Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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Fig. 4: Dyed endpaper pasted at the front and back cover of a manuscript book, (169 mm x 122 mm), Mamluk period (13 th – 16 th century AD), faculty of medicine’s museum, Cairo University, Egypt the initial stages of papermaking manufacturing process (Loveday 2001: 51). The copied original manuscript (al Safti 1851) indicated that the dyes were applied directly to the sheet of paper by scribes. The copied original manuscript claims that many plants and materials have been used to dye paper (listed above) and gives interesting information in the form of fifteen recipes for preparing these materials. Weld could be an example of these recipes: “Yellow lemon dye of weld is prepared by taking one pound of seasonal (newly-collected) weld, washed and put in a container of copper with one ounce of wild Natron (Endnote 1). Then, twenty-four pounds of water of the well and is poured over it and kept overnight. [Later on,] it is boiled until it is completely diffused into the water. [Once] heating is stopped, it is filtered, precipitated and then it used for dyeing [the paper], it gives a vegetable-like colour [to the paper] and God is the most Knowledgeable” (al-Safti 1851: 27). Although the text of the studied manuscript is a copy from 1851 AD, the original may date back to earlier than the 15 th century AD, and this assumption is supported by its style of writing, Arabic terms and technical information. Moreover, it is to some extent similar to another text about paper dyeing and colouring which is written by a Persian librarian in 1433 AD (Thackston 1990). Furthermore, there is no handmade paper originating from Egypt after the 17 th century AD (Loveday 2001: 27). 4.2. Analytical results from the three historical samples identified the presence of luteolin and either apigenin or genistein, which co-elute and have the same parent ion mass. According to these results, there are two possible biological sources for the dye used in these samples which are Genista tinctoria, common name Dyer’s Broom, which contains luteolin and genistein or Reseda luteola, common name weld, which contains luteolin and apigenin. To differentiate between these two biological sources, the minor component of chrysoeriol in Reseda luteola could be looked at in using a further development of this method, and therefore the identity of dye (expected to be Reseda luteola) could be established unequivocally. 4.3. The main reason for choosing the tested bacterial strains is that Bacillus subtilis causes serious damage to library materials (Gallo 1985: 38), and Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus cereus which have been identified in the Faculty of Medicine’s museum, Cairo University, Egypt (Ebeid and Amer 2006) where the tested sample had been taken. The main reason for using these three strains of bacteria in the microbial study is to use them as a monitor for biocidal properties in the dyes which have been used in Islamic paper, specifically in endpapers. It seems after measuring inhibition zones that the four dyes chosen have some useful biocidal properties. 5. Conclusion The traditional method of dyeing paper in Islamic mediaeval era has been clarified. Weld was identified in three samples and the microbial study supports the concept that these dyes have some useful biocidal properties. Therefore, it is possible that the dyes were used intentionally to dye endpapers in order to give protection from biological attack. ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 64
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Egyptian Government, South Valley University in Egypt, for supporting this research. References al-Qalqashandi, A. A. (2004). Sobh al-A’sha fi Sena’t al-Ensha. Cairo, The General Authority of Cultural Palaces, Ministry of Culture. al-Safti, M. (1851). Rsalh Fá Sna’at al-’Hbar Wghyrha (An essay on making inks and other materials). Class-mark (14 Sin’nat Taymour Arabic), Microfilm Number 17837. Cairo, Egyptian National Library and Archives (Dar al-Kutub). Baker, P. L. (1995). Islamic Textiles. London, British Museum Press. Bosch, G. and G. Petherbridge (1981). The Materials, Techniques and Structures of Islamic Bookmaking. Islamic Bindings and Bookmaking. G. Bosch, J. Carswell and G. Petherbridge. Chicago, The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. Cardon, D. (2007). Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science. London, Archetype Publications Ltd. Cardon, D. (2009). Colours in Civilizations of the World and Natural Colorants: History under Tension. Handbook of Natural Colorants. T. Bechtold. United kingdom, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 21-26. Ebeid, H. and A. Amer (2006). Swabs’ Identification Report. Cairo, Egypt, Microbiology Lab, Archaeology Conservation Research Centre, Ministry of Archaeology. Gallo, F. (1985). Biological Factors in Deterioration of Paper. Rome, ICCROM. Gibbs, P. J. and K. R. Seddon (1998). Berberine and Huangbo: ancient colorants and dyes, British Library. Graaff, J. H. H. d. (2004). The Colourful Past; Origins, Chemistry and Identification of Natural Dyes. London, Abegg-stiftung and Archetype Puplications Ltd. Loveday, H. (2001). Islamic Paper; A Study of the Ancient Craft. London, The Don Baker Memorial Fund. Perry, J., L. Brown, et al. (2011). “Identifying The Plant Origin of Artists’yellow Lake Pigments By Electrospray Mass Spectrometry.” Archaeometry 53(1): 164-177. Thackston, W. M. (1990). “Treatise on Calligraphic Arts: A Disquisition on Paper, Colors, Inks, and Pens by Simi of Nishapur.” Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson: 219-228. Zhong, Z. B. (1988). The Preservation of Ancient Chinese Paper. The Conservation Of Far Eastern Art. P. S. a. K. Y. John S. Mills. London, IIC: 19-21. List of figures: Figure 1: Undyed and dyed paper gathering from a Quran (folios 225mm x 155mm), Mamluk period, fifteenth century, Oriental Institute, Chicago (Bosch and Petherbridge 1981: 39) Figure 2: The Chromatogram of the first Sample shows the existence of luteolin and apigenin (or genistein) Figure 3: Cork borer test for the effect of safflower dye against Bacillus subtilis grown on nutrient agar medium Figure 4: Dyed endpaper pasted at the front and back cover of a manuscript book, (169 mm x 122 mm), Mamluk period (thirteenth – sixteenth century AD), faculty of medicine’s museum, Cairo University, Egypt Authors: Hassan Ali Hassan Ebeid – Correspondence author hassan99a@yahoo.com, hassan.ebeid@ northumbria.ac.uk Room 127, Lipman Building Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, England Jean Brown jean.brown@northumbria.ac.uk Senior Lecturer, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, England Ysanne Holt ysanne.holt@northumbria.ac.uk Reader, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, England Brian Singer brian.singer@northumbria.ac.uk Senior Lecturer, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, England ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 65
Page 1 and 2:
Paper Conservation: Decisions & Com
Page 3 and 4:
Content Lieve Watteeuw Introduction
Page 5:
Michael Wheeler | Nicholas Barnard
Page 8 and 9:
New Trends in Preservation in the D
Page 10 and 11:
and monitoring against adverse envi
Page 12 and 13:
Steve Hobaica, Patrick Loughney, Ma
Page 14 and 15: The Albums of Duke Charles de Croÿ
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 4: turning the supporting pape
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 2: Close-up of some of the los
Page 20 and 21: manuscript paper, the binding would
Page 22 and 23: Figure 2 partial sewing: the blue d
Page 24 and 25: Books in Exhibitions: History and A
Page 26 and 27: Fig. 4 Museum in London and the pre
Page 28 and 29: Risk and Safety of Illuminated Manu
Page 30 and 31: Fig. 2 Atlas, the Crown papers are
Page 32 and 33: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 34 and 35: Verdigris I: Compromises in Conserv
Page 36 and 37: Verdigris 2: Wet Chemical Treatment
Page 38 and 39: Integrated Modelling: The Demograph
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 3: The consequence of 50 insta
Page 42 and 43: Characterisation of Historical Pape
Page 44 and 45: pling is required, tide-lines are c
Page 46 and 47: Study of Phytate Chelating Treatmen
Page 48 and 49: Evaluation of stochiometric effects
Page 50 and 51: Practice and Progress in the Conser
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 1 Fig. 2 plex picture and prov
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2: Coloured paper strips place
Page 56 and 57: the fire (on the other hand paper,
Page 58 and 59: inform decisions on conservation tr
Page 60 and 61: This paper summarizes what is known
Page 62 and 63: 2. Methods An interdisciplinary met
Page 66 and 67: Preservation of Architectural Drawi
Page 68 and 69: Notes 1 According Salvador Muñoz V
Page 70 and 71: course of time under the influence
Page 72 and 73: the curators in review of the treat
Page 74 and 75: cellulose powders with cellulose et
Page 76 and 77: Authors Xing Kung Liao Conservator
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 2: Our Railroad Workers and th
Page 80 and 81: The Restoration of Cartoons at the
Page 82 and 83: tation presumes that the works are
Page 84 and 85: To Remove or Retain? - Extensive In
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 4 repeated applications until
Page 88 and 89: The Migration of Hydroxy Propyl Cel
Page 90: tion issue allowed a visualisation
Page 93 and 94: Ethical Considerations Concerning t
Page 95 and 96: emoved with damp cotton swab. Then
Page 97 and 98: Conservation of a Book of Hours fro
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 4: Pigments movement and conse
Page 101 and 102: Notes 1 Brazilwood lake, lapis lazu
Page 103 and 104: pages, which would easily have torn
Page 105 and 106: The Microflora Inhabiting Leonardo
Page 107 and 108: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 109 and 110: Microorganisms in Books - First Res
Page 111 and 112: hyaline white mycelia on and in the
Page 113 and 114: Deconstructing the Reconstruction E
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Fig. 3: Poster after 2012 conservat
Page 117 and 118:
Conservators’ Investigation of Ch
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had been used, may be false-positiv
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function will provide a holistic pi
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Fig. 2: Patriarchs of Chan Buddhism
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ing techniques, which build upon fu
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Applications of Image Processing So
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 images in a single wi
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Analysing Deterioration Artifacts i
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Fig. 3 similarity maps. Similarity
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Strategy in the Case of a Wrecked P
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without preliminary consolidation.
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Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscop
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Fig. 3: 18 th century paper seal, i
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 of responsibilities r
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Characterising the Origin of Carbon
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Fig. 3: Sampling depth for ATR spec
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Fig. 2: Filmoplast® tape attached
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Pluchart, F. 1971. Pop Art Et Cie.
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Fig. 3: The reverse of left screen
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porting the reverse of severe creas
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