Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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pling is required, tide-lines are created due to the application of water. A micro-electrode was used in order to minimize the amount of water needed and consequently, related damage induced by the measurement (Strlic 2005). The electrode is so far not commercially available. Considering the damage which is induced using the above described methods, a non-destructive method which does not require addition of water would be desirable. Recently, a good correlation (R = 0.9573) between measured and predicted pH values were obtained using a scientific bench-top spectrometer described earlier. Using a portable Ocean Optics spectrometer and the above mentioned software, prediction model for all kinds of independent paper samples is characterised by R = 0.8802 and RMSEP = 0.73. Although in use for decades, the standard methodology involving pH determination after 1hr of cold extraction does not provide information on whether gelatine sized rag paper is acidic or alkaline, when equilibrium pH is reached. Our study of 150 historical rag samples showed that pH of most of the rag papers with acidic pH, as determined using the standard method, stabilised in alkaline region. This was observed also in our earlier study (Strlic 2004). Determination of the equilibrium pH value would thus be useful in the assessment of the stability of paper. The latter is difficult to determine, as several weeks of measurements may be needed for paper pH to reach equilibrium, while the recently proposed method where the sample in water is stirred at 250 r.p.m. (Strlic 2004) is difficult to implement. Although not as accurate as the determination using a pH meter, NIR spectroscopy may be useful also in this case offering a prediction for the equilibrium pH with R = 0.8123 and RMSEP = 0.76. Prediction is based on all kinds of paper. Conclusions Inherent features of cultural heritage require a specific approach to its characterisation. It is imperative that the data is collected non-destructively or at worst, micro-destructively. Also, the instrumentation should be portable in order to minimize risks to the heritage due to the transport. The method employed should be characterised by high sensitivity and low detection limits, which reveal the condition, enable determination of provenance, or point to possible future problems and thus allow preservation actions to be taken in time. It is also preferable that the methods are simple, reliable and accessible. While we know what we want, none of the existing methods for determination of pH and the condition of paper addresses all of the above mentioned requirements. DP determination is sensitive, affordable and reproducible, yet destructive. Size exclusion chromatography of carbanilated cellulose leaves no visible damage to the artefact, but is instrumentally demanding and expensive. Near infra-red spectroscopy with accompanying software can be simple, fast, portable, relatively affordable, but is associated with a larger uncertainty. The choice of the analytical method will remain subject to the nature of the artefact and the conservation problem, among others. While size exclusion chromatography, when available, may be the method of choice in case of a precious artefact or a limited number of samples to be analysed, NIR spectroscopy may be more appropriate for characterisation of larger sets of artefacts, as well as for rapid characterisation of the artefacts during daily work in conservation departments. References Henniges, U., Reibke, R., Banik, G., Huhsmann, E., Hähner, U., Prohaska, T., Potthast, A. 2008. ‚Iron gall ink-induced corrosion of cellulose: aging, degradation and stabilization. Part 2: application on historic sample material‘. Cellulose, 15(6):861-870. Kolar, J., Malesic, J., Kocar, D., Strlic, M., De Bruin, G., and Kolesa, D. 2012. ‘Characterisation of paper containing iron gall ink using size exclusion chromatography’. Polym. Deg. Stab., 97(11):2212–2216. Lichtblau, D., Strlic, M., Trafela, T., Kolar, J., & Anders, M. 2008. ‚Determination of mechanical properties of historical paper based on NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics – a new instrument‘. Applied Physics A, 92(1):191-195. Lojewski, T., Zieba, K., & Lojewska, J. 2010. ‘Size exclusion chromatography and viscometry in paper degradation studies. New Mark-Houwink coefficients for cellulose in cupri-ethylenediamine’. Journal of chromatography. A, 1217(42):6462-8. Stôl, R., Pedersoli Jr., J.L, Poppe, H., Kok, W.Th. 2002. ‘Application of Size Exclusion Electrochromatography to the Microanalytical Determination of the Molecular Mass from Objects of Cultural and Historical Value’. Anal. Chem., 74:2314-2320. Strlic, M., Pihlar, B., Mauko, L., Kolar, J., Hocevar, S., Ogorevc, B. 2005. ‘A New Elec- ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 44
trode for Micro Determination of <strong>Paper</strong> pH’. Restaurator, 26(3):159-171. Strlic, M., Kolar, J., Kocar, D., Drnovsek, T., Selih, V.-S., Susic, R., Pihlar, B. 2004. ‘What is the pH of alkaline paper?’. e-PS, 1:35-47. Zou, X., Uesaka, T., Gurnagul, N. 1996. ‘Prediction of paper permanence by accelerated aging Part I: Kinetic analysis of the aging process’. Cellulose, 3:243-267. Acknowledgement The support by the Slovenian Research Agency (grant L1-2401), Nationaal Archief, NL and FP7 project Nano for Art, ref. no. 282816 is acknowledged. Author’s Jana Kolar, Morana RTD, Oslica 1b, 1295 Ivancna Gorica, Slovenia, fax: +38617876334 jana.kolar@morana-rtd.com info@morana-rtd.com Gerrit de Bruin, Natonaal Archief, Prins Willem-Alexanderhof 20, 2595 BE Haagse Hout, The Netherlands Vilma Sustar, Univerza v Mariboru, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoce, Slovenia ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 45
