Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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This paper summarizes what is known about the early modern methods and materials of manufacturing colored printing ink. The study explains how some colorants deployed in these inks degrade. A technical survey of over 1500 Italian chiaroscuro woodcuts, examined in international collections, is complemented by instrumental analysis of several prints. The study focuses on woodcuts that have the qualities of early impressions, making it reasonable that they bear the closest relation to the originator’s concept. The research interprets analysis of inks suspected to comprise colorants such as organic pigments, copper acetate, lead carbonate or lead oxide. Logical deductions are drawn from analysis results as regards changes in the visual appearance of select prints, based on the documented behavior of unstable colorants in similar media, such as oil paint. Based on the cumulative evidence, a condition assessment protocol is offered and conservation treatment, storage and exhibition issues for the Italian chiaroscuro woodcut are described. Bibliography Bloy, C.H. 1972. A History of Printing Ink, Balls and Rollers 1440-1850, Wynkyn De Worde Society, London. Gettens, R. J. and Stout, G. R. 1966. Painting Materials, A Short Encyclopedia, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Man seen from the back BXII.148.13 by Antonio da Trento Library of Congress FP-XVI-A635, no.12 Author Linda Stiber Morenus lindamorenus@yahoo.com PhD Candidate, Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart, Germany Library of Congress, Washington, DC, USA ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 60
A Study of Dyed Endpapers during Islamic Mediaeval Times in Egypt: Purpose, Materials and Techniques Hassan Ebeid | Jean Brown | Ysanne Holt | Brian Singer <strong>Conservation</strong> Department, Northumbria University, UK / South Valley University, Egypt The research investigates the use of yellow natural dyes in Egyptian book manuscripts endpapers and their historic sources. It aims to explore whether the traditionally used yellow natural dyes in Arabic endpapers were selected for their colour and for their biocidal properties. The project investigates if bookbinders were knowledgeable of these properties and tries to find out how effective these dyes actually are as biocidal agents. Interdisciplinary methodologies are used and include 1.The translation of an unpublished Islamic treatise. 2. The use of HPLC for identification of the dyes in three samples. 3. Testing of the antibacterial properties of turmeric, weld, safflower and saffron against three strains of bacteria that have been identified in an Egyptian museum. Turmeric, weld, safflower and saffron were the most commonly used sources of yellow colour during the medieval Islamic period in Egypt. It seems very likely that these four dyes have some useful biocidal properties, which is supported by a laboratory microbial study. Weld (Reseda lateola) has been identified in three historic paper samples by simultaneous detection of Luteolin and Apigenin by using HPLC. Fig. 1: Undyed and dyed paper gathering from a Quran (folios 225mm x 155mm), Mamluk period, fifteenth century, Oriental Institute, Chicago (Bosch and Petherbridge 1981: 39) 1. Introduction In the Islamic mediaeval era, scribes and calligraphers showed a particular interest for coloured papers and many stunning examples and illustrations of their works have survived in museums and galleries around the world (Fig. 1) (Bosch and Petherbridge 1981: 133). There are many reasons for colouring papers. Probably the artistic appeal could be considered one of these reasons. Moreover, writing on coloured paper could be for health reasons (Minorsky 1959, p.113). Interestingly, coloured papers could have a symbolic significance. For example, a full red colour was considered as privilege in official correspondence of persons of high rank. For instance, al-Qalqashandi, a fourteenth century Egyptian scribe mentioned that official correspondence between the sultan in Egypt and only his two vices for Karak - a city in Jordan famous for its castle – and for Syria were usually written on red papers (al-Qalqashandi 2004, vol.6, p.193). <strong>Paper</strong> colouring was thought to be used with the intention of protecting paper from bio-deterioration factors as this was previously employed in China in the tenth century AD, when paper was immersed in a solution of phellodendon, an extract yellow dye from Amur cork tree (Gibbs and Seddon 1998), or immersed in a solution of pepper (Piper nigrum) (Zhong 1988). This work seeks to address significant gaps in technical and historical knowledge about Islamic endpaper dyes and will contribute novel information from previously untranslated Islamic treatises. Further, findings will inform the conservation and preservation practices with regard to book artefacts and help historians learn more about the preparation and techniques used in historic dyes manufacturer. ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 61
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Paper Conservation: Decisions & Com
