Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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Fig. 1 Fig. 2 plex picture and provide overall information. It might be explained differently by saying that they can be interpreted as some kind of linguistic letters on the parchment. If the parchment of manuscripts could be systematically studied by this means on a larger scale we might find the right combinations and eventually be able to understand this language. Although this might perhaps sound too literary, there is no doubt that it represents a great potential for serious research based on the physical appearance of the parchment in a manuscript. Methods Methods and tools employed for the visual examination are kept quite simple, so that any researcher in manuscript studies would be able to employ them. Different types of lighting might be used in order to recognize remarkable details giving us information about the types of animals, their sizes and the anatomy of the skins that were used in the manuscripts. A great help is provided in the case of observation of parchment folia by transmitted light. Raking light on the other hand improves the visibility of various traces from tools originating from the production of the parchment. Digital photography has made it possible to provide later evaluation of details recorded on the computer screen. Pictures obtained by highresolution digital cameras can be later enlarged or relatively simply manipulated in generally used computer programs in order to ease recognition of even smaller details that can be later matched and compared with similar features on pictures from another folium or even another manuscript. Interesting results are appearing when parchments that were used for the production of manuscripts in the same scriptorium are compared. More and more manuscripts have recently been digitalised and made available on libraries’ web sites. Texts or illustrations may be studied online and browsing through the manuscripts also makes possible a first general observation of the parchment. This can, however, only be used for preselecting some specific folia that show visible irregularities, while for more detailed and complex observation it is still necessary to consult originals and use special techniques of lighting and photography. Occasionally some printed facsimiles still offer more information than available from digital images on the websites. Examples of use of visual examination of parchment in manuscripts A The Hamburg Bible (The Royal Library, Copenhagen, GKS 4, 2°) manuscript in large folio size can be used as a good example for studies of the manufacture of parchment and the production of the manuscript. On its large parchment folia we can find an almost complete catalogue of the different types of imperfections, repairs or other signs that are characteristic for parchment produced in the 12 th /13 th centuries. The method of formatting this parchment into bifolia and their organisation into quires in the codex display a quite advanced system for eliminating natural irregularities in the parchment. (Fig.1, 2) B Strikes made by the parchment-maker’s knife recorded on the surface of the parchment folia of The Prague Sacramentary from the 8 th /9 th ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 52
Fig. 3 Fig. 4 centuries (The Prague Castle Archive, Metropolitan Chapter Library, O.83) can help us to reconstruct the manuscript’s bifolia back into the shape of the animal from which the skin was made. By this “reverse” method we can also learn interesting information about the sizes of sheep skins and how parchment was folded and divided into bifolia and later distributed and organized in quires (Fig. 3). C The codex which includes King Valdemar’s Cadastre (The Danish National Archives, C 8) and other manuscripts from the end of 13 th century is rather small in size and brings together slightly different types of parchment, which, thanks to the traces of the parchment-maker’s tools and other characteristics, can be identified, compared and partly sorted into certain groups. It is also rather interesting to compare this parchment with the parchment of other codices which were written by the same scribe and preserved in different libraries (Fig. 4). Conclusions Parchment in manuscripts carry, like a vessel travelling through history, in several layers of information from the past. In order to understand these it is necessary to learn its language by carrying out systematic research on the characteristics of different types of parchment and the different signs left on the surface from the process of manufacture or later damage. The clue lies in correct evaluation of the results obtained from visual analyses and combining them into certain patterns. Some methods are developed and these have already brought interesting results as in the case of several individual manuscripts, but their great potential can be improved by development of specialised computer programs which will enable research into and evaluation of a much larger number of folia and animal skins from which parchment manuscripts have been made. There is no doubt that highly specialised material analyses can produce relevant information but it is extremely important to target them precisely and effectively. The best effect will be obtained especially by interdisciplinary research involving codicologists and other historians, researchers in manuscripts, who will combine their knowledge with that of experts in other fields such as archaeology, biology, conservation and forensic science. Texts for illustrations Fig. 1: Each bifolio of the second volume in the Hamburg Bible is created from one calfskin. This means that the original spine of the animal was laid down horizontally at right angles to the spine of the book. Backing light made observation of the former rump and spine of the animal easier. Note also the marks of the vertebrae and the U-shaped cut in the area of the former tail. ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 53
