Nuclear Production of Hydrogen, Fourth Information Exchange ...

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ALKALINE AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS FOR NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Considering process integration, a typical synfuel process like CtL can be modified to use hydrogen and oxygen produced from water electrolysis using nuclear energy, and to use also directly some electricity. This process evolutions, sketched on Figure 3, lead to quite energy efficient layouts as some very energy intensive pieces of equipments are removed, the air separation unit (ASU) being the most important one. The idea of the modified process is to turn every carbon entering the process into fuel, the energy and all of the hydrogen coming from nuclear and water. Therefore the CO shift is removed too, as there is no need to produce hydrogen from the coal enabling all CO molecules to go to the Fischer Tropsch unit. Figure 3: Traditional coal-to-liquid process ASU H 2 S CO 2 Naphta Diese Coal O 2 Gasification CO shift AGR FT reactor HDT/HCK Steam Steam ASU: Air separation unit HDT: Hydrotreatment AGR: Acid gas removal HCK: Hydrocracking Figure 4: Coal-to-liquid process coupled to a nuclear energy source EPR H 2 O Water splitter O 2 H 2 S CO 2 H 2 Naphta Diesel Coal Gasification AGR FT reactor HDT/HCK Steam ASU: Air separation unit HDT: Hydrotreatment AGR: Acid gas removal HCK: Hydrocracking 302 NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010
ALKALINE AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS FOR NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Economically speaking, synthetic fuels are accessible with a cost sharply less than USD 150/bl, which compares fairly with the USD 120/bl cost of traditional CtL processes. Besides, it is possible to turn refineries quasi-CO 2 free thanks to the supply of hydrogen, oxygen and clean electricity. On the basis of the early 2008 economic conditions (high level of fossil fuels prices, around USD 140/bl) and considering nuclear electricity costs at around EUR 55/MW, such modified refineries are more profitable than conventional ones. Besides, in comparison to usual processes, the use of nuclear power in the synfuel production processes allows to drastically increase conversion yield: • using biomass, conversion ratio is doubled; • using coal, conversion ratio is tripled. With such substantial gains, BtL becomes a viable option (the needed agricultural or forest areas being strongly reduced) and coal-to-liquids can also be reconsidered (CO 2 emissions being strongly reduced). As an immediate consequence, the perspectives of deployment of more generally XtL processes can be reconsidered as less pressure is exerted on resources. Moreover, nuclear plants not only provide hydrogen to the petrochemical processes, but oxygen and electricity as well. Finally, it is crucial to note that the cost of synfuel barrels is strongly dependent on the cost of electricity. In a very capital-intensive case such as the nuclear power, the cost of the synfuel barrels is therefore very sensitive to the capital cost. Another attractive option is to seize the opportunity for producing hydrogen via alkaline electrolyses from electricity consumption during off-peak periods. Purchasing electricity at low cost during off-peak periods makes possible to reduce hydrogen production costs and leads to considerable savings. However, coupling the production of hydrogen by electrolysis with low electricity price leads to a discontinuous process. The petrochemical processes being continuous, a hydrogen temporary storage has to be included in the system. As a result, the nuclear option can, in the short term, enable large CO 2 emission reductions based on available light water reactors and alkaline electrolysis technologies. The economic attractiveness of this solution depends on the electricity cost but also on the CO 2 and natural gas prices. High-temperature technologies To improve the intrinsic economics of nuclear electrolysis, in the long term, hydrogen production by high-temperature electrolysis coupled with high-temperature nuclear reactors is an attractive alternative option. Today, high-temperature electrolysis is at an early stage of development, see Figure 5. Size Figure 5: Development roadmap of different electrolysis technologies Technical center Research Center Laboratory TRL AEC today SOEC PCEC AEC: Alkaline Electrolyzer Cell SOEC: Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell (High Temperature, O 2- 2- conduction) PCEC: Protonic Ceramic Electrolyzer Cell (High Temperature, H + conduction) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Time NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010 303
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Nuclear Science 2010 Nuclear Produc
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Y. Gong, E. Chalk
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY steam turbine, in
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY sulphur depositio
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY affords saving 35
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY safety assessment
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The question was
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CHANGING THE WORLD WITH HYDROGEN AN
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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FRENCH RESEARCH STRATEGY TO USE NUC
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PRESENT STATUS OF HTGR AND HYDROGEN
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STATUS OF THE KOREAN NUCLEAR HYDROG
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THE CONCEPT OF NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRO
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CANADIAN NUCLEAR HYDROGEN R&D PROGR
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APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR-PRODUCED HYD
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STATUS OF THE INL HIGH-TEMPERATURE
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HIGH-TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS
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MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR SOEC Mate
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A METALLIC SEAL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATUR
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DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXI
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CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A SOLID OX
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70 μm CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A S
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN USING HIGH TEMPERA
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SESSION III: THERMOCHEMICAL SULPHUR
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CEA ASSESSMENT OF THE SULPHUR-IODIN
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STATUS OF THE INERI SULPHUR-IODINE
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INFLUENCE OF HTR CORE INLET AND OUT
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VAPOUR-LI
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DEVELOPMENT OF HI DECOMPOSITION PRO
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SOUTH AFRICA’S NUCLEAR HYDROGEN P
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INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCALE DEMONST
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DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF THE HYBRID SU
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RECENT CANADIAN ADVANCES IN THE THE
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AN OVERVIEW OF R&D ACTIVITIES FOR T
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STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION OF
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Page 253 and 254: DEVELOPMENT OF CuCl-HCl ELECTROLYSI
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Page 262 and 263: EXERGY ANALYSIS OF THE Cu-Cl CYCLE
Page 271 and 272: CaBr 2 HYDROLYSIS FOR HBr PRODUCTIO
Page 281: SESSION V: ECONOMICS AND MARKET ANA
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Page 291 and 292: NUCLEAR H 2 PRODUCTION - A UTILITY
Page 301 and 302: ALKALINE AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECT
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Page 309 and 310: THE PRODUCT OF HYDROGEN BY NUCLEAR
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Page 336 and 337: NHI ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CANDIDATE
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POSSIBILITY OF ACTIVE CARBON RECYCL
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NUCLEAR SAFETY AND REGULATORY CONSI
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TRANSIENT MODELLING OF S-I CYCLE TH
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PROPOSED CHEMICAL PLANT INITIATED A
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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE HTTR-IS NU
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USE OF PSA FOR DESIGN OF EMERGENCY
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HEAT PUMP CYCLE BY HYDROGEN-ABSORBI
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HEAT EXCHANGER TEMPERATURE RESPONSE
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ALTERNATE VHTR/HTE INTERFACE FOR MI
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POSTER SESSION CONTRIBUTIONS Poster
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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MEETING ORGANISATION Annex 1: Meeti
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS REYTIER, Magal
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS BROWN, Nichola
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS SINK, Carl US
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