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DEVELOPