Ichneumonid (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitoids of fungus ...

SEDIVY & SEVCIK: 153-1 58 Studia di~terolooica l0 (2003) Heft 1 ISSN 0945-3954
Ichneumonid (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitoids of
fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae): rearing records from
the Czech Republic
[Ichneumoniden (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) als Parasitoide von Pilzmiicken (Diptera:
Mycetophilidae): Ergebnisse von Schlupfversuchen aus der Tschechischen Republik]
by
Josef SEDIVY and Jan SEVCIK
Prague (Czech Republic)
Ostrava (Czech Republic)
Abstract
Key words
Twenty-one species of lchneumonidae from the subfamilies M~croleptinae and Orthoccntrinae
were reared from fungi. together with their potential hosts, fungus gnats (Mycctoph~l~dae).
Samples of fungi infested by dipterous larvae were collected in the ycars 1998-2000 at various
localities of the Czech Republic. Of the 177 samples of fungi infested by mycetophilids, 44
(24.9 "") were parasitized by ichncumonids. A list of ichneumonids identified to species is
provided, together with data on habitat, host insect and host fungus. Host insect is recorded for
the first time for 17 ichneumonid species. Sixteen species and 4 genera of lchneu~nonidae are
recorded for the first time from the Czech Republic.
Ichneumonidae, Mycetophilidae, host records, host fungi, Czech Rcpublic
Zusammenfassung lnsgesamt 2 1 Arten von Ichneumoniden aus den Untcrfaniilicn der Microleptinac und dcr
Orthocentrinae wurden gcmeinsam mit ihren potentiellcn Wirten unter den Pilzmuckcn
(Mycetophilidae) aus Pilzfruchtkorpern geziichtct. Proben von Pilzen, die von Dipterenlarven
befallen warcn, wurden in den Jahren 1998-2000 an verschiedenen Fundortcn in der Tschechischen
Republik gesarnmelt. Von den 177 Proben der von Pilzmucken befallenen Fruchtkorper
waren 44 (24.9 4;) von lehneumoniden parasitiert. Es wird eine Liste der bis zuln Artnit
eau determinierten Schlupfwcspcn zusammen mit Daten zurn Habitat, den Wirtsartcn und
den Pilzarten gegeben. Die Wirte der Wcspen werden ttr 17 Ichneumonidcn-Arten erstmals
hcnannt. Bei 16 Arten von Ichneumonidcn aus 4 Gattungen handclt cs sich um Erstnachweise
fiir die Fauna Tschechischen Republih genieldet.
Stichworter
Ichncumonidae, Mycetophilidae, Wirte, Nachweise, Pilze, Tschechische Rcpublih
Introduction
Ichneumonids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from the subfamilies Oxytorinae and
Orthocentrinae are known as larval parasitoids of fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea), especially
of the family Mycetophilidae. These two subfamilies of Ichneumonidae have been rather
neglected up to the present and host records for particular species are very sporadic. KOLAKOV
& BECHEV (l 995) summarized almost all available data about hymenopterous parasitoids of
fungus gnats, including also Braconidae and Proctotrupoidea (Hymenoptera). These authors
listed 6 genera of Ichneumonidae as parasitoids of fungus gnats: Aniser's F~RSTER, 1871;
Aperileptus FORSTER, 1869; Entypoma F~RSTER, 1868; Orthocentr~ls GRAVENHOKST, 1829;
Plectiscidea VIERECK, 1914 and Proclitus HALIDAY, 1838.
The Mycetophilidae is a species-rich family of Diptera with more than 1200 described
Palaearctic species. The larvae of most species are more or less associated with fungi. All
known larvae of the subfarnily Mycetophilinae are considered mycetophagous, feeding usually
inside the fruiting bodies of various species of macrofungi. Several genera of fungus

P-
SE~IVY & SEVCIK lchneumon~d parasltoids of fungus gnats rearing records from the Czech Republ~c
gnats are surface feeders. Both polyphagy and oligophagy have been reported (cf. e.g. CHAN-
DLER 1978, YAKOVLEV 1994). Pupation usually takes place in the groilrid but some Mycetophilinae
pupate in the host fungus. Fungus gnats are most abundant In humid areas, especially
moist woodland. During the day adults of many specles congregatc in inoist dark
places such as overhanging stream banks and cavit~es under tree roots (SOLI et al. 2000).
