Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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Fig. 1: Germanium ATR FTIR spectra of carbon black inks on modern printer paper. Fig. 2: Results of the subtraction of the paper spectrum from the spectra presented in Fig.1. nium ATR crystal are presented (Figs. 1-2); note that only the results for the samples on modern printer paper are given, but those for the other three types of substrate were similar. The results obtained using the diamond ATR crystal were also broadly similar, but the results of the spectral subtraction were less well defined. If the subtraction spectra are considered, it can be seen that certain characteristic features may be observed, related to the origin of the ink: For the modern carbon black ink, a largely featureless background curve is observed, indicating that the ink spectrum consists almost entirely of a simple carbon black absorption. The two cellulose based inks (coconut and bamboo) yield spectra containing an indication of residual polysaccharide material (highlighted by the typical cluster of peaks in the region 1100 - 900 cm -1 ); this is poorly defined, as the cellulosic substrate complicates the spectral subtraction, but is sufficiently good for the purposes of identification. For these inks, the results were more clear when the samples using the parchment (proteinaceous) substrate were considered. As may be expected, it was not possible to differentiate the carbon sources for different types of cellulosic material. Ivory black ink gives a characteristic sharp peak centred on 1050 cm -1 . Lamp black contains residual oils, indicated by the pair of sharp C-H stretch bands in the region 2800 - 2900 cm -1 . It is apparent that the results obtained using the germanium ATR crystal are generally superior to those achieved with a diamond crystal. This may be explained if the difference in ATR sampling depth for the diamond and germanium crystals is considered (Fig. 3), based on the following formula (Coates and Sanders 2000; Coombs 1998; Spectra-Tech 2000): Where: = Depth of sampling penetration = Wavelength of incident radiation = Refractive index of ATR crystal = Refractive index of sample = Angle of incidence The ATR accessory employs an angle of incidence, , of 45°; over the range that the spectra were recorded, the refractive index of the crystal, n c , is approximately 2.4 for diamond and 4.0 for germanium; the refractive index for the sample, n s , is taken to be 1.6 for a nominal organic material. This allows the way that the ATR sampling depth varies with incident wavelength and, importantly for this experiment, at any given wavelength is approximately four times great for diamond than for germanium. This means that if a germanium crystal is used, a greater proportion of any material at the surface (e.g. ink) will be observed in comparison to the bulk substrate, than if a diamond crystal is employed. When the spectra of the unknown historic ink ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 146
Fig. 3: Sampling depth for ATR spectroscopy, demonstrating the difference between diamond and germanium crystals. Fig. 4: Subtraction spectra for four unknown carbon black inks. samples were considered using this information (Fig. 4), it is possible to propose the likely source of the carbon black: for samples X1, X2 and X4 it appears that the ink is derived from cellulosic sources, whilst for X3 it comes from ivory. Conclusion It can be seen that with care, it is possible to identify the general source of carbon used for carbon black inks, providing this source contains residual material. Modern ink of this kind, for which the carbon black has been produced using techniques which effectively ensure the combustion of the original material and thus contain a minimum of other residues, are not amenable to identification in this manner. However, traditional and historic methods of manufacturing carbon black typically allow a small proportion of the material to escape complete combustion, and this residue may then allow the source to be identified. This technique, therefore, has the potential to reveal important information about the origin of carbon black inks (and provide a method of differentiating different carbon ink found in the same document), thereby providing an insight into the provenance, composition and history of the document. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank PerkinElmer UK, and particularly Kelly Palmer, for invaluable advice, help and use of equipment whilst carrying out this research; they would like to thank their colleagues at the British Library and the International Islamic University for their help and support, including Barry Knight (Head of <strong>Conservation</strong> Research, BL), Deborah Novotny (Head of Collection Care, BL). References Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T., Siddall, R. 2008. Pigment Compendium. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. Coates, J., Sanders, A. 2000. ‘A Universal Sample Handling System for FT-IR Spectroscopy’. Infrared Spectroscopy; 12(5): 12-22. Coombs, D. 1998. ‘The Use of Diamond as an ATR Material’. Internet Journal of Vibrational Spectroscopy. 2(2). Spectra-Tech. 2000. Introduction to Attenuated Total Internal Reflectance (Technical Note T1). Spectra-Tech. Authors Paul Garside (corresponding author): British Library, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB, UK; paul.garside@bl.uk. Rajabi Razak: Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic University, Malaysia. ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 147
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Paper Conservation: Decisions & Com
