen 6 - Structural protection works to bridge – There is no site investigation data from this area. 

Ilen 7 – 270 m of flood wall to be constructed by sheet piling– The data indicates sand, silt and 

gravel to depths of up to 9.6 m. Water was encountered at depth of 2.4 mbgl. 

Ilen 8 - 12 m of flood wall – The investigations indicate made ground over gravel and silt to 9 mbgl. 

Ilen 9 – 210 m of embankment, floodwall and stone revetment with widening on opposite 

riverbank – The boreholes and slit trench indicate areas of made ground while the natural ground is 

composed of sandy gravel on soft silt. The overburden extended to 8.37mbgl in ABH13. 

Ilen 10 – 313 m of embankment – The trial pits, probes and boreholes indicate made ground with 

natural ground composed of clay, silt, sand and gravel. Overburden thickness up to 5.3 mbgl. Water 

was encountered at depths ranging from 1.5 m to 2.4 mbgl. 

Ilen 11- 424 m of embankment – The investigations indicate overburden to depths of greater than 

9.70mbgl composed of gravel, sand and silt. 

Ilen 12 - 308 m of flood wall – The boreholes and trial pits indicate presence of mostly gravel 

deposits over cobbles and boulders to approximately 3 m depth with silt and gravel to 5.5 mbgl. 

Water was encountered in the gravel deposits at depths ranging from 1.6 mbgl to 2.8 mbgl. 

Ilen 13 – 547 m of flood embankment - The trial pits, boreholes and slit trenches indicate some 

areas of made ground and soft ground in this area. The overburden was composed of silt, peaty silt, 

sand, clay and gravel. The overburden was > 10 m at ABH26. Water was encountered at depths of 

1.3 m to 2.51 mbgl. 

Ilen 14 & 15 - 420 m of flood embankment - The trial pits and boreholes indicate some areas of 

made ground. The natural ground is composed of silt, sand, clay and gravel over mainly silt deposits. 

The overburden was > 10 m at ABH26. Water was encountered at depths ranging from 1.90 m to 3.1 

mbgl. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-8 Rev. F01




Millrace Flood Relief Works 

Mill 1 – The boreholes and slit trenches indicate silt and gravel over cobbles up to 3 m in depth. 

Siltstone and shale bedrock encountered at 1.6 mbgl in BH01R. 

Mill 2 – The boreholes and trial pits indicate mostly silt and gravel over cobbles. Rock is shallow in 

places with BH01R intercepting bedrock (siltstone and shale) at 1.6 mbgl. 

Showgrounds Stream Flood Relief Works 

Show 1 – 48 m of concrete culvert – The site investigations indicate sand, gravel and cobbles with 

made ground / road construction and silty peaty sand in vicinity of road. 

Show 2 15 m of flood embankment – The site investigation indicated topsoil over gravel to 5.7mbgl. 

Water was encountered at 1.1 mbgl and 1.75 mbgl. 

Show 3 250 m of flood embankment – The borehole, trial pit and slit trenches indicate areas of 

made ground and fill underlain by silty peaty sand or sandy clay and gravelly sand. While the areas 

of natural ground composed of sand, gravel and cobbles. Overburden thickness up to 5.7 mbgl. 

Water was encountered at 1.7 and 1.75 mbgl. 

Show 4 223 m of flood embankment– The site investigations indicate fill underlain by sandy clay 

and gravelly sand with water encountered at 1.7 mbgl. 

Caol Stream Flood Relief Works 

Caol 1 – 340 m of concrete channel – The site investigation indicate made ground adjacent to the 

channel up to 2.05 m over silty gravel to 8 mbgl. 

Caol 2 - 320 m of flood wall - Made ground was encountered over full depth to 2.20 m composed of 

gravel and silt. Water was encountered between 1.00 m and 2.0 mbgl. 

Caol 3 - 83 m of flood wall – The trial pit indicates the fill over the full depth of 2.20 m with gravel 

and silt. 

Caol 4 - 558 m of flood embankment - The trial pits indicate clay fill over gravel and silt. The fill 

depth ranged from 1.1 m to 2.20 m. Water was encountered at depths of between 1.00 m and 2.00 

mbgl. 

Assolas Stream Flood Relief Works 

Assolas 1 - 35 m of flood wall - The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill on 

silty sand on peat while the natural ground is composed of silt and gravel to 2.90 mbgl. 

Assolas 2 - 65 m of embankment – The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill 

on silty sand on peat while the natural ground is composed of silt and gravel to 2.90 mbgl. 

Assolas 3 - 202 m of embankment - The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill 

overlying silty sand overlying peat. The natural ground is composed of clay, silt, sand and gravel. 

Water was encountered at depths of between 1.70 m and 2.20 mbgl. 

Assolas 4 - 277 m of flood wall - The trial pits and slit trenches indicate the presence of road fill 

overlying silty sand overlying peat. The natural ground is composed of clay, silt, sand and gravel. 

Water was encountered at depths of between 1.70 m and 2.20 mbgl. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-9 Rev. F01




Assolas 5 – 92 m of embankment - The borehole and slit trench indicate presence of made ground, 

clay, gravel, sand and silt up to 3.8 mbgl. Water was encountered at 2.50 mbgl. 

Assolas 6 existing double culvert to be replaced with single box diameter culvert. 

Assolas 7 – Sealing of existing maholes and open culvert section. 

Some areas of made ground containing refuse (e.g. ABH12), were encountered during the preliminary 

ground investigations based on the description on the trial pit and borehole logs. 

13.3.2 Geology 

Desk Study 

Information obtained from the Geological Survey of Ireland (GSI) interactive mapping indicates that 

the study area is underlain by Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Mudstones and Sandstones of the 

Cork Group (DMSC) in the vicinity of Skibbereen Town with Upper Devonian rocks comprised of Old 

Red Sandstones in the area to the north and south (DORS). The National Draft Generalised Bedrock 

Geology Map for the study area is presented as Figure 13.3. The Lower Carboniferous Mudstones 

and Sandstones of the Cork Group in the Skibbereen area are subdivided into the Narrow Cove 

Member and Pig’s Cove Member of the Kinsale Formation on Sheet 24 (GSI 1;100,000 series) 

bedrock geology map and are composed of grey mudstone with sandstone. 

The structure of the area is characterised by the presence of a series of north east to south west 

trending synclines and anticlines which are cross cut by approximate north to south trending faults. 

Moving further north and south the Devonian Old Red Sandstone forms the underlying bedrock 

(DORS). This is equivalent to the Old Head Sandstone (OH) and Toe Head Formation of Sheet 24. 

The Old Head Sandstone is described as a flaser bedded sandstone with minor mudstone. While the 

while the Toe Head Formation is comprised of cross bedded sandstone and minor mudstone. 

Field Survey Results 

Information on the type of bedrock within the study area and the depth to the top of the bedrock is 

available from the site investigation phase. The site investigations indicated considerable variation in 

the thickness of overburden deposits in the Skibbereen area. The bedrock encountered included 

sandstone, siltstone and shale. 

On the east side of the River Ilen shallow bedrock, described as siltstone and shale, was encountered 

in the area of Mill 1 and Mill 2. In the Marsh Field area the bedrock is described as moderately weak 

to moderately strong shale of the Pigs Cove Member of the Kinsale Formation occasionally 

interbedded with moderately weak to very strong siltstone encountered at depths of 31.60 m and 

35.70 m. 

Bedrock of moderately weak to moderately strong, thinly laminated weathered grey shale with 

occasional interbeds of siltstone was encountered at varying depths between 0.28 m on Baltimore 

Road, 0.40 m in Coronea, 0.50 m at Mill Road and 8.50 m by the River Ilen. Moderately weak to very 

strong, thinly laminated, weathered siltstone with occasional interbeds of thinly laminated, weathered 

shale was encountered at 1.60 m on the Bantry Road. 

Between Assolas 4 and 5 possible bedrock was encountered at depths of 1.10 m and 2.60 mbgl in the 

trial pits but there is no rotary coring from this area to confirm this. The site investigations report 

indicates that weathered grey shale was encountered at a depth of 7.00 mbgl at Fields Carpark and 

11.85 mbgl at Levis Quay. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-10 Rev. F01

Abbeystrowry 

Cemetery 


16 

20 

15 

21 

5 

26 


Inis Álainn 

36 

37 

25 

40 

9 

1 2 

15 


HWM 

HWM 


14 

Glencurragh 

8 

9 

6 

5 

Abhainn Beag 

2 

1 

Mardyke Park 

CR 

Coronea 

Drive 

CR 

UND 

Souterrian 


FF 

UND 

DERRYGOOL 

CF 

River Ilen 

61 

UND 

2 

1 

31 

School 

32 

8 

CW 

46 

9 

45 

The Mills 

30 

Town View 

CF 

19 

FF 

FW 

23 

Castle 

CR 

38 

43 

27 28 

37 

2 

1 

Hawthorns 

Woodley 

10 

Pound Hill 

1 

Area under 

construction 

R596 

2 

RUSSAGH 

Ardcarrig 

CR 

10 

24 

28 

23 

CF 

15 

CS 

25 

2 

Liss Ard 

Rosebank 

CS 

CW 

Gortnaclohy 

Reservoir 

Russagh Corn Mill 

Lough 

Abisdealy 

UND 

R637 

Gortnaclohy 

We l 

UND 

CS 

The Bog Cross 

UND 

R593 

DERREENDANGAN 

CURRAGH 

LURRIGA 

1 2 

11 12 


CORONEA 

24 26 

GORTNACLOGHY 

19 15 


CARRIGFADDA 

LICKNAVAR 

Legend 

Bedrock Map 

(Groundwater Rockunits) 

UND 

Devonian Old Red Sandstones 

Dinantian Mudstones and Sandstones (Cork Group) 

POUNDLICK 

U ND 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 





File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0017F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

Bedrock Geology Map 

(Groundwater Rockunits) 

13.3 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 Mi0017 F01 










Economic Geology / Quarrying and Mining 

Cork County Council maintains a register of quarries within the county. The following quarrying 

activities exist within the Skibbereen area and are recorded on the Cork County Council Quarry 

Registration List (May, 2007) which is located on the Cork County Council website. None of the 

quarries are located in areas where works are proposed. The following is a list of the registered 

quarries in the area:- 

• McCarthy Plant Hire / Curtward Ltd – Curragh Skibbereen, Skibbereen Sandstone Quarry reported 

production 100,000-250,000 Tonnes per annum; 

• Timothy O’Regan Stone Ltd / Forenaught Quarry - Castleisland, Skibbereen – Sandstone Quarry 

reported production - 100,000-250,000 Tonnes per annum; and 

• B. Hurley / West Cork Stone Ltd – Currabeg, Skibbereen. 

13.3.3 Hydrology 

Desk Study 

Information on the hydrology of the study area has been obtained from a review of the available data 

from the Environmental Protection Agency and the Office of Public Works. RPS undertook a 

hydrological assessment of the River Ilen Catchment during the design of the flood defence scheme. 

Information on the hydrology of the area was obtained from the following reports: MCW0626Rp0021 

Hydrology Report and MCW0626Rp0022 Hydraulic Report. This information has been used in the 

description of the baseline / existing environment and to determine the potential impact the proposed 

works will have on the hydrology of the study area. The hydrology map for the area is provided in 

Figure 13.4. 

The headwaters of River Ilen rise at Mullaghmeesha and Nowen Hill at the north of the catchment. 

The confluence of the headwaters is located at Castledonovan Bridge and from here the river flows in 

a south-easterly direction for approximately 3 km to Ahanafunsion Bridge, where the Clodagh River 

meets the Ilen. 

From Ahanafunsion Bridge, the River Ilen flows in a south westerly direction for approximately 5 km to 

its confluence with the Owennashingaun River. The Ilen then flows in a south easterly direction for 

1.6 km to its confluence with the River Ruagagh. From here, the river flows in a southerly direction for 

2 km to its confluence with the Glanaphuca River, approximately 300 m downstream of Madore 

Bridge. 

From this point, the river flows in a south easterly direction for approximately 2.8 km to Derreeny 

Bridge, where the Saivnose River meets the Ilen. From Derreeny Bridge, the Ilen flows in a southerly 

direction for approximately 7.6 km to Skibbereen Town Centre where it meets the Caol Stream. 

The study area for the Drainage Scheme is centered around Skibbereen Town in the area drained by 

the River Ilen and the Caol Stream. The topography of the area is characterised by rolling open 

lowland, with a network of often steep sided river and stream valleys divided by exposed low ridges 

and hills. The town of Skibbereen lies along the south and east bank of the tidal River Ilen at its 

confluence with the Caol Stream, draining the southern catchment area. The River Ilen, the principal 

watercourse, flows south before passing through Skibbereen and sharply turns westward before 

entering its estuary and Roaringwater Bay and Baltimore Harbour. 

The elevation of the river varies from approximately 475 m OD (M) at Mullaghmeesha to -1 m OD (M) 

at New Bridge, Coronea located 1.4 km downstream of the town centre. From the headwaters of the 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-12 Rev. F01




river to Skibbereen Town Centre, the Ilen is approximately 25 km in length and from the town centre to 

Baltimore Harbour; the river is 14 km long. The river is tidal as far as the hospital at Lurriga, which is 

located to the north of the town, approximately 1 km upstream of the town centre. 

The river has a catchment area of 265 km 2 upstream of the town. The upper reaches of the 

catchment predominately comprise rural pasture lands, with a combination of rural and urban lands in 

the lower reaches. The town centre is located within the valley of the River Ilen and the Caol Stream. 

Steep hills are located on the eastern and western extents of the town. The remainder of the town 

consists largely of ribbon development north along the Clonakilty Road, south along the Baltimore 

Road, eastwards along High Street and westward along Upper Bridge Street. 

The town centre, particularly around the confluence of the Caol Stream and the River Ilen has been 

developed at levels between 2.1 m and 3.0 m OD (M) in the relatively flat valley of the Caol Stream. 

Flooding of the River Ilen and Caol Stream is significant, with the floodplain extending to 350 m and 

650 m wide in some areas. Flooding in this area invariably affects Townsend Street, portions of 

Market Street, Baltimore Road, Mardyke Street, Tragumna Road, Main Street and Bridge Street. 

Additionally, flooding is also reported along a significant portion of Ilen Street, to the north of the River 

Ilen and along Mill Road to the northeast of the town centre. 

The Caol Stream is a tributary of the River Ilen. It is located to the south east of Skibbereen Town 

Centre. The valley of the Caol Stream is extremely flat and is subject to frequent flooding. The 

development of the town has been largely forced along the Caol and Ilen valleys because the 

steepness of the adjacent hillsides limits development considerably. The Caol Stream flows in a 

northerly direction from its source at Lough Abisdealy. It is joined by a number of tributaries from the 

Letterinlish area as it flows towards the town centre. The stream runs parallel to R595 as far as its 

confluence with the Assolas Stream, approximately 30 m downstream of Market Street Bridge, in 

Field’s Carpark off Market Street. From here, the stream runs along the eastern boundary of the car 

park and joins the River Ilen at the junction of Bridge Street, Main Street and Levi’s Quay. The 

elevation of the stream varies from approximately 11 m OD (M) at Lough Abisdealy to 0 m OD (M) at 

its confluence with the River Ilen. From Lough Abisdealy to Skibbereen Town Centre, the Caol 

Stream is approximately 3.2 km in length. The Caol Stream is tidally influenced along its lower reach 

and the low lying lands upstream of the Baltimore Road are subject to flooding at Spring tides. 

Most of the stretch of the River Ilen within the study area is tidal. Other small streams, including the 

Caol Stream, discharge into the river from the south and east. 

The Ilen catchment has relatively steep slopes in the north western part of the catchment which has 

an average slope of 9.37% (or a gradient of 1 in 11 i.e. 11 m horizontally for every 1 m vertically). As 

the land progresses downwards from Nowen Hill and the Mullaghmesha mountains to Kilnagospagh 

there is an average slope of 6.73% (1 in 15 gradient) across the entire catchment. The Caol Stream 

catchment has an average slope of 7.45% (1 in 13 gradient). The Assolas catchment has an average 

slope of 6.52% (1 in 15 gradient). 