In this paper, new rearing records from the Czech Republic arc prescnted. For each ichneumonid
species listed bellow, a brief character~st~cs of the locality and thc specific name of both host
fungus and the mycetophilid host are prov~ded.
Material and methods
All material for this study has becn rcared by the second author from fungi. The samplcs were
collected in the years 1998. 1999 and 2000 in various habitats in the Czech Republic, mainly
beech forests and pond dams with oak trees. The method of rearing is principally described by
L,ui-ov~.~ (197 1) and HACKMAN & MEINANDER (1979). Most of the material examined is preserved
in the authors' private collections, its minor part also in the Silesian Muscuin (Opava.
Czech Rcpublic) and the Research Institute of Crop Production (Prague, Czech Republic).
The first author of this paper identified the emerged adults of Ichneumonidac and is responsible
for the data concerning their distribution and biology. The second author provided all
data about the hosts, methods and localities. Grid mapping field codes are given according
to PRUNER & MIKA (1997).
Results and discussion
Degree of parasitism
Altogethcr 177 samples of fungi infested by ~nycetophilid larvae were collected in the years
1998-2000 and 44 of them (24.9 %) were parasitized by ichneurnonids. Species-rich genera
Mycetophila METGEN. 1803 and Allodin WINNERTZ, 1863 have been most often attacked.
Suitable quantitative data for comparision of degree of parasitism of ichneumonids in fungus
gnats are not available. although many authors studied associations of fungus gnats with fungi.
The possible reason is a relatively difficult identification of hymenopterous parasitoids. Also
for other parasitic Hymenoptera, such as Braconidae, these quantitative data are very sporadic
(cf. YAKOVI,FV & TOH~~S
1992).
Host fungi
The ichneumonid species listed below were reared from 20 spccies in 16 genera and 10 families
of fungi (see list at the end of this paragraph). The most frequent genus of fungi in the parasitized
sarnples was Russula. All but one species of the host fungi belong to the class Basidiomycetes
(both Aphyllophorales and Agaricales rcpresented), one sample to Ascomycetes.
ASCOMYCETES. Pcziraceac: Pezizu spcc. BASIDIOMYCETES. Aphylluphorales. Tlielenhoraceae: H\,rln~tnz
repnnd~rm L. Bondarzewiaceae: Bondarzewiu riicsc~ritcricu (SCHAFF~.) KRLI~LL l = B. 11101rrri11

Studia dipteroloqica 10 (2003) Heft 1 : 153-1 58
Survey of parasitoids reared
Altogether 2 1 species belonging to 9 genera of Ichneumonidae were reared from lnycetophilid
larvae and identified to species during this study. Several specimens. however, still remain
unidentified especially those where both males and females have not been obtained.
A particular record is given in the following order: specific name of a parasitoid, sampling
locality. grid mapping field code (in parentheses), habitat, collecting date, emerging date. number
of males and females examined, specific name of dipterous host and specific (or generic) name
of host fungus. The species new for the fauna of the Czech Republic are marked with an asterisk.
MICROLEPTINAE
Hyperacmus crassicornis GWENHORST, 1829
Material examined. Moravia & S~les~a, Moravskoslezske Beskydy Mts., Bila, Velka Smradlava valley (6476), spruce
forest. 17.9.2000, 7.10.2000, 2 o" 6, 5 9 9. ex "Scioplzilo vuria (M'I~N~KIL, 1863) in Hvrlrzrr~~r r~punduflr.
This species has not yet bcen stated among the parasitoids of fungus gnats
*Aniseres pallipes FORSTER, 1871
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, Polanka nad Odrou (6275), pond dam. 29.10.1999 19. 23.1 1.1999, 4d 5.
19. cx Mycetophilu fungorum (Dc Gc~R. 1776) in E~rtoloma nirloi-o.suni. - Moravia & Silesia. Vrbno pod Pradidem,
Vidly, beech forest (5869), 19.7. 2000,4.-.5.8.2000,2 d d , 1 P ex Mvcetophila r.~!/icollis group in Luctu~.iu.s ichor~/rt.\,.
Accord~ng to KOL-\KOV & BLCHEV (I995), this ichneumonid specics has already been reared from M~~crto~pl~ilofi~ngcir.rttn
and ,2~l~~c~cto/~/riI(z /bi-cipatcr LUNDSTR~IM, I9 l 3. .4tziser~~~.s
a new genus for the fauna of the Czech Republic
Aperileptus albipalpus (GRA\JENHORST, 1829)
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, Krnov-Cvilin, Hajnicky potok vallcy (5972), spruce forest, 25.7.2000,
11.8.2000, 1 P. ex Myc~~/upl~ilo ulco L ~ FFOO~, 1965 in Ru.s.sulo ~ti,yricuns.
This species was recorded for the first time from thc Czech Republic already by LL$I.O~KA (1971). who had reared it
from Mj~c,etophila fui~gortiric. but this record was overlooked and not included in the checklist by ~~nivv (1989).
.i/~,cetoj~hiln crleu LAFFOOU. l965 (= M grtttcrta DZI~L)LICKI, 1884) was stated as the host of A nlhi/i(rlpu.v already by
TH(~MPSOV (1957).
*Aperileptus microspilus FORSTER, 1871
Material examined. Moravia& Silesia, Vitkov-Podhradi (6172). mixed submountain forest. 5.9.1998,23. 25.9.lYOX.
I d. I ? , cs ,2~lvc~c,to/~/ril~r trlea in R~~ss~lla nigr-iccrrrs.
The hosts of this species have not yet bccn reported.
*Aperileptu.s plagiatus FORSTER. 1871
Material examined. Morav~a X S~les~a,
c,vunid(i L ~STOLKA, 1972 In RLI\ T I I I 111teut

SEDIW & SEVC~K: Ichneumonid . ... parasitoids of fungus gnats ... :rearing records from the Czech Republic.
--p. . .- ..-.pp .
ROVAN (l 923) and VAN ROSSL~I (l 988) recordcd Dynuto.rornu,fu.scicor~ze (MEIGFN. 1818) as a host fly of this species.
KOLAKOV & BE( t ~ (l ~ 995) v added as a host also Myc.etop-,hila ulcu. Entjportrn IS a new genus for the fauna of the
Czcch Republic.
*Entypoma suspicio.suttl (FORSTER, 1871)
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, Dolni Lomna (6478), fir-beech forest, 24.9.2000, 10.10.2000, 16.29 P, ex
M~)c,etophila spec. (probably 12f. cingulurrr MFIGEU, 1830, adults ha\e not been reared only larmc studied) 111 Pollporr~.s
sq~runzo.~us. Moravia & Silesia, Ostrava-Michalkovice (6176), recultivated mine dump, 24.4.1999,6.-7.5.1999,2cS 3.
reared together with Al/odiu orntrticol1i.s (Mtlti~u, 1818) and Exechitr .sj~inuligeru Luunsrno~. 1912.
1 P,
The hosts of this ichneumonid arc recorded here for thc first lime.
*Hemiphanes gravator FORSTER, 1871
Material examined. Moravia & Silcsia, Polanka nad Odrou (6275), Blucheruv les, floodplain forest, 26.6.1999.
9.7.1999, 2d 6, rearcd together with Ditomyin,firsc~iutu (MLI~IFN, 1818) (Ditoniyiidae), Ulu holitophil~z LOLW, I 869
(Pediciidae). ..lgrrthomyiu untenutu (ZFTT~KSTLL)T, l 8 19) (Platypezidae) and Megtr.~eliu ,fi.anierrtrt Sc livnz, 1927
(Phoridae) from kljerkunileru adu.st~t The other potential host: Myceto/~/rila spec. (possibly M trinotutrr STAFGFR,
1840, only larvae obtained).
Bjerkurideru ndristtr is one of the most attractive species of fungi for insects (cf. Y.\KOVI.FV 1994, SLV~
ih 2001) and
this makes problems with the identification of real host of this ichneumonid specics. Considering the fact, that the
larvae of Megtrseliu and Aguthomyicr are rather small, and, on the othcr hand, those of Ulu rathcr large, thc most
probable hosts were in this case Ditoniyicr,fu.sciuta aiid hfl.cctophilu spec., especially when no adult specimens of
AMycetophiln emerged. Hem/phurzc.s is a new genus for the fauna of the Czech Republic. H. gruvator has hitherto
been known from Austria, Germany aiid Sweden ( V~N ROSS~M 1987).
Orthocetitrus asper (GRAVENHORST, 1829)
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, Studknka (6274), pond dam, 1.8.1999~18.8.1999~ 13, ex Sciophila Irireu
Macquart, 1826 on Rzi.ssrilti lu~eotuc~cr.
Three other species of 0rlhocentrlr.s have becn recorded in the literature (KOL.AKOV & BECHFV 1905) as parasitoids of
thc genus Sciophiltr MFIG~N. 1818. Larvae of Sciophi/o are usually surface feeders on various species of fungi and
they spin characteristic webs and cocoons in which pupation takes placc.
*Pantisarthrus luridus F~RSTER, 1871
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, Moravskoslezske Beskydy, Bila. Velk6 Smradlava valley (6476). mixed
forest (spruce and beech), 9.8.1998, 26.8.1998. 268,
reared together with G1rdr.1~ ni~idulir EDWAKDS, 1925 and
Cordyla firscu MFIG~N 1804 from Ru.s.sztla spec.
According to VAN ROSSEM (1987), thi:, is a common species. Its biology, however, has not heen recorded up to the
prescnt. The genus Punli.sto-t1rru.s is new for the fauna of the Czech Republic.
*Plectiscidea agitator (FORSTER, 1871)
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, ~ilheiovice (6075), beech forest, 27.7.1998, 9.- 12.8.1998, l d, 29 9, ex
Allodirr grrrlu (MLKILN, 1830) in Pluleus spec.
This species was recorded from Germany by VAY ROSSL~I ( 1987). Its hosts have not becn reported ao hr.
Plectiscidea canaliculata (FORSTER, 1871)
Material examined. Morac~a & S~lesia, Ostrava-Tiebovlce (6175), town park. 22 5 1999, 10 6 1999, 463, l?, ex
Allodra ptirra In Culocyhe gumhostr
This species is kno\rn from Austr~a. the Czech Republic and Germany (V.\> Ross~~
1987). Its hosts have not been
recorded.
*Plectiscidea cinctula (FORSTER, 1871)
Material examined. Moravia & Silcsia, Vrbno pod Pradedem env.. Jeleni bukina Nature Reserve (5869). 900 m,
maple-bcech forest. 4.9.1999124,-25.9.1999. 1 P, ex Allotlirr fbli~frrrr (STRORL, 1910) in Pc~izo spec.
VAU ROSSLM (1987) recorded this specics frorn Austria, Germany and Sweden. Host insects have not bcen recorded
up to thc present.
*Plectiscidea collaris (GRAVENHORST, 1829)
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, Studcnka (6274), pond dam, 24.10.1999'1 4.1 1.1999, l d. I P, reared together
with Myccropl~il~ fungorum, E.~rclricr$r.scu (MLICLN, 1804) and Allodia or.rzrrticolli.r frorn Hebelonru cr.u.s!uliwiforme. -

pp--p-----------
Studia dipterolog~ca 10 (2003) Heft 1: 153-158
Moravia & Silesia. Polanka nad Odrou (6275), pond dam, 29.10.199%/19.-22.11.1999. HIS d. 3 Y Y. ex .l.l~~cvtophiln
firngo~rinr in Oitolon~n i~ition~.s~irn.
This species is reliably known from Germany. Italy and the Nerherlandb (VAX RIJSSL~I 1987). Its hosts have not been
recorded.
*Plectiscidea deterior (FOKSYEK, 1871)
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, Sludkirka (6274). pond dam uith hornheam trces, 6. 10. 2000129.10.2000,
1 F, 1 P. ex .lllodio~),~i.v spec. in Clitoc?.hr odonr.
I-h~spccics has so far bcen rccorded from Austria and Cjermany (V.m ROSSL'VI 1987). Males and host insects have
been unknown up to the present.
* Pl~ctiscidea monticola (F~RSTER, 1871 )
Material examined. htoravia & Silesia, Vitkov-Podhradi (61721, mixcd submountain forest. 6.6 1'~99i71.6.1'~99,
1 5, ex hf!c.iztol,liilu spec. (~.i!/ico/lis group, only fernnles obtained) in Col(~,hirr c.oi!fl~~~~i.s.
Van Rossc~ (1987) recorded this ~pecies from Germany, Switrerlalid and Sweden. Thc biology of tliih species has
not been recorded so far.
*Plectiscidea vagator (FVHSTER 1871)
Material examined. Moravia & Silesia, ~lval~ro (5972). ~nixed forest. 27.6.1')')9/9.7.1999, 1 i, reared logether with
.-lllodil~ or-ricitic~ol1i.s and Eret,hicr spec. from Ilfr'cenrr pzrrtr.
blalc of this specizs remains unknown. Females ore known from Germany. Switzerl;lnd and Italy ( V~N Rosstlil 1087).
Matcrial csarnined. bloravia R: Silcsia. Moravin & Silesia. Moravskoslezsk~ Ueskydy Mts.. Bila. Velki Srnradla\a
valley (6476). spruce forest, 17.9.2000. 3.10.2000, 2d$, reared together with Alloiiiu rriitz'vi KL;RIN~. 1998 and
Cor~/~./u,/ii.scir Mtici~~, 1804 from RLO..PLL/(I p~l~ldu.~~.
This species has hitherto been known from Ireland, Ciermany, Sweden and the Netherlands (VAN ROSSLM 1083).
Boli/ophilu glrrh~.(itu LOL-IV, 1869 (D~ptcra: Bolitophilidae) was recorded as host of this ichneu~nonid species in the
liternture (cf KoL,\Ro\' RL RFCHLV 1905).
*Proclitus praetor (HALIDAY in CIIR.~IS, 1839)
Material examincd. Morav~a & Silc~ia. Silliciovice (6075), beech forest, 3.7.1990. 18.-22.7.1090, -Id 6, 1 V , cx
bf~.crtophilo fioijior.rim in Rri.s.srilrr spec. Moravia & Silesia, Studenka (6274), pond darn, 25.8.19'19, 9.9.1999. 1 2,
reared together with ~~~c~etoj)hilnfirnfiorr~iii and Allodiu ovnutrcnllis from Pantli~~i.elln cni~~fi~llcu~~u. Moravia RL Silesia,
Moravskoslezskc Ueskydy blts., Bili. \fclka Smradlava valley (6476); spruce forest, 17.9.2000, 8.10.2000. 1 9. ex
M~~cctophilnjinlonrlic~rr Ena,4nns, 1013 in Tricho1orrropsi.s dec,oru. Moravia & Silesia, 'vloravskoslczske Ueskydy
Mts., Bil5, Velka Slnradlava valley (6476), spruce forest, 17.9.2000, 7.-9.10.2000, 460. 39 0. ex M~,c.etophiln
This ichneumonid species IS probably rather corllrlloll and is known from many European countries (V\N ROSS~M
1983). Its Irosts, however, are publistled herc for the firsi time and a preference for larger species of ,h,[~rcrophiln is
apparent.
*Proclit~rsuhsulcatits FORSTER, 1871
Material examined. Moravia & Silcsia, Brumovice-Pocheli (5972). mixcd forest, 24.7.1999!10.8.1990, 1 c?, reared
togcther with .M~cero~)hil~r,firrigo~'~rrn, Cbr(l~,ltr niticiul[r and Lr/[r g./i~rticn (MIIGLY, 1 X 18) from RIIS~SIIIN c:~~crno,r(~~it/i~.
Only one male Iholotype) from Germany has been known up to the present. wirhout ;my data concerning ~ ts biology.
Females l~ave not yet been associated.
Faunistic remarks
In the checklist of Hymenoptera of the former Czechoslovakia (S~u1v.i 1989), 7483 species
of Hymenoptera, including 1957 species in 420 genera of Ichneumonidae, were recorded.
Many species, however, are only listed from the major parts of the former Czechoslovakia
(i.e. Bohemia, Moravia & Silesia and Slovakia) without precise locality and the other relevant
data. Moreover, only about two thirds of the real number of species occuring in this
country were published in this checklist and many species thus remain unrecorded.

SEDIW & SEVC~K: Ichneumonid - ... parasdo~ds of fungus pats ... :rearing records from the Czech Republic.
That is why almost all species of Ichneu~nonidae recorded within this study are new for the
Czech Republic. Four of the 9 genera recorded above (Aniseues, E~~l]llpon~u, Hemiphanes and
Pantisai.thus) are for the first time recorded from this country.
On the other hand the faunistic research of the order Diptera in the Czech Republic is
relatively more advanced. Only one species of Mycetophilidae stated as host of ichneumonids
in this study (Sciophila var-ia) has not yet been reported from the Czech Republic.
Acknowledgenients
Wc are grateful to the mycologists Vit RALNLK (Opava. Crcch Republic) and Michal GKA~%
(Ostrava, Czech Republic)
for their help with the identification of host fungi.
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Authors' addresses
Josef SEDIVY
Jan SEVC~K
Research Institute of Crop Production Horymirova 39 121104
Drno\ska 507 CZ-700 30 Ostrava 30
CZ-16 1 06 Praha 6 - RuzynE
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
.I he paper was accepted on 10 October 2002
Editurn: 15 December 2003.