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Content Lieve Watteeuw Introduction
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Michael Wheeler | Nicholas Barnard
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New Trends in Preservation in the D
Page 10 and 11: and monitoring against adverse envi
Page 12 and 13: Steve Hobaica, Patrick Loughney, Ma
Page 14 and 15: The Albums of Duke Charles de Croÿ
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 4: turning the supporting pape
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 2: Close-up of some of the los
Page 20 and 21: manuscript paper, the binding would
Page 22 and 23: Figure 2 partial sewing: the blue d
Page 24 and 25: Books in Exhibitions: History and A
Page 26 and 27: Fig. 4 Museum in London and the pre
Page 28 and 29: Risk and Safety of Illuminated Manu
Page 30 and 31: Fig. 2 Atlas, the Crown papers are
Page 32 and 33: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 34 and 35: Verdigris I: Compromises in Conserv
Page 36 and 37: Verdigris 2: Wet Chemical Treatment
Page 38 and 39: Integrated Modelling: The Demograph
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 3: The consequence of 50 insta
Page 42 and 43: Characterisation of Historical Pape
Page 44 and 45: pling is required, tide-lines are c
Page 46 and 47: Study of Phytate Chelating Treatmen
Page 48 and 49: Evaluation of stochiometric effects
Page 50 and 51: Practice and Progress in the Conser
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 1 Fig. 2 plex picture and prov
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2: Coloured paper strips place
Page 56 and 57: the fire (on the other hand paper,
Page 58 and 59: inform decisions on conservation tr
Page 62 and 63: 2. Methods An interdisciplinary met
Page 64 and 65: Fig. 4: Dyed endpaper pasted at the
Page 66 and 67: Preservation of Architectural Drawi
Page 68 and 69: Notes 1 According Salvador Muñoz V
Page 70 and 71: course of time under the influence
Page 72 and 73: the curators in review of the treat
Page 74 and 75: cellulose powders with cellulose et
Page 76 and 77: Authors Xing Kung Liao Conservator
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 2: Our Railroad Workers and th
Page 80 and 81: The Restoration of Cartoons at the
Page 82 and 83: tation presumes that the works are
Page 84 and 85: To Remove or Retain? - Extensive In
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 4 repeated applications until
Page 88 and 89: The Migration of Hydroxy Propyl Cel
Page 90: tion issue allowed a visualisation
Page 93 and 94: Ethical Considerations Concerning t
Page 95 and 96: emoved with damp cotton swab. Then
Page 97 and 98: Conservation of a Book of Hours fro
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 4: Pigments movement and conse
Page 101 and 102: Notes 1 Brazilwood lake, lapis lazu
Page 103 and 104: pages, which would easily have torn
Page 105 and 106: The Microflora Inhabiting Leonardo
Page 107 and 108: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 109 and 110: Microorganisms in Books - First Res
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hyaline white mycelia on and in the
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Deconstructing the Reconstruction E
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Fig. 3: Poster after 2012 conservat
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Conservators’ Investigation of Ch
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had been used, may be false-positiv
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function will provide a holistic pi
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Fig. 2: Patriarchs of Chan Buddhism
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ing techniques, which build upon fu
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Applications of Image Processing So
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 images in a single wi
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Analysing Deterioration Artifacts i
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Fig. 3 similarity maps. Similarity
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Strategy in the Case of a Wrecked P
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without preliminary consolidation.
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Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscop
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Fig. 3: 18 th century paper seal, i
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 of responsibilities r
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Characterising the Origin of Carbon
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Fig. 3: Sampling depth for ATR spec
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Fig. 2: Filmoplast® tape attached
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Pluchart, F. 1971. Pop Art Et Cie.
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Fig. 3: The reverse of left screen
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porting the reverse of severe creas
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Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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