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Content Lieve Watteeuw Introduction
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Michael Wheeler | Nicholas Barnard
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New Trends in Preservation in the D
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and monitoring against adverse envi
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Steve Hobaica, Patrick Loughney, Ma
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The Albums of Duke Charles de Croÿ
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Fig. 4: turning the supporting pape
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Fig. 2: Close-up of some of the los
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manuscript paper, the binding would
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Figure 2 partial sewing: the blue d
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Books in Exhibitions: History and A
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Fig. 4 Museum in London and the pre
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Risk and Safety of Illuminated Manu
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Fig. 2 Atlas, the Crown papers are
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Verdigris I: Compromises in Conserv
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Verdigris 2: Wet Chemical Treatment
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Integrated Modelling: The Demograph
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Fig. 3: The consequence of 50 insta
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Characterisation of Historical Pape
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pling is required, tide-lines are c
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Study of Phytate Chelating Treatmen
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Evaluation of stochiometric effects
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Practice and Progress in the Conser
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Fig. 1 Fig. 2 plex picture and prov
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Fig. 2: Coloured paper strips place
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the fire (on the other hand paper,
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inform decisions on conservation tr
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This paper summarizes what is known
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2. Methods An interdisciplinary met
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Fig. 4: Dyed endpaper pasted at the
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Preservation of Architectural Drawi
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Notes 1 According Salvador Muñoz V
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course of time under the influence
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the curators in review of the treat
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cellulose powders with cellulose et
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Authors Xing Kung Liao Conservator
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Fig. 2: Our Railroad Workers and th
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The Restoration of Cartoons at the
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tation presumes that the works are
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To Remove or Retain? - Extensive In
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Fig. 4 repeated applications until
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The Migration of Hydroxy Propyl Cel
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tion issue allowed a visualisation
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Ethical Considerations Concerning t
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Page 97 and 98: Conservation of a Book of Hours fro
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 4: Pigments movement and conse
Page 101 and 102: Notes 1 Brazilwood lake, lapis lazu
Page 103 and 104: pages, which would easily have torn
Page 105 and 106: The Microflora Inhabiting Leonardo
Page 107 and 108: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 109 and 110: Microorganisms in Books - First Res
Page 111 and 112: hyaline white mycelia on and in the
Page 113 and 114: Deconstructing the Reconstruction E
Page 115 and 116: Fig. 3: Poster after 2012 conservat
Page 117 and 118: Conservators’ Investigation of Ch
Page 119 and 120: had been used, may be false-positiv
Page 121 and 122: function will provide a holistic pi
Page 123 and 124: Fig. 2: Patriarchs of Chan Buddhism
Page 125 and 126: ing techniques, which build upon fu
Page 127 and 128: Applications of Image Processing So
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 3 Fig. 4 images in a single wi
Page 131 and 132: Analysing Deterioration Artifacts i
Page 133 and 134: Fig. 3 similarity maps. Similarity
Page 135 and 136: Strategy in the Case of a Wrecked P
Page 137 and 138: without preliminary consolidation.
Page 139 and 140: Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscop
Page 141 and 142: Fig. 3: 18 th century paper seal, i
Page 143 and 144: Fig. 3 Fig. 4 of responsibilities r
Page 145: Characterising the Origin of Carbon
Page 150 and 151: Fig. 2: Filmoplast® tape attached
Page 152 and 153: Pluchart, F. 1971. Pop Art Et Cie.
Page 154 and 155: Fig. 3: The reverse of left screen
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Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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