There is one hydrometric station on the River Ilen at Ballyhilty Bridge which is operated by the EPA 

(Station Number 20005). The EPA station is a water level and flow gauging station and is suitable for 

monitoring of low flows. In addition there are nine other gauges in operation by Cork County Council 

on the River Ilen. See Table 13.2 below for details on the gauge locations. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-13 Rev. F01

Ballyhilty Bridge - (Ultrasonic Gauge) 

Ballyhilty Bridge (U/S) - Staff Gauge at River 

Ballyhilty Bridge (U/S) - Staff Gauge in Tank 

Ballyhilty Bridge (U/S) - Pressure Bulb 

Ballyhilty Bridge - Pressure Bulb 

Ballyhilty Bridge (D/S) - Staff Gauge 

Ballyhilty Bridge (D/S) - Data Logger 

Kennedy Bridge - (Staff Gauge) 

Pumping Station - (Ultrasonic Gauge) 

Bridge at Levi’s Quay (U/S) - (Staff Gauge) 

Legend 

EPA Gauging Stations 


Gauging Stations 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 


Checked by: 

A Fitzgerald 

Approved by: 

B Brice 


File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0015F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

13.4 

Hydrology Map 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 Mi0015 F01 










Table 13.2: Gauging Stations 

Monitoring Station 

Body Number 

Location 

EPA 20005 Ballyhilty 

Bridge (D/S) 

Cork County 1 Ballyhilty 

Council 

Bridge (U/S) 

2 Ballyhilty 

Bridge (U/S) 

3 Ballyhilty 

Bridge (U/S 

4 Ballyhilty 

Bridge (D/S) 

5 Bridge at 

Levi’s Quay 

(U/S) 

6 Kennedy 

Bridge 

7 Water 

Treatment 

Plant 

8 Ballyhilty 

Bridge 

9 Ballyhilty 

Bridge 

Type of Data 

Gauge Available 

Easting Northing 

Data Water level 111830 036102 

Logger & Flow 

Staff Gauge Water Level 111762 036406 

in tank 

Timber Water Level 111763 036404 

Gauge at 

river 

Staff gauge Water Level 111768 036397 

at river 




Ultrasonic 

Gauge 

Pressure 

Bulb 

Ultrasonic 

Gauge 

Water Level 112234 033842 

Water Level 111762 036406 

Water Level 111762 036406 

Flooding 

There are two main tributaries of the River Ilen, the Caol and Assolas. Serious flooding of residential 

and commercial properties occurs in two main areas of Skibbereen. 

• Adjacent to the Caol Stream and near its junction with the Ilen River. Flooding in this area 

invariably affects all of Townsend Street, the Baltimore Road, part of Market Street and Mardyke 

Street, 98 th Street, and part of Main Street, and Bridge Street. This area includes much of the 

commercial heart of Skibbereen. 

• Chronic flooding also occurs on the Mill Road effecting Glenilen Terrace and the houses 

between the junction with the Cork Road and Lorriga House. 

Prior to November 2009 the most serve flood event affecting Skibbereen occurred in August 1986. 

Other recorded flood events in 1969, 1974, 1975 and 1982 were less severe. Frequent flooding also 

occurred in the 1940’s and 1950’s. 

An assessment of the potential adverse consequences associated with flooding in Skibbereen Town 

was undertaken and is contained in the RPS report River Ilen Flood Risk Assessment and 

Management Study Flood Map Report. The assessment considered risks to society, economy, 

environment and cultural heritage for all design flood probabilities. 

Hydromorphology 

A hydro-geomorphological assessment was undertaken by RPS. The hydro geo-morphological 

assessment was based on the following data sets:- 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-15 Rev. F01




• WFD National Channel Typology Dataset; 

• EU Water Framework Directive – Hydromorphological Risk Assessment; 

• Corine land use dataset; 

• Aerial Photography; 

• Bank Erosion & deposition Dataset provided by Cork County Council; 

• OPW Drainage Schemes Datasets; and 

• National Parks & Wildlife Service Commanage Framework Plans. 

The study concluded that the existing catchment land use practices are considered low risk as it is 

predominantly pasture with low risk of exposed soils and subsequent sediment loss. However, at a 

more localised level within Skibbereen, erosion and deposition does occur. This is typical of lowland 

meandering rivers. Channel improvement works were undertaken in the 1990’s to increase channel 

capacity by removing rock outcrops and widening the channel. 

13.3.4 Hydrogeology 

Desk Study 

There is no Groundwater Protection Plan available for West Cork at this time, however the GSI have 

completed a National Draft Bedrock Aquifer Map which covers the area of interest. Information on the 

aquifer classification for the study area has been obtained from the GSI online mapping (www.gsi.ie) 

and is presented in Figure 13.5. A Groundwater Protection Scheme has been completed for South 

Cork (GSI, 2002) which provides hydrogeological information for some of the bedrock formations 

within the study area. 

The study area is located within the Bandon_1 Groundwater Body. Information on the Bandon 

Groundwater Body indicates most of the groundwater flow tends to occur in the top 15 m of the aquifer 

within the weathered zone. Below this deeper inflows tend to be concentrated along fractures or fault 

zones. The bedrock has no intergranular permeability and zones of enhanced permeability are found 

in the mudstones and sandstones close to faults and near fold axes. The groundwater body 

description indicates that in general the subsoil is generally < 10 m thick with large areas having a 

subsoil thickness of < 3 m. 

The GSI report that groundwater flow paths are relatively short typically of the order of 30 m to 300 m. 

Groundwater discharges to small springs, or streams and rivers that cross the aquifer. Due to the low 

storage in the bedrock baseflow to rivers and streams is considered to be low. There are a number of 

marshes and swamps that are designated as protected areas within the groundwater body but none of 

these are located within the study area. A search of the NPWS website does not indicate any 

designated areas in the immediate vicinity of the site which are identified as water dependant 

terrestrial ecosystems. 

The GSI aquifer classification scheme is based on the value of the groundwater resources and the 

hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer. The bedrock in the central portion of the study area in 

the vicinity of Skibbereen Town is classified as a Locally Important (LI) Bedrock Aquifer, which is 

Moderately Productive only in Local Zones (See Figure 13.6). Locally Important aquifers would 

generally have moderate yielding wells. Typically these aquifers would be considered to be capable of 

producing well yields of the order of 100 m 3 /d-400 m³/d. The area to the north and south of this central 

band is classed as a Poor Aquifer (Pl) which is bedrock which is generally unproductive except for 

local zones. Poor aquifers would tend to have moderate or low yielding wells and borehole yields of < 

100 m 3 /d would be typical in this aquifer type. There are no regionally or locally important sand and 

gravel aquifers within the study area. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-16 Rev. F01




Information on water strikes is available from the site investigation stage from the borings and 

excavations undertaken in the overburden deposits (Appendix 13.1 S.I. Investigation Report). 

Information on water strikes has been outlined in Section 13.3.1 in the summary of the overburden 

deposits in the vicinity of each of the proposed structures. On the east side of the River Ilen 

groundwater was encountered in the overburden deposits at depths ranging from 1.1 mbgl to 2.8 

mbgl, on the west side at depths ranging from 1.3 m to 3.1 mbgl and on the south side at depths 

ranging from 2.1 m to 3.8 mbgl. In the vicinity of the Caol Stream water was encountered at depths of 

1.0 m to 2.6 mbgl 

The study area is served by the Cork County Council mains water supply as shown on Figure 14.4 of 

Chapter 14 Material Assets. The Groundwater Public Viewer section of the GSI website indicated 

only one well within the study area. The well had a reported depth of 70.1 m and a yield of 9.8 m 3 /d 

(GSI Code 1103SWW001). There is potential for additional private wells within the study area which 

may not be indicated on the GSI well database. 

The GSI Aquifer Vulnerability map indicates the vulnerability of the first groundwater encountered in 

either sand / gravel aquifers or in bedrock to contaminants released at depths of 1 – 2 m below ground 

surface. The Vulnerability of the majority of the Study Area, mainly around the River Ilen, is classified 

as High-Low as only an interim classification is available. The Interim Vulnerability map has been 

completed as part of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) programme and only has three 

Vulnerability Classification, E (rock near surface or karst), E (Extreme) or H-L (undifferentiated High to 

Low) as shown on Figure 13.6. Due to the shallow depth to bedrock across much of the study area a 

significant portion of the area is classified as having extreme vulnerability. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-17 Rev. F01