Page 1 and 2: Paper Conservation: Decisions & Com
Page 3 and 4: Content Lieve Watteeuw Introduction
Page 5: Michael Wheeler | Nicholas Barnard
Page 8 and 9: New Trends in Preservation in the D
Page 10 and 11: and monitoring against adverse envi
Page 12 and 13: Steve Hobaica, Patrick Loughney, Ma
Page 14 and 15: The Albums of Duke Charles de Croÿ
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 4: turning the supporting pape
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 2: Close-up of some of the los
Page 20 and 21: manuscript paper, the binding would
Page 22 and 23: Figure 2 partial sewing: the blue d
Page 24 and 25: Books in Exhibitions: History and A
Page 26 and 27: Fig. 4 Museum in London and the pre
Page 28 and 29: Risk and Safety of Illuminated Manu
Page 30 and 31: Fig. 2 Atlas, the Crown papers are
Page 32 and 33: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 34 and 35: Verdigris I: Compromises in Conserv
Page 36 and 37: Verdigris 2: Wet Chemical Treatment
Page 38 and 39: Integrated Modelling: The Demograph
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 3: The consequence of 50 insta
Page 42 and 43: Characterisation of Historical Pape
Page 44 and 45: pling is required, tide-lines are c
Page 46 and 47: Study of Phytate Chelating Treatmen
Page 48 and 49: Evaluation of stochiometric effects
Page 50 and 51: Practice and Progress in the Conser
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2: Coloured paper strips place
Page 56 and 57: the fire (on the other hand paper,
Page 58 and 59: inform decisions on conservation tr
Page 60 and 61: This paper summarizes what is known
Page 62 and 63: 2. Methods An interdisciplinary met
Page 64 and 65: Fig. 4: Dyed endpaper pasted at the
Page 66 and 67: Preservation of Architectural Drawi
Page 68 and 69: Notes 1 According Salvador Muñoz V
Page 70 and 71: course of time under the influence
Page 72 and 73: the curators in review of the treat
Page 74 and 75: cellulose powders with cellulose et
Page 76 and 77: Authors Xing Kung Liao Conservator
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 2: Our Railroad Workers and th
Page 80 and 81: The Restoration of Cartoons at the
Page 82 and 83: tation presumes that the works are
Page 84 and 85: To Remove or Retain? - Extensive In
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 4 repeated applications until
Page 88 and 89: The Migration of Hydroxy Propyl Cel
Page 90: tion issue allowed a visualisation
Page 93 and 94: Ethical Considerations Concerning t
Page 95 and 96: emoved with damp cotton swab. Then
Page 97 and 98: Conservation of a Book of Hours fro
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 4: Pigments movement and conse
Page 101 and 102: Notes 1 Brazilwood lake, lapis lazu
Page 103 and 104:
pages, which would easily have torn
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The Microflora Inhabiting Leonardo
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Microorganisms in Books - First Res
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hyaline white mycelia on and in the
Page 113 and 114:
Deconstructing the Reconstruction E
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Fig. 3: Poster after 2012 conservat
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Conservators’ Investigation of Ch
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had been used, may be false-positiv
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function will provide a holistic pi
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Fig. 2: Patriarchs of Chan Buddhism
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ing techniques, which build upon fu
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Applications of Image Processing So
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 images in a single wi
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Analysing Deterioration Artifacts i
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Fig. 3 similarity maps. Similarity
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Strategy in the Case of a Wrecked P
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without preliminary consolidation.
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Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscop
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Fig. 3: 18 th century paper seal, i
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 of responsibilities r
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Characterising the Origin of Carbon
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Fig. 3: Sampling depth for ATR spec
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Fig. 2: Filmoplast® tape attached
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Pluchart, F. 1971. Pop Art Et Cie.
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Fig. 3: The reverse of left screen
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porting the reverse of severe creas
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Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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