Formula Sheet - Web Physics
Formula Sheet - Web Physics
Formula Sheet - Web Physics
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Constants<br />
J<br />
R = 8.<br />
3145<br />
m⋅<br />
K<br />
23<br />
N = 602 . × 10<br />
A<br />
R<br />
−23<br />
J<br />
kB<br />
= = 138 . × 10<br />
NA<br />
m⋅<br />
K<br />
−19<br />
e = 1.<br />
602 × 10 C<br />
2<br />
1<br />
9 N⋅<br />
m<br />
k = = 9×<br />
10<br />
2<br />
4πε<br />
C<br />
0<br />
µ = 4π<br />
× 10<br />
0<br />
c = 3×<br />
10<br />
8<br />
−7<br />
m<br />
s<br />
T⋅<br />
m<br />
A<br />
Thermal Expansion<br />
∆L = αL0∆T<br />
β = 3α<br />
Heat<br />
Q=<br />
mc∆T<br />
Q=±<br />
mL<br />
Q=<br />
nCV<br />
∆T<br />
Q=<br />
nC ∆T<br />
P<br />
Heat Current<br />
H = k A L T − T<br />
H<br />
H = AeσT<br />
4<br />
Quantities<br />
Work<br />
Vf<br />
W = ∫ PdV<br />
Vi<br />
( )<br />
Isochoric Processes<br />
W = 0<br />
Q=<br />
nCV<br />
∆T<br />
* ∆U = nC ∆T<br />
V<br />
C<br />
<strong>Formula</strong> <strong>Sheet</strong> for <strong>Physics</strong> 251<br />
mtot<br />
= nM<br />
Heat Engines<br />
M = NAm<br />
W = QH<br />
+ QC<br />
N = NAn<br />
W<br />
e =<br />
QH<br />
Ideal gases<br />
TC<br />
* PV = nrT<br />
ec<br />
= 1 −<br />
TH<br />
* PV = NkT<br />
* v<br />
3RT<br />
M<br />
* indicates formulas that are specific to ideal gases<br />
† indicates formulas that are specific to parallel-plate capacitors<br />
RMS<br />
P<br />
=<br />
3<br />
* CV<br />
= R(monatomic)<br />
2<br />
5<br />
* CV<br />
= R(diatomic)<br />
2<br />
* C = C + R<br />
V<br />
Isobaric Processes<br />
W = P∆V<br />
Q=<br />
nCP∆T<br />
* ∆U = nC ∆T<br />
Isothermal Processes<br />
⎛ Vf<br />
⎞<br />
* W = nRT ln⎜<br />
⎟<br />
⎝ V ⎠<br />
⎛ Vf<br />
⎞<br />
* Q = nRT ln⎜<br />
⎟<br />
⎝ Vi<br />
⎠<br />
* ∆U<br />
= 0<br />
Adiabatic Processes<br />
* W =−nCV<br />
∆T<br />
Q = 0<br />
* ∆U<br />
= nCV<br />
∆T<br />
γ γ<br />
* PV<br />
1 l<br />
= PV<br />
2 2<br />
γ −1<br />
γ −1<br />
* TV<br />
1 l<br />
= TV<br />
2 2<br />
CP<br />
γ =<br />
C<br />
V<br />
V<br />
Cyclic Processes<br />
W = Q<br />
∆U<br />
= 0<br />
i<br />
Refrigerators<br />
W = Q + Q<br />
H<br />
C<br />
K<br />
Q C<br />
=<br />
W<br />
TC<br />
Kc<br />
=<br />
T − T<br />
H<br />
Force, Field, Energy<br />
and Potential<br />
r r<br />
F = qE<br />
∆U<br />
= q∆V<br />
b r r<br />
Vab<br />
= ∫ E⋅dl<br />
a<br />
r<br />
E =−∇V<br />
C<br />
1 Point Charge<br />
r<br />
E = k q r r<br />
V = k q r<br />
2 ˆ<br />
2 Point Charges<br />
r<br />
F k qq 1 2<br />
= rˆ<br />
2<br />
r<br />
U = k qq r<br />
1 2<br />
Distributed Charge<br />
r<br />
E = ∫ k dq<br />
r rˆ<br />
2<br />
V = ∫ k dq<br />
r<br />
Many Sources<br />
r r<br />
E = E<br />
U<br />
T<br />
T<br />
=<br />
∑<br />
i<br />