FF 

35.1 

UND UND 

62.2 

Mast 

70.2 

UND 

12.7 

16 

CF 

20 

CF 

31.1 

15 

58.2 

CF 

21 

64.5 

5 

UND 

26 


Inis Álainn 

36 

1.4 

37 

25 

CF 

27.6 

28 

40 

BM 28.21 

9 

58.1 

Derrendangan 

Reservoir 

1 

15.6 

2 

Town Co Bdy 

15 

55.3 

CF 

T 

UND 

52.3 

UND 

23.5 


38 

2.9 

49.6 

CF 

10kv 

19.6 

10kv 

2.3 

HWM 

16.2 

HWM 

2.3 

Riverdate 

Estate 

11.6 

CF 

CF 

15.8 

9.1 

2.2 2.4 

Coronea Court 

12.9 

18.5 

5.6 

UND 

14.7 

LS 

2.8 


Care Centre 

LS 

11.9 

The Moorings 

2.1 

10kv 

11.8 

2.6 

19 

2.5 

The Moorings 

10.7 

CF 

15 

14 

CF 

2.4 

8 

9 

6 

5 

2.5 

2.3 

Abhainn Beag 

2 

1 

9.6 

Sports Ground 

10kv 

10kv 

2.4 

7.6 

2.2 

2.4 

10kv 

BM 2.83 

2.5 

10kv 

T 

2.5 

2.5 

10kv 

8.0 

Mardyke Park 

10kv 

3.3 

BM 6.93 

2.5 

Fire Station 

Coronea 

Drive 

2.9 

CF 

6.2 

5.3 

3.5 

3.5 

4.2 

BM 3.29 

5.5 

UND 

5.0 

CS 

10kv 

CS 

CS 

BM 4.47 

3.4 

T 

CF 

3.0 

FF 

10kv 

2.5 

10KV 

2.2 

10kv 

CF 

2.2 

2.8 

CS 

2.6 

FW 

T 

UND 

River Ilen 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

CS 

2.7 

CF 


CR 

7.8 


UND 

UND 

Maple Leaf 

T 

Poulnagnave 

UND UND 

1.9 

UND 

COOLNAGARRANE 

Tank 

CS 

1.7 

4.4 

2.8 

2.8 

4.3 

3.5 

10 kv 

2.1 

CW 

BM 7.72 

61 

2.6 

School 

2 

1 

31 

2.8 

32 

CS 

8 

3.2 

8.3 

46 

9 

11.3 

Lu riga House 

45 

T 

3.5 

The Mills 

30 

CR 

UND 

19 

T 

11.7 

6.8 

10.4 

4.4 

18.7 

3.8 

21.2 

4.1 

UND 

4.3 

23 

Castle 


CS 

CR 

FF 

23.7 

4.7 

4.8 

45.3 

38 

UND 

10kv 

43 

T 

27 

28 

37 

10kv 

CS 

2 

FF 

1 

7.5 

CS 

5.8 

49.3 

10kv 

Hawthorns 

24.3 

CR 

CR 

10 

Pound Hill 

FF 

Area under 

construction 

26.6 

1 

6.2 

Tanks 

2 

UND 

50.4 

Ardcarrig 

10 

CS 

11 

12 

10kv 

CURRAGH 

LURRIGA 

UND 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 


UND 

Town Co B dy 

Glencurragh 


Town Co Bdy 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

14 1 

UND 

1 2 


CORONEA 

UND 

24 26 

10kv 

Legend 

UND 

UND 

Aquifers 

UND 

UND 

Locally Important Aquifer 

Town Co Bdy 

Poor Aquifer 

UND 

10kv 

UND 


CARRIGFADDA 


Town Co Bdy 

UND UND 


UND 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 





File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0019F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

13.5 

Bedrock Aquifer Map 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 Mi0019 F01 







FF 

35.1 

UND UND 

62.2 

Mast 

70.2 

UND 

12.7 

16 

CF 

20 

CF 

31.1 

15 

58.2 

CF 

21 

64.5 

5 

UND 

26 


Inis Álainn 

36 

1.4 

37 

25 

CF 

27.6 

28 

40 

BM 28.21 

9 

58.1 

Derrendangan 

Reservoir 

1 

15.6 

2 

Town Co Bdy 

15 

55.3 

CF 

T 

UND 

52.3 

UND 

23.5 


38 

2.9 

49.6 

CF 

10kv 

19.6 

10kv 

2.3 

HWM 

16.2 

HWM 

2.3 

Riverdate 

Estate 

11.6 

CF 

CF 

15.8 

9.1 

2.2 2.4 

Coronea Court 

12.9 

18.5 

5.6 

UND 

14.7 

LS 

2.8 


Care Centre 

LS 

11.9 

The Moorings 

2.1 

10kv 

11.8 

2.6 

19 

2.5 

The Moorings 

10.7 

CF 

15 

14 

CF 

2.4 

8 

9 

6 

5 

2.5 

2.3 

Abhainn Beag 

2 

1 

9.6 

Sports Ground 

10kv 

10kv 

2.4 

7.6 

2.2 

2.4 

10kv 

BM 2.83 

2.5 

10kv 

T 

2.5 

2.5 

10kv 

8.0 

Mardyke Park 

10kv 

3.3 

BM 6.93 

2.5 

Fire Station 

Coronea 

Drive 

2.9 

CF 

6.2 

5.3 

3.5 

3.5 

4.2 

BM 3.29 

5.5 

5.0 

CS 

10kv 

CS 

CS 

BM 4.47 

3.4 

T 

CF 

3.0 

FF 

10kv 

2.5 

10KV 

2.2 

10kv 

CF 

2.2 

2.8 

CS 

2.6 

FW 

T 

UND 

River Ilen 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

CS 

2.7 

CF 


CR 

7.8 


UND 

UND 

Maple Leaf 

T 

Poulnagnave 

UND UND 

1.9 

UND 

COOLNAGARRANE 

Tank 

CS 

1.7 

4.4 

2.8 

2.8 

4.3 

3.5 

10 kv 

2.1 

CW 

BM 7.72 

61 

2.6 

School 

2 

1 

31 

2.8 

32 

CS 

8 

3.2 

8.3 

46 

9 

11.3 

Lu riga House 

45 

T 

3.5 

The Mills 

30 

CR 

UND 

19 

T 

11.7 

6.8 

10.4 

4.4 

18.7 

3.8 

21.2 

4.1 

UND 

4.3 

23 

Castle 


CS 

CR 

FF 

23.7 

4.7 

4.8 

45.3 

38 

UND 

10kv 

43 

T 

27 

28 

37 

10kv 

CS 

2 

FF 

1 

7.5 

CS 

5.8 

49.3 

10kv 

Hawthorns 

24.3 

CR 

CR 

10 

Pound Hill 

FF 

Area under 

construction 

26.6 

1 

6.2 

Tanks 

2 

UND 

50.4 

Ardcarrig 

10 

CS 

11 

12 

10kv 

CURRAGH 

LURRIGA 

UND 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 


UND 

Town Co B dy 

Glencurragh 


Town Co Bdy 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

14 1 

UND 

1 2 


CORONEA 

UND 

24 26 

10kv 

Legend 

UND 

UND 

UND 

Aquifer Vulnerability 

E(Rock at/near surface or karst) 

Extreme 

High to Low. 

Water 

UND 

UND 

Town Co Bdy 

10kv 

UND 

UND 


CARRIGFADDA 


Town Co Bdy 

UND UND 


UND 

Innishmore, 

Ballincollig, 

Co Cork, 

Ireland 

T +353 21 4665900 

F +353 21 4873742 



Project 



 

Issue Details 





File Ref. 

MCE0703Mi0020F01 

Scale: 

N.T.S. 

Drawing No. 

Rev. 

Client 

Cork 

County 

Council 

Title 

Figure 

Aquifer Vulnerability Map 

13.6 

0 50 100 

Kilometers 

Date: 

Notes 

April 2013 Mi0020 F01 










Field Survey Results 

The majority of the site investigation boreholes and trial pits were terminated within the overburden 

deposits therefore the exact depth to bedrock has not been determined at the majority of the locations 

investigated but would indicate overburden deposits are typically > 3 m and frequently composed of 

sand and gravel material over silt. However the results confirm a variable thickness of overburden 

deposits within the study area ranging from rock being at the surface to > 32.50 mbgl to top of rock. In 

general across the study area the vulnerability of the groundwater in the bedrock aquifer would range 

from high to moderate. 

13.3.5 Geological Heritage 

The Irish Geological Heritage Programme (IGH) of the Geological Survey of Ireland work in 

partnership with the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) of the Department of Environment, 

Community and Local Government to identify and select important geological and geomorphological 

sites throughout the country for designation as NHAs (Natural heritage Areas). 

Confirmation was received from the Geological Survey of Ireland (17 th June 2011) during the initial 

consultation phase and confirmed that there are no sites of geological interest within the Skibbereen 

Flood Risk Assessment Study Area. The closest sites of interest are located as follows but will not be 

affected by the proposed development: 

• Castletownshend Section (117400, 29450 to 118000, 31000) of Castlehaven formation has 

been recommended for NHA designation under the IGH 10 Devonian Theme which is located 

6km from the study area; and 

• Lough Hyne (110000, 28000) is a coastal lagoon but with barrier that is a solid rock formation 

rather than a depositional feature. The site is recommended for NHA designation under the IGH 

13 Coastal Geomorphology Theme and is already part of Lough Hyne Nature Reserve and 

Environs NHA and SAC. This site is located 5.4 km from the study area. 

