Paper Conservation: Decisions & Compromises

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nm thicknesses. Reference elemental intensities acquired from pure compounds (standards) are commonly used to calibrate SEM-EDX systems. In the case study presented here, conventional ZAF correction integrated into the Oxford INCA 250 microanalysis package was applied to the spectrum dataset (Oxford Instruments). Fig. 1 a loss of information for future research. Therefore only totally non-invasive techniques were adopted. Different types of swabs and adhesive tapes were employed in sampling fungal or bacterial elements from paper (Figure 1). Wooden cotton sterile swabs were used to collect biological particles from the surface of the drawing. Porous membranes of different materials (nylon, polycarbonate or cellulose nitrate) with a natural electrostatic charge were also used to collect fungal aerial hyphae, conidiophora or fruiting structures, together with a few damaged fibres from the substrata. These objects, that can be valuable in diagnostic phases, cling to the charged surface of membranes and can be gently pulled from the mat. Both membranes and swabs can be used for direct observation with an electronic scanning microscope or used to perform molecular analysis. SEM-EDX technique Single fibres dust and surface material recovered with membranes or sampled with cotton swabs were analysed using a variable pressure SEM instrument (EVO50, Carl-Zeiss Electron Microscopy Group) fitted with a detector for electron backscattered diffraction (BSD). Only following an initial observation of the samples using SEM in VP mode at 20 kV were some of the samples coated in gold (using a Baltec Sputter Coater) and then subjected to further analysis in high vacuum (HV) mode. Sputtering was performed under an Argon gas flow at a working distance of 50 mm at 0.05 mbar, and a current of 40 mA for 60 seconds, so as to create a film of gold of about 15 Molecular analysis Porous membranes and cotton swabs were directly used for DNA extraction using the Fast DNA SPIN kit for soil (Bio 101) with modifications. DNA crude extracts were further used for PCR- DGGE fingerprint analysis of the bacterial 16S rDNA (Schabereiter-Gurtner et al., 2001) and the Internal Transcribed Regions (ITS) (Michaelsen et al., 2006). Clone libraries from these amplified fragments were screened by DGGE and selected clones sequenced (Schabereiter-Gurtner et al., 2001). Conclusions In the specific case of certain filamentous fungi, the fruiting body shape, conidia size and ornamentation can lead to positive identification at least at the genus level. The fungal species Eurotium halophilicum (C.M. Chr., Papav. & C.R. Benj. 1959) was found in foxing spots especially on the back of the drawing by means of SEM (Zeiss EVO 50- High Vacuum) imaging (Figure 2). Conidia appeared in different sampling points single or in groups, slightly ovate, echinulate with prominent scars and conidiophores finely covered with a layer of hairy structures (Figure 2). Microscopic features of fungal structures as observed by SEM are consistent with those determined by Christensen et al. (1959) in the original description of E. halophilicum and by Montanari et al. (2012). E. halophilicum is an obligate xerophilic organism with a high tolerance to water stress: the minimum observed water activity (A w ) for germination and growing is 0,675, the lowest for any Eurotium species. Its occurrence is associated with air-dust (Montanari et al., 2012 and references therein) or house-dust in association with mites and Aspergillus penicillioides, and storage of dry food. E. halophilicum is reported as associated to foxing spots by Florian and Manning (2000) who published a SEM picture of the fungus without identifying it; with library material by Michaelsen et al. (2010) who found the fungus by DGGE-fingerprinting, without culturing it; and by Montanari et al. (2012) who isolated several ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 106
Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Dr. Maria Cristina Misiti, Director of the Istituto Centrale per il Restauro e la Conservazione del Patrimonio Archivistico e Librario in Rome and the Royal Library in Turin, Italy for the opportunity of studying the precious portrait. G. Piñar and the molecular analyses performed in this study were financed by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project “Elise-Richter V194-B20” References Fig. 2 Arai, H., Matsumura, N. and Murakita, H. 1990. Microbiological studies on the conservation of paper and related cultural properties: Part 9, induction of artificial foxing. Science for Conservation, 29: 25-34. strains of this species from library materials freshly infected. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that absolute tonophilic fungi germinate on paper metabolising mainly organic acids, oligosaccharides and proteic compounds. These components react chemically together on the materials at a low water activity forming brown products and oxidative reactions on paper that result in localised foxing spots. SEM imaging showed also the presence of other fungal species, not only as single spores, but as propagules and small mycelial masses. DGGE-fingerprinting, a molecular technique based on direct extraction of DNA from environmental samples, allowed the comparison of different sampling techniques and DNA extraction protocols enabling the optimization of tools for the analysis of such valuable object. In addition, a complete screening of the biodiversity of the fungal community inhabiting the portrait (on the face and on the reverse side) was obtained and showed the putative differences in microbial composition among different samples indicating, in general, a higher biodiversity as initially suspected. Additional phylogenetic analyses revealed the presence of fungi with well known cellulolytic activities, with potential for the destruction of the investigated material. Cain E. and Miller, B.A. 1982. Photographic, spectral and chromatographic searches into the nature of foxing. 10 th Annual Meeting American Institute for Conservation Preprints, AIC, Milwaukee, pp. 54–62. Choi, S. 2007. Foxing on paper: a literature review. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 46 (2):137-152. Corte M.A., Ferroni, A. and Salvo, V.S. 2003. Isolation of fungal species from test samples and maps damaged by foxing, and correlation between these species and the environment. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 51: 167-173. Florian M-L.E. and Manning, L. 2000. SEM analysis of irregular fungal spot in an 1854 book: population dynamics and species identification. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 46: 205-220. Gallo F. and Pasquariello G. 1989. Foxing, ipotesi sull’origine biologica, Boll Ist Centro Patologia del Libro, 43: 136–176. Christensen, C., Papavizas, G.C. and Benjamin, C.R. 1959. A new halophilic species of Eurotium. Mycologia, 51(5): 636-640. Michaelsen, A., Pinzari, F., Ripka, K. et al. 2006. Application of molecular techniques for identification of fungal communities colonising paper material. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 58: 133-141. Michaelsen, A., Pinar, G. and Pinzari, F. 2010. Molecular and microscopical investigation of the microflora inhabiting a deteriorated Italian manuscript dated from the thirteenth century. Microbial Ecology, 60: 69-80. ICOM-CC Graphic Documents Working Group Interim Meeting | Vienna 17 – 19 April 2013 107
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Paper Conservation: Decisions & Com
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Content Lieve Watteeuw Introduction
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Michael Wheeler | Nicholas Barnard
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New Trends in Preservation in the D
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and monitoring against adverse envi
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Steve Hobaica, Patrick Loughney, Ma
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The Albums of Duke Charles de Croÿ
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Fig. 4: turning the supporting pape
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Fig. 2: Close-up of some of the los
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manuscript paper, the binding would
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Figure 2 partial sewing: the blue d
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Books in Exhibitions: History and A
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Fig. 4 Museum in London and the pre
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Risk and Safety of Illuminated Manu
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Fig. 2 Atlas, the Crown papers are
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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Verdigris I: Compromises in Conserv
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Verdigris 2: Wet Chemical Treatment
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Integrated Modelling: The Demograph
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Fig. 3: The consequence of 50 insta
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Characterisation of Historical Pape
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pling is required, tide-lines are c
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Study of Phytate Chelating Treatmen
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Evaluation of stochiometric effects
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Practice and Progress in the Conser
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Fig. 1 Fig. 2 plex picture and prov
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Fig. 2: Coloured paper strips place
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Page 58 and 59: inform decisions on conservation tr
Page 60 and 61: This paper summarizes what is known
Page 62 and 63: 2. Methods An interdisciplinary met
Page 64 and 65: Fig. 4: Dyed endpaper pasted at the
Page 66 and 67: Preservation of Architectural Drawi
Page 68 and 69: Notes 1 According Salvador Muñoz V
Page 70 and 71: course of time under the influence
Page 72 and 73: the curators in review of the treat
Page 74 and 75: cellulose powders with cellulose et
Page 76 and 77: Authors Xing Kung Liao Conservator
Page 78 and 79: Fig. 2: Our Railroad Workers and th
Page 80 and 81: The Restoration of Cartoons at the
Page 82 and 83: tation presumes that the works are
Page 84 and 85: To Remove or Retain? - Extensive In
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 4 repeated applications until
Page 88 and 89: The Migration of Hydroxy Propyl Cel
Page 90: tion issue allowed a visualisation
Page 93 and 94: Ethical Considerations Concerning t
Page 95 and 96: emoved with damp cotton swab. Then
Page 97 and 98: Conservation of a Book of Hours fro
Page 99 and 100: Fig. 4: Pigments movement and conse
Page 101 and 102: Notes 1 Brazilwood lake, lapis lazu
Page 103 and 104: pages, which would easily have torn
Page 105: The Microflora Inhabiting Leonardo
Page 109 and 110: Microorganisms in Books - First Res
Page 111 and 112: hyaline white mycelia on and in the
Page 113 and 114: Deconstructing the Reconstruction E
Page 115 and 116: Fig. 3: Poster after 2012 conservat
Page 117 and 118: Conservators’ Investigation of Ch
Page 119 and 120: had been used, may be false-positiv
Page 121 and 122: function will provide a holistic pi
Page 123 and 124: Fig. 2: Patriarchs of Chan Buddhism
Page 125 and 126: ing techniques, which build upon fu
Page 127 and 128: Applications of Image Processing So
Page 129 and 130: Fig. 3 Fig. 4 images in a single wi
Page 131 and 132: Analysing Deterioration Artifacts i
Page 133 and 134: Fig. 3 similarity maps. Similarity
Page 135 and 136: Strategy in the Case of a Wrecked P
Page 137 and 138: without preliminary consolidation.
Page 139 and 140: Fiber Optic Reflectance Spectroscop
Page 141 and 142: Fig. 3: 18 th century paper seal, i
Page 143 and 144: Fig. 3 Fig. 4 of responsibilities r
Page 145 and 146: Characterising the Origin of Carbon
Page 147: Fig. 3: Sampling depth for ATR spec
Page 150 and 151: Fig. 2: Filmoplast® tape attached
Page 152 and 153: Pluchart, F. 1971. Pop Art Et Cie.
Page 154 and 155: Fig. 3: The reverse of left screen
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porting the reverse of severe creas
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