∑<br />
pairs<br />
i<br />
U<br />
ij<br />
“Elementary” E Fields<br />
r<br />
E = k Q r ˆ sphere<br />
2<br />
r<br />
r λ<br />
E =<br />
r r ˆ line<br />
2πε0<br />
r σ<br />
E = nˆ<br />
plane<br />
2ε0<br />
r σ conducting<br />
E = nˆ<br />
ε surface<br />
0<br />
Capacitors<br />
C =<br />
Q V<br />
CT<br />
= ∑ Ci<br />
parallel<br />
i<br />
1 1<br />
= ∑ series<br />
i<br />
CT<br />
Ci<br />
2<br />
1 2 Q 1<br />
U = CV = = QV<br />
2 2C<br />
2<br />
A<br />
† C = ε0<br />
d<br />
V σ<br />
† E = =<br />
d ε<br />
Flux and Gauss’s Law<br />
ϕ = ∫∫ r r<br />
E⋅da<br />
Qenclosed<br />
ϕclosed<br />
=<br />
ε<br />
Current and Current<br />
Density<br />
I =<br />
dq<br />
dt<br />
r<br />
I = J ⋅da<br />
r<br />
J = nqv d<br />
∫∫ r<br />
0<br />
0
Ohm’s Law<br />
r r<br />
E = ρJ<br />
V = IR<br />
Resistivity and Resistance<br />
dL<br />
R = ∫ ρ A<br />
ρ = ρ 1 + α T −T<br />
[ ( )]<br />
0 0<br />
Uniform Currents only<br />
V<br />
E =<br />
L<br />
L<br />
R = ρ<br />
A<br />
I<br />
J =<br />
A<br />
Electric Power<br />
P = IV<br />
2<br />
P = I R<br />
P =<br />
V 2<br />
R<br />
Real Batteries<br />
V = E − Ir<br />
Addition of Resistors<br />
RT<br />
= R1 + R2<br />
+ ... series<br />
1 1 1<br />
= + + ... parallel<br />
R R R<br />
T<br />
1 2<br />
Kirchoff’s rules<br />
V = 0<br />
∑<br />
∑<br />
loop<br />
node<br />
I = 0<br />
RC circuits (charging)<br />
t<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
I = Ie<br />
i<br />
⎛<br />
Q= Qf<br />
⎜1<br />
−e<br />
⎝<br />
t<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
⎞<br />
⎟<br />
⎠<br />
<strong>Formula</strong> <strong>Sheet</strong> for <strong>Physics</strong> 251<br />
RC circuits (discharging) Ampere’s Law<br />
t<br />
r r<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
I = Ie<br />
∫ B⋅ dl = µ<br />
0<br />
Ienc<br />
+ I<br />
i<br />
t<br />
where<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
Q=<br />
Qe<br />
i<br />
dϕ<br />
E<br />
Id<br />
= ε0<br />
τ = RC<br />
dt<br />
Magnetic Force and<br />
Torque<br />
r r r<br />
F = qv × B<br />
r r r<br />
dF = Idl × B<br />
r r<br />
τ = µ × B<br />
r r<br />
U =−µ<br />
⋅B<br />
Cyclotron Motion<br />
R =<br />
mv<br />
qB<br />
2πm<br />
T =<br />
qB<br />
qB<br />
ωc<br />
=<br />
m<br />
Flux and Gauss’s Law for<br />
Magnetism<br />
r<br />
ϕ = B⋅da<br />
∫∫ r<br />
ϕclosed = 0<br />
Sources of Magnetic<br />
Fields<br />
r<br />
µ qv × rˆ<br />
0<br />
B =<br />
2<br />
4π<br />
r<br />
r<br />
r µ Idl × rˆ<br />
0<br />
B = ∫<br />
2<br />
4π<br />
r<br />
µ<br />
0I<br />
B = ∞straight wire<br />
2πr<br />
µ<br />
0I<br />
B = center of loop<br />
2R<br />
B = µ<br />
0nI∞solenoid<br />
µ<br />
0NI<br />
toroidal<br />
B =<br />
2πr<br />
solenoid<br />
τ = RC<br />