The 2009-2015 Cork County Development Plan outlines in Chapter 7 Heritage and Environment 

(Section 7.1.31) that the Department of Heritage and Local Government and the Geological Survey of 

Ireland are drawing up a list of sites of geological interest which will be proposed as Natural Heritage 

Areas in consultation with the Geological Survey of Ireland and the Geology Department of the 

National University of Ireland, Cork. Chapter 3 of Volume 2 of the 2009 Cork County Development 

Plan includes 103 sites which are designated as County Geological Sites within County Cork. These 

are sites of geological and geomorphological interest which may be designated at proposed Natural 

Heritage Areas (pNHA) in the future. None of these sites are located within the study area. 


13.4.1 Construction Impacts 

The following potential impacts have been identified during the construction stage in relation to the 

development of the proposed flood relief scheme:- 

Soils & Subsoils 

Soil may be compacted by the movement of construction machinery and as a result of the loading 

from the embankments and flood walls. Compaction may lead to the reduction in the ability of these 

soils to store water and result in increased runoff and soil erosion. This is a long term slight 

negative impact. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-20 Rev. F01




Construction work will involve the disturbance, removal and transportation of topsoil, made ground 

and subsoil in addition to the importation of fill material. Site works will involve site clearance, 

excavation and construction operations. The earthworks will involve the permanent relocation of top 

soil and subsoil from areas in proximity to the proposed flood defence structures. This is a temporary 

slight negative impact 

Earthworks associated with excavation of riverbed sediment will be required within the river channel 

as part of the channel widening and disposal of excavated material will be required. This has the 

potential to give rise to the generation of suspended sediments. This represents a temporary slight 


The excavation of topsoil and subsoil has the potential to reduce the thickness of cover material 

present and consequently increase the vulnerability of the groundwater to pollution. This is not 

considered to be a significant impact and will be limited to areas where dredging or excavation is 

proposed. This is considered to be a permanent slight negative impact. 

The impact of subsoil removal will not be significant in terms of subsoil geology as similar material to 

that being excavated is widespread throughout the study area. This is considered to be a permanent 

imperceptible negative impact. 

During the construction stage there is potential for contamination of soil from spillages of fuel and 

lubricants from construction plant or chemicals stored onsite, however this is limited to the 

construction stage. The potential exists for contamination of the aquifer via direct percolation to the 

groundwater or via contamination of the surface water and subsequent percolation into the 

groundwater. The risk of pollution will be increased in areas where excavation takes place where the 

excavations or culverts may form preferential pathways for groundwater flow. This represents a long 

term slight negative impact. 

The preliminary site investigation indicates that there may be minor areas of potentially contaminated 

ground (made ground containing refuse). This represents a temporary slight negative impact. The 

historic town dump, located on the southeast outskirts of the town, is located outside of the areas of 

the proposed walls or embankments. 

Geology 

It is not proposed that excavation of bedrock shall be required during the construction of the flood 

defence works therefore no potential impacts on bedrock are likely. 

Hydrology 

The main impact arising from the proposed Drainage Scheme will be an increase in the capacity of 

the River Ilen and Caol Stream to allow larger volumes of water to be carried downstream during 

periods of high rainfall thereby reducing the risk and frequency of water levels overtopping the river 

bank and flooding the surrounding area. This is considered to be a permanent significant positive 

impact. 

During the construction stage there is potential for contamination of surface water from potential 

contaminants such as fuel and lubricants from site machinery. Any spills would have the potential to 

contaminate the surface water in the River Ilen and the Caol Stream. This is considered to be a 

temporary slight negative impact. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-21 Rev. F01




During the construction stage there is potential for run-off of sediment from construction works/ areas 

of stockpiled material which could potentially pollute surface waters. This represents a short term 

slight negative impact. 

The works have the potential to impact on the hydromorphology of the channels due to the 

construction of embankments, walls and channel widening and in stream works (millrace). This will 

result in a permanent slight negative impact. 

Hydrogeology 

Groundwater flow and groundwater levels may be affected during the construction works. There are 

no identified public or industrial groundwater fed supplies within the study area. The study area is 

served by the local authority mains water supply and the local authority sewer network therefore 

private wells and percolation areas for private waste water treatment systems are not likely to be 

located within the study area. There are no designated groundwater dependant terrestrial 

ecosystems within the study area. Any impacts on water levels will be limited to possible excavation 

dewatering during the construction stage. The potential impact would be of short term imperceptible 


There is potential for the contamination of groundwater as a result of construction activities. There 

are a variety of substances that have potential to pollute groundwater including fuel, lubricants, 

cement and hydrocarbons. Washing and refuelling of construction plant also poses a risk. The 

potential for groundwater pollution is considered to be a short term slight negative impact. 


During the operational phase periodic maintenance and repair operations may be required including 

some repairs to walls and embankments. The maintenance requirements will be monitored and 

reviewed on an annual basis and it is expected that works would be required on a six to ten year 

cycle. 


The operational stage will not result in any impact on the soils and subsoils of the area. 

Geology 

The operational phase will not lead to any impact on the geology of the area. 

Hydrology 

The most signitifcant impact in relation to the scheme will be the changes in surface water levels 

during the operation of the scheme due to the increase in conveyance capacity of the river and stream 

channels and the consequent reduction in flooding and positive impact on benefitting lands. This is 

considered to be a permanent significant positive impact. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-22 Rev. F01




Hydrogeology 

No significant impacts are predicted on the hydrogeology of the area arising from the proposed 

development during the operational stage of the scheme. The construction of the flood defence 

works may impact on groundwater levels for limited periods during flood events where the increase in 

water levels within the surface water channels may locally change or reverse hydraulic gradients. 

There will be minor changes in the water levels in the immediate vicinity of structures such as sheet 

pile walls for example along the southern bank of the river where 270 m of flood wall is to be installed 

upstream of John F. Kennedy Bridge. There will also be minor changes in water levels in the vicinity of 

embankments. Any changes will be localised and will not significantly alter the groundwater regime. 

This is considered to be a permanent imperceptible negative impact. 

The construction of sheet pile walls may increase the potential for the development of preferential flow 

paths into the underlying bedrock aquifer if piles are to extend into the top of the rock but based on 

the depth to bedrock this is not likely to be an option based on the available site investigation data. 


In order to minimise the effects of soil compaction construction activities shall be scheduled such as to 

minimise the area affected by trafficking. A designated construction access road will be delineated 

and adhered to by all construction personnel. 

During the construction phase topsoil, subsoil and made ground material will be segregated. Subsoils 

will be reused as fill for the construction of flood embankments where possible. Any material 

unsuitable for re use will be disposed to a suitably licensed facility or permitted site by an approved 

contractor to be processed and reused where possible. A Waste Management Plan for the disposal of 

unsuitable materials is to be included in the Construction Management Plan. All trucks are to be 

covered during transport of materials to prevent uncontrolled release of material. 

During the construction stage there is potential for runoff of sediment from construction works / areas 

of stockpiled material. All materials are to be appropriately stored and covered. All temporary 

stockpiles are to be located in predefined locations on site. The proposed methodology for storage of 

materials and locations for stockpiling are to be outlined in the Construction Management Plan in 

advance of works commencing. 

The Construction Management Plan will include a Surface Water Management Plan to minimise the 

volume of sediment generated and discharged to water courses as a result of surface water runoff. 

The following mitigation measures will be included in the Surface Water Management Plan:- 

• Vegetation will be left in place as long as possible prior to excavation and stockpiling of soil. 

• Stockpiles will be profiled to facilitate surface water runoff to prevent ponding and saturation of 

soil. 

• Soil stockpiling should be limited to specific areas of the site. 

• Surface water from un vegetated / exposed soil surfaces will be intercepted and diverted to 

sumps and silt traps to prevent surface water contamination. 

• Stockpiling will not be permitted within 50 m of any surface water course. 

Contractors will be required to submit a Construction Method Statement to demonstrate minimum 

disturbance to soils during the works. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-23 Rev. F01




Containment measures and emergency procedures to deal with accidental spillages of fuel and 

lubricants from site machinery will be outlined in the Construction Management Plan which will be 

developed in advance of construction works taking place on site. 

Visual checks of inert material for signs of possible contamination such as staining or strong odours 

will be required. Site Investigation in advance of works will include testing to identify any 

contaminated land. The preliminary site investigations indicate the presence of refuse within some 

areas of made ground. It is proposed that testing of this material be undertaken to determine the 

nature of the waste (inert, non hazardous or hazardous) and any excavated waste material shall be 

disposed of at a suitably licensed or permitted facility based on the results of the WAC testing (waste 

acceptance criteria). 

Geology 

There will be no significant impact of the local geology as a result of the proposed development 

therefore no mitigation measures are required. 

No sites of geological or geomorphological importance have been identified on a national importance 

or county importance scale. There may be potential for exposure of bedrock as a result of dredging 

operation resulting in exposure of bedrock during low flow conditions resulting in the potential for a 

positive impact as the exposure of additional bedrock provides potential for additional information on 

geology. However based on the depth to bedrock information this is not considered likely. 

Hydrology 

The potential pollution of surface water will be mitigated through the development of containment 

measures and emergency procedures to deal with accidental spillages in the Construction 

Management Plan. Fuel will be stored within containment bunds within the site to prevent release of 

contaminants into the ground. Where it is necessary to refuel machinery on site this will be done in a 

carefully managed manner. An emergency plan to deal with accidental spillages will be drafted and 

kept on site during the construction period. The pollution control methods will be outlined within the 

Construction Management Plan. 

To minimise any impact on the underlying subsurface strata from material spillages all oils, solvents 

and paints used during construction will be stored within temporary bunded areas. The design 

(volume and construction) of all bunds will conform to standard bunding specifications. The retention 

capacity of bunded areas will be as follows: 

• 110% of the capacity of the largest tank or drum to be stored within the bunded area: and 

• 25% of the total volume of substance which could be stored within the bunded area. 

Spill kits will be retained on site, in particular at refuelling areas and other high risk areas, to ensure 

that any spillages or leakages are dealt with immediately. All dispensing of fuels and hazardous 

materials will occur over areas of concrete hardstanding or other impermeable surface with drainage 

directed to an oil / water interceptor or a suitably constructed bund. No refuelling will be permitted in 

or near soil or rock cuttings. 

All associated waste residuals will also be stored within temporary bunded storage areas prior to 

removal by an appropriate waste disposal contractor for off-site treatment/recycling/disposal. Any 

other building waste will be disposed of to on site skips for removal by a licensed waste disposal 

contractor. An emergency plan to deal with accidental spillage will be drafted and kept on site during 

the construction period. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-24 Rev. F01




Hydrogeology 

In order to minimise the risk of adversely impacting on groundwater quality and surface water quality 

during the construction phase, procedures for fuel and/or chemical handling and storage will be 

developed. The fuel / oil transfer area should be located on an impervious area with a bunding facility 

capable of handling a major spill. Spill kits / absorbent pads and boom should be used in the event of 

a spillage. 



No mitigation measures are required. 

Geology 


Hydrology 


Hydrogeology 

The area of the proposed flood defence works is served by mains water supply and local authority 

sewer network. Local groundwater flow and groundwater levels may be affected during the operation 

of the scheme but as no significant impacts are predicted no mitigation measures are required. 

13.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 

In accordance with EIA guidance the interactions between the various environmental factors was also 

taken into account as part of the environmental impact assessment. There is potential for interaction 

between hydrological impacts and aquatic ecology in relation to potential impacts on water quality. 

Aquatic ecology is discussed in Chapter 7 and no significant cumulative impacts are foreseen. 

13.7 PREDICTED RESIDUAL IMPACTS 

Soil & Subsoils 

The proposed development will have a permanent positive slight impact as the proposed works will 

have the effect of mitigating future flooding events. Soils in areas currently being exposed to flooding 

will be protected from flooding by the proposed scheme compared to flooding levels previously 

experienced. 

Geology 

There is no significant residual impact predicted in relation to geology as a result of the proposed 

development. The impact is considered to be a permanent imperceptible negative impact. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-25 Rev. F01




Hydrology 

Due to the nature of the proposed works it is not possible to carry out the proposed drainagescheme 

without having a residual impact on water levels during flood events. The proposed scheme will result 

in a permanent significant change on water levels during flood events during periods of high surface 

water levels in the vicinity of the flood defence works. The residual impact of the proposed works on 

the upstream and downstream water levels will be slight. 

Hydrogeology 

There will be localised impacts on groundwater levels in the vicinity of the proposed structures during 

the operational stage. This is considered to be a permanent insignificant negative impact. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 13-26 Rev. F01




14 MATERIAL ASSETS 


This chapter provides an assessment of the potential impacts of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) 

Drainage Scheme on Material Assets and has been carried out in accordance with the Environmental 

Protection Agency’s Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact 

Statements) (EPA, September 2003). The objective is to ensure the sustainable use of material 

assets and to ensure that they will be available for future generations. This section is based on an 

examination of relevant site maps, flood defence proposals and reference material. 

Material assets are generally considered to be the physical resources in the environment, which may 

be either of human or natural origin. The potential impacts on transport, utilities, residential and 

landuse, natural resources, traffic and construction waste management are considered in this section 

of the EIS. 

The kind of material assets to be considered is influenced both by the location and nature of the 

proposed works: 

• Land ownership, use and access; 

• The roads network, including effects to traffic; 

• Impact on major utilities; 

• The use of natural resources; and 

• Navigation on the River Ilen. 

Some of the issues above, however, are more appropriately described in other sections of the EIS. 

The impact on the local population, recreational amenities, property, land use and access is examined 

in Chapter 6 Community and Socio Economic. 

Impacts on water resources are examined in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna and Chapter 13 

Soils, Geology, Hydrology and Hydrogeology. 


This assessment is based on a desktop review of available information. This includes drawings of the 

proposed scheme illustrated in Figure 1.2 and a description of the proposed scheme outlined in 

Chapter 2 Project Description of the EIS. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-1 Rev. F01




14.3 EXSTING ENVIRONMENT 

Infrastructure 

14.3.1.1 Roads 

The main access routes to Skibbereen Town are the N71 National Primary Route, which connects 

Skibbereen to Cork City, Clonakilty, Bantry and Bandon; and a series of regional routes including the 

R596, R595 and R593 as described in Table 14.1 below: 

Table 14.1: Access Routes 

Road 

Network 

National 

Road 

Regional 

Road 

Transport Network 

N71 – Cork City – Bandon – Clonakilty – Skibbereen – Bantry – Kenmare – 

Killarney 

R593 – Drimoleague and Dunmanway 

R595 - Baltimore 

R596 - Castletownsend 

The proposed Flood Alleviation works can be divided into the following areas: 

• River Ilen Flood Relief Proposals 

These works will be carried out adjacent to Schull Road and the Relief Road, which are both 

part of the N71; the John F. Kennedy Bridge, Levis Quay; North Street and Mill Road which is 

part of the R593. 

• Caol Stream Flood relief Proposals 

The works to the Caol Stream will be carried out between Townsend Street and Market Street, 

which is part of the R595. 

• Assolas Stream Flood Relief Proposals 

The works proposed to the Assolas Stream will be carried out Between Townsend Street and 

the Baltimore Road R595. 

• Showgrounds Stream Flood Relief Proposals 

The works proposed to the Showgrounds Stream will be carried out in the vicinity of the Mill 

Road. 

• Glencurragh Stream Flood Relief Proposals 

A pumping station will be constructed as part of these works immediately west of The Moorings 

Housing Estate. 

14.3.1.2 Bridges 

The following works are proposed to existing Bridges/ structures as part of the Flood Alleviations 

Works:- 

• Structural protection works to John F. Kennedy Bridge (Ilen 6); and 

• The existing pipe/culvert of the Assolas Stream under the road to Coronea will be upsized to 

provide sufficient capacity to cater for flows in the stream. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-2 Rev. F01




14.3.2 Navigation 

The River Ilen is used by a variety of small leisure crafts and by the Skibbereen Rowing Club. 

There is access via the River Ilen Estuary and an access slip to the Ilen at the Flax Mills houses. 

The following works are to be carried out as part of the Skibbereen Flood Alleviation Works to areas 

that provide access to the River Ilen: 

• Where works encroach on the river, any volume lost will be compensated for by widening of the 

river channel as necessary to ensure that there is no loss of navigation. 

14.3.3 Major Utilities 

The proposed scheme will require crossing of major utilities at various locations, as detailed below. 

These crossings will be constructed in accordance with the requirements of the relevant bodies (the 

Electricity Supply Board (ESB), Cork County Council, and Eircom to avoid/minimise disruption to their 

services. 

Bord Gáis Éireann (BGÉ) 

There are no BGE distribution or transmission gas mains in the vicinity of the scheme. 

Electricity Supply Board (ESB) 

Having undertaken preliminary consultation with ESB Networks, RPS has identified that there are 

both existing low voltage (10kV) underground cables and overhead lines, medium voltage (35kV) 

overhead lines and 38kV overhead lines adjacent and/or crossing the proposed works at the following 

locations and as shown in Figure 14.1 ESB Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material 

Assets) 

• Ilen 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13; 

• Show 1, 2, 3, 4; 

• Caol 1, 2, 3, and 4; and 

• Assolas 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. 

Telecommunications 

Eircom 

Details of Eircom infrastructure adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works at the following locations 

and are mapped in Figure 14.2 Eircom Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets) 

• Ilen 10, 11 and 12; 

• Show 1, 2; and 4; and 

• Caol 1, 2 and 3. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-3 Rev. F01




Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure 

there is no damage to any of this infrastructure. These precautions will be determined at detailed 

design stage in consultation with Eircom. 

BT Ireland and UPC 

There is no BT Ireland network or UPC network adjacent to the proposed Flood alleviation works. 

Broadband 

Cork County Council has completed a fibre duct route along the four main routes out of Skibbereen Town 

totalling approximately 1,605m, providing a ring of fibre between the Town Council building, the Eircom 

exchange and the main business locations at the centre of the town. 

Details of the broadband infrastructure adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works occur at the 

following locations and are mapped in Figure 14.3 Broadband Network Drawing (included in Appendix 

14 Material Assets) 

• Ilen 9; and Caol 1. 



design stage in consultation with Cork County Council. 

14.3.4 Water and Sanitary Services 

Water Supply 

The water supply for Skibbereen Town is sourced upstream of the Ilen River at Ballyhilty. The water 

for the town is treated downstream on the banks of the River Ilen. 

Water Supply infrastructure is adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works at the following locations 

and mapped in Figure 14.4 Water Supply Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 Material Assets) 

• Ilen 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12; 

• Mill 1, 2; 

• Show 1, 2, 3, and 4; 

• Caol 1, 2, 3, 4; and 

• Assolas 1, 2, 4 and 5. 

Sanitary Services 

Sewerage network infrastructure is adjacent to and/or crossing the proposed works at the following 

locations and mapped in Figure 14.5 Sanitary Services Network Drawing (included in Appendix 14 

Material Assets) 

• Ilen 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14; 

• Mill 1; 

• Show 1, 2 and 3; 

• Caol 1, 2 and 3; and 

• Assolas 1, 2 and 4. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-4 Rev. F01






design stage in consultation with Cork County Council. 

14.3.5 Construction Material and Waste 

The construction of the proposed Drainage Scheme will require significant excavation works for the 

foundations of the flood alleviation measures. The excavated material will consist mainly of gravels, 

sands and broken rock. 

It is expected to re-use 97% of the topsoil within the works. 

Details of material for embankment construction will be determined at the detailed design stage. 

14.4 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 

14.4.1 Landownership, Land Use and Access 

Disturbances to public and private properties during the construction of the River Ilen Drainage 

Scheme will be likely to cause short term impacts such as potential noise impacts and visual impacts 

(these are discussed in detail in Chapter 9 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment and 

Chapter 11 Noise and Vibration). Impacts to landownership and properties within vicinity of the 

proposed scheme are discussed in Chapter 6 Community and Socio-Economic. 

14.4.2 Infrastructure 

14.4.2.1 Roads 

While the areas identified in Section 14.3.1.1 above will be temporarily affected due to the construction of 

the proposed flood alleviation measures, there will however be no loss of road space to the defences. 

The construction works associated with the proposed flood alleviation works will cause a temporary 

negative impact on the traffic in Skibbereen Town particularly at the following locations:- 

• Schull Road (N71) 

• Relief Road (N71) 

• John F. Kennedy Bridge 

• Levis Quay 

• North Street 

• Mill Road (R593) 

• Market Street (R595) 

• Townsend Street 

• Baltimore Road (R595) 

• Coronea Drive 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-5 Rev. F01




An indication of the level of construction traffic is established by estimating the number of round trips 

required to remove surplus excavated materials from site, deliver construction materials to site and 

the daily transport of construction workers to and from site. 

Table 14.2 gives a breakdown of the estimated construction traffic on a trips per day basis over the 

course of the estimated construction period of 24 months. 

Table 14.2: Estimated Construction Traffic 

Trip Description Number of Round Trips Trips Per Day 

Removal of Surplus Material 5,800 20 

Delivery of Construction Materials 6200 22 

Construction Worker 8400 30 

Total 20,400 72 

Note: Trips per Day calculated on an estimated construction period of 572 working days (Based on 24 

months work working 5 days per week in the winter time and 6 days per week in the Summer time) 

The Skibbereen Town Development Plan has identified existing issues of traffic congestion in the town and 

the particular importance of the N71 relief road 

‘Notwithstanding significant enhancement to the local road network, including the N71 relief 

road constructed through the Marsh which diverts all passing traffic heading west away from the 

town centre and the construction of the Gortnaclohy Link Road which distributes local traffic 

from the east away from The Square in the town centre, there still remains heavy traffic flows 

and congestion through the town at peak periods. This situation is exacerbated as all traffic 

heading south west from the N71 on the R595 to Baltimore must pass through the centre of the 

town.’ 

MHL Consulting Engineers were engaged by Cork County Council to carry out a traffic survey in 

Skibbereen Town in 2011, Table 14.3 below shows the daily traffic recorded and the percentage increase 

in daily traffic that the estimated Construction traffic would make. 

Table 14.3: Existing Daily Traffic 

Road Name Traffic Numbers % Increase Due to Construction Traffic 

N71 Schull Rd Roundabout to 

Cork Road Roundabout 

6,416 1.1% 

John F. Kennedy Bridge 7360 1% 

Castletownsend Road 3792 1.9% 

While the daily construction traffic impact is shown as being between 1 and 2% increase over the whole 

day, it is anticipated that construction activities in conjunction with construction traffic will significantly affect 

the flow of traffic through Skibbereen Town. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-6 Rev. F01




A detailed traffic management plan must be prepared in accordance with the ‘Guidance for the Control and 

Management of traffic at Roadworks’ in consultation with Cork County Council to ensure any disruption 

and delay is kept to a minimum. 

This temporary impact is believed to be outweighed by the long term gains of the Drainage Scheme. 

14.4.2.2 Bridges 

The structural protection works to John F. Kennedy Bridge and the upsizing of the existing Assolas 

Stream culvert will be carefully designed to ensure no negative impact. 

Detailed design of these works will be carried out in consultation with the OPW, the IFI and the 

structure owners before proposals are finalised. 

14.4.3 Navigation 

The proposed flood alleviation works have been designed to minimise impact to the navigation of the 

River Ilen. Details in respect of access arrangements are provided in Chapter 6 Community and 

Socio-Economic. 

14.4.4 Major Utilities 

14.4.4.1 Electricity 


there is no damage to any overhead or underground cables. 

During detailed design, consultation should be undertaken with ESB Networks local transmission 

representatives in order to agree safe working procedures and necessary clearances between the 

lines and the flood alleviation works, in advance of any excavation. 

Any proposed ducting of utilities crossing the defences from wet side to dry side will be sealed in 

order to prevent passage of flood waters. 

14.4.5 Telecommunications 

Eircom 

Precautions will be necessary during construction of the flood alleviation works in order to ensure there is 

no damage to any of this infrastructure as indicated in Figure 14.2 Eircom Network Drawing (included in 

Appendix 14 Material Assets ). These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage in 

consultation with Eircom. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-7 Rev. F01




BT Ireland and UPC 

There is no BT Ireland network or UPC network adjacent to the proposed Skibbereen Flood alleviation 

works. 

Broadband 


no damage to any of this infrastructure as indicated Figure 14.3 Broadband Network Drawing (included 

in Appendix 14 Material Assets). These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage in 

consultation with Cork County Council. 

Any proposed ducting of telecommunications crossing the defences from wet side to dry side will be 

sealed in order to prevent passage of flood waters. 

14.4.6 Water and Sanitary Services 

Sanitary Services 


no damage to any of this infrastructure as indicated in Figure 14.5 Sanitary Services Network Drawing 

(included in Appendix 14 Material Assets). These precautions will be determined at detailed design 

stage in consultation with Cork County Council. 

Water Supply 


no damage to any of this infrastructure indicated in Figure 14.4 Water Supply Network Drawing 

(included in Appendix 14 Material Assets). These precautions will be determined at detailed design stage 

in consultation with Cork County Council. 

14.4.7 Construction Material and Waste 

The potential impact of the proposed Drainage Scheme with respect to construction imported 

materials and exported waste, is that effective re-use and recycling of materials might not be achieved 

in the absence of a coherent plan. 

If waste is not correctly stored on site, it has the potential to cause an environmental impact, such as 

the storage of fuels and engine oils, which if not managed correctly could result in the water and 

ground pollution on or adjacent to the construction works. 

Cork County Council operates a Waste Management Policy with a primary aim to minimise the 

amount of waste going to landfill. 

A Waste Management Plan will be prepared by the Contractor and approved prior to construction for 

the scheme in accordance with all current and applicable waste management legislation; the Waste 

Management Act (1996) and the DoEHLG document ‘Best Practice Guidelines for the Preparation of 

Waste Management Plans for Construction and Demolition Projects (2006)’. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-8 Rev. F01




Details of materials required for flood alleviation measures will be determined at the detailed design 

stage, with every effort to source materials from a local and sustainable origin where practicable. 

14.5 RESIDUAL IMPACT 

The residual impact of the proposed River Ilen (Skibbereen) Drainage Scheme is expected to be 

positive, and will include:- 

• The provision of flood alleviation measures including flood embankments and flood walls which 

will reduce the potential for land and property flooding in Skibbereen Town; and 

• A positive impact on property and land use within the surrounding area. 

The proposed development will have a positive influence on Skibbereen by protecting property and 

land within the town from flooding risk once the construction of the flood alleviation measures is 

complete. 

Overall, it is expected that the scheme have a positive impact on property and land use within the 

town. Any potential disruption to property, land use, services and existing transport networks in the 

vicinity of the flood works will be of a temporary nature and limited to the construction stage of the 

scheme. Good design incorporating appropriate precautionary measures agreed at detailed design 

stages and the implementation of appropriate site management measures during the construction 

phase will minimise inconvenience to adjoining residential properties, and reduce disturbances to 

utilities, and infrastructure. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 14-9 Rev. F01




15 INTERACTION OF THE FOREGOING 

It is necessary that the interactions between the environmental factors be considered to ensure that 

potential interactive effects of the project can be identified. Table 15.1 illustrates the interaction of 

impacts as identified in the report. It demonstrates that impacts resulting from one aspect of the 

environment can have a direct effect on other elements of the environment (receptors) i.e. interaction 

of impacts. A receptor is defined as a factor of the natural or man-made environment such as a 

person, water, air or a plant that is potentially affected by an impact. 

Schedule 2 of the EIA 1999 Regulations (SI No. 93 of 1999) requires consideration of the interactions 

between the various environmental factors:- 

Article 25 2(b) 

• “a description of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by the 

proposed development, including in particular; 

• human beings, fauna, flora, 

• soil, water, air, climatic factors and the landscape, 

• material assets, including the architectural; archaeological, and cultural heritage, and 

• the inter-relationship between the above factors”. 

The environmental factors and impacts of the proposed development have been assessed individually 

and mitigation measures recommended in the individual Chapters, where required. It is also 

important to analyse any interactions or cumulative effects that could result in impacts having a knock 

on effect on other elements of the environment. 

For the purposes of the EIA, the potential impacts of the drainage scheme are considered in terms of 

impacts on each of the discrete environmental topic areas. In reality, topic areas such as ‘water 

quality’, ‘ecology’ or ‘landscape’ cannot be considered in isolation since changes affecting one factor 

may often have secondary implications for other areas. Thus, if one impact of the scheme is to alter 

the quality and quantity of a watercourse, flora and fauna may be affected as a secondary effect. 

Under some circumstances, it is possible for the secondary or indirect impacts to be more significant 

than the changes that triggered them. 

Table 15.1 illustrates the interactions and cumulative impacts that could result as identified in the EIS 

if no mitigation measures are put in place for any impacts identified. It demonstrates that impacts 

resulting from one aspect of the environment can have a direct effect on other elements of the 

environment (receptors). A receptor is defined as a factor of the natural or manmade environment 

such as a person, water, air or a plant that is potentially affected by an impact 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 15-1 Rev. F01




Table 15.1: Interaction of Impacts 

Initial Impact 

Identified in EIS as 

having an Interaction/ 

Cumulative Effect on 

Receptor 

Human 

Beings 

Noise 

Flora & 

Fauna 

Landscape 

& Visual 

Cultural 

Heritage 

Soils, 

Geology 

& Hydrogeology 

Water 

Quality 

and 

Fisheries 

Human Beings X X X X X X 

Noise X X 

Flora & Fauna X X X X 

Landscape & Visual X X 

Cultural Heritage X X 

Soils, Geology & 

Hydrogeology 

Water Quality and 

Fishers 

X X X X X 

X X X 

In particular the following interactions are likely to occur: 

Socio-Economic and Noise and Air Quality 

The construction of the proposed development will give rise to some disruption for the resident, 

working and visiting population. The construction phase is likely to involve works including 

earthworks, pile driving, excavation, placing of cast in situ concrete, placing of pipes and masonry 

facing along with other construction processes as set out in Section 1.1 of this EIS. Potential impacts 

include construction noise, and issues with dust and vibration, arising from the construction processes 

and from associated construction traffic. Noise from construction works and disruption could result in 

adverse impacts on sensitive land uses, such as schools. 

Socio-Economic and Landscape and Visual 

With regard to landscape and visual impacts, evidence from the landscape character of the site and 

the zone of visual influence for the proposed proposal demonstrates that the broader landscape 

character area and visual context around the drainage scheme project has the capacity to absorb 

these proposed amendments and the proposal is acceptable in landscape and visual terms. 

Views of the river from the town (the river being an important amenity feature in this regard) will be 

impacted temporarily where works, including in-stream works are being carried out. 

Visual impact from temporary fencing, sheet piles, dewatering equipment and other structures and 

plant required during the construction phase have the potential to impact adversely on the amenities 

of land uses in the recreational and tourism sectors for the residential, working and visiting population. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 15-2 Rev. F01




Socio-Economic and Water Quality & Fisheries 

The layout of the proposed scheme was designed to minimise significant regrading works, externsive 

culverting and other wirks that may impact on fisheries interested. Recommendations from IFI as 

highlighted during consultation have been considered and incorporated into the scheme where 

relevant. 

Socio-Economic and Cultural Heritage 

The layout of the scheme has been designed in order to minimise impacts on all identified 

archaeological sites and structures of architectural heritage significance. The areas affected by the 

proposed development have been deemed to be of low archaeological potential based on rigorous 

desk-based research and field surveys. However, archaeological monitoring will be conducted on all 

ground works during the construction of the drainage scheme, including areas where any in channel 

works are proposed. In the event that archaeological artefacts, features or deposits are uncovered 

during monitoring, then the National Monuments Service will be notified immediately. Preservation in 

situ (avoidance) or preservation by record (excavation) of the features may be required. 

Water Quality and Flora and Fauna 

Changes to baseline terrestrial flora and fauna are known to indirectly impact water quality. For 

example impacts on terrestrial ecology such as removal of bank-side trees can impact on aquatic 

ecology by removing sources of food, shade and cover. The spread of invasive species can be 

caused by poor work practices. Impacts on fish populations can impact on piscivorous species such 

as otter and kingfisher. These impacts are discussed in Chapter 7 Aquatic Flora and Fauna. 

Provided the mitigation measures outlined in both chapters 7 and 8 are effectively implemented no 

significant, long-term detrimental impacts on aquatic or terrestrial ecology are envisaged 

In addition a strict construction and environmental management plan, safe storage of materials and 

the existence of adequate silt traps on site should be sufficient protection for preventing adverse 

impacts on surrounding surface and groundwater watercourses. Stringent drainage mitigation is 

contained in this EIS and will be implemented by the Contractor as part of the CEMP. 

Socio-Economic and Material Assets 

The construction phase may cause some disruption to existing businesses, visiting and resident 

populations due to traffic, works close to premises, road closures etc. However these impacts will be 

for a temporary period only and no significant impacts such as job losses due to this construction 

phase are envisaged. 

Visiting and resident population utilising the town’s amenity walk (Slí na Sláinte route) and/or the cycle 

routes based in the town will experience disruption when construction activities are being carried out 

in the areas where these are located. These are considered to be temporary, slight, negative 

impacts. Pedestrian routes and cycle routes will be affected for relatively short distances at the start 

and finish of loops. 

RPS/MCE0703RP0004 15-3 Rev. F01




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RPS/MCE0703RP0004 16 - 6 Rev. F01

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