Page 1 and 2: Paper Conservation: Decisions & Com
Page 3 and 4: Content Lieve Watteeuw Introduction
Page 5: Michael Wheeler | Nicholas Barnard
Page 8 and 9: New Trends in Preservation in the D
Page 10 and 11: and monitoring against adverse envi
Page 12 and 13: Steve Hobaica, Patrick Loughney, Ma
Page 14 and 15: The Albums of Duke Charles de Croÿ
Page 16 and 17: Fig. 4: turning the supporting pape
Page 18 and 19: Fig. 2: Close-up of some of the los
Page 20 and 21: manuscript paper, the binding would
Page 22 and 23: Figure 2 partial sewing: the blue d
Page 24 and 25: Books in Exhibitions: History and A
Page 26 and 27: Fig. 4 Museum in London and the pre
Page 28 and 29: Risk and Safety of Illuminated Manu
Page 30 and 31: Fig. 2 Atlas, the Crown papers are
Page 32 and 33: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 34 and 35: Verdigris I: Compromises in Conserv
Page 36 and 37: Verdigris 2: Wet Chemical Treatment
Page 38 and 39: Integrated Modelling: The Demograph
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 3: The consequence of 50 insta
Page 42 and 43: Characterisation of Historical Pape
Page 46 and 47: Study of Phytate Chelating Treatmen
Page 48 and 49: Evaluation of stochiometric effects
Page 50 and 51: Practice and Progress in the Conser
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 1 Fig. 2 plex picture and prov
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2: Coloured paper strips place
Page 56 and 57: the fire (on the other hand paper,
Page 58 and 59: inform decisions on conservation tr
Page 60 and 61: This paper summarizes what is known
Page 62 and 63: 2. Methods An interdisciplinary met
Page 64 and 65: Fig. 4: Dyed endpaper pasted at the
Page 66 and 67: Preservation of Architectural Drawi
Page 68 and 69: Notes 1 According Salvador Muñoz V
Page 70 and 71: course of time under the influence
Page 72 and 73: the curators in review of the treat
Page 74 and 75: cellulose powders with cellulose et
Page 76 and 77: Authors Xing Kung Liao Conservator
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 2: Our Railroad Workers and th
Page 80 and 81: The Restoration of Cartoons at the
Page 82 and 83: tation presumes that the works are
Page 84 and 85: To Remove or Retain? - Extensive In
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 4 repeated applications until
Page 88 and 89: The Migration of Hydroxy Propyl Cel
Page 90: tion issue allowed a visualisation
Page 93 and 94: Ethical Considerations Concerning t
Page 95 and 96:
emoved with damp cotton swab. Then
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Conservation of a Book of Hours fro
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Fig. 4: Pigments movement and conse
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Notes 1 Brazilwood lake, lapis lazu
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pages, which would easily have torn
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The Microflora Inhabiting Leonardo
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Microorganisms in Books - First Res
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hyaline white mycelia on and in the
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Deconstructing the Reconstruction E
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Fig. 3: Poster after 2012 conservat
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Conservators’ Investigation of Ch
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had been used, may be false-positiv
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function will provide a holistic pi
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Fig. 2: Patriarchs of Chan Buddhism
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ing techniques, which build upon fu
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Applications of Image Processing So
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 images in a single wi
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Analysing Deterioration Artifacts i
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Fig. 3 similarity maps. Similarity
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Strategy in the Case of a Wrecked P
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without preliminary consolidation.
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Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscop
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Fig. 3: 18 th century paper seal, i
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Fig. 3 Fig. 4 of responsibilities r
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Characterising the Origin of Carbon
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Fig. 3: Sampling depth for ATR spec
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Fig. 2: Filmoplast® tape attached
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Pluchart, F. 1971. Pop Art Et Cie.
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Fig. 3: The reverse of left screen
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porting the reverse of severe creas
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