* indicates formulas that are specific to ideal gases<br />
† indicates formulas that are specific to parallel-plate capacitors<br />
Faraday’s Law<br />
( )<br />
dϕB<br />
EMF =−<br />
dt<br />
or<br />
r r d r r<br />
∫ E⋅ dl =− ∫∫ B⋅da<br />
C dt S<br />
Mutual Inducance<br />
M<br />
N 1ϕB1<br />
N ϕ<br />
= =<br />
I2<br />
I1<br />
=−M dI 2<br />
E1<br />
dt<br />
=−M dI 1<br />
E2<br />
dt<br />
Self Inductance<br />
Nϕ<br />
B<br />
L =<br />
I<br />
E =−L dI<br />
dt<br />
1 2<br />
U = LI<br />
2<br />
d<br />
2 B2<br />
RL Circuits (charging)<br />
⎛<br />
I = If<br />
⎜1<br />
−e<br />
⎝<br />
VL<br />
= Ve<br />
0<br />
L<br />
τ =<br />
R<br />
t<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
t<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
⎞<br />
⎟<br />
⎠<br />
RL Circuits (discharging)<br />
I = Ie<br />
VL<br />
= Ve<br />
i<br />
L<br />
τ =<br />
R<br />
i<br />
t<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
t<br />
−<br />
τ<br />
AC Circuits (general)<br />
XL<br />
= ωL<br />
1<br />
XC<br />
=<br />
ωC<br />
2 2<br />
Z = R + ( XL<br />
− XC)<br />
XL<br />
− XC<br />
tanϕ<br />
=<br />
R<br />
I = I0<br />
cosωt<br />
V = V0<br />
cos( ωt<br />
+ ϕ)<br />
V0 = I0Z<br />
V0<br />
Vrms<br />
=<br />
2<br />
I0<br />
Irms<br />
=<br />
2<br />
VR<br />
,max<br />
= IR<br />
VL,max<br />
= IXL<br />
VC,max<br />
= IXC<br />
1 2 1 2<br />
P = I0<br />
R=<br />
I0<br />
Zcosϕ<br />
2 2<br />
AC Circuits (resonance)<br />
ϕ = 0<br />
Z = R<br />
1<br />
ω =<br />
LC<br />
X = X<br />
L<br />
C
<strong>Formula</strong> <strong>Sheet</strong> for <strong>Physics</strong> 251<br />
Light<br />
Lateral and Angular<br />
Emax<br />
= cB<br />
Magnification<br />
max<br />
1<br />
c =<br />
m<br />
y s<br />
= ′ =− ′<br />
εµ<br />
y s<br />
0 0<br />
mT<br />
= mm<br />
1 2...<br />
c = λf<br />
r 1 r r<br />
θ<br />
S = E×<br />
B<br />
M = ′<br />
µ<br />
θ<br />
0<br />
25<br />
EmaxB<br />
M =<br />
max<br />
I = Sav<br />
=<br />
f ( cm)<br />
Magnifier<br />
2µ<br />
0<br />
fobjective<br />
Sav<br />
M =− Telescope<br />
prad<br />
=<br />
feyepiece<br />
c<br />
Propagation of Light Cameras<br />
c<br />
f<br />
n =<br />
f - number =<br />
v<br />
D<br />
λ0<br />
λ =<br />
Eyeglasses<br />
n<br />
θr<br />
= θ<br />
power = 1 diopters<br />
a<br />
f<br />
nasinθa = nbsinθb<br />
−1⎛<br />
n ⎞<br />
b<br />
θc<br />
= sin ⎜ ⎟ (TIR)<br />
⎝ na<br />
⎠<br />
2<br />
I = I0<br />
cos ϕ<br />
Focal Lengths<br />
R<br />
f =<br />
2<br />
1 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞<br />
= ( n −1) ⎜ − ⎟<br />
f ⎝ R1 R2⎠<br />
Image Location<br />
1 1 1<br />
= +<br />
f s s ′<br />
* indicates formulas that are specific to ideal gases<br />
† indicates formulas that are specific to parallel-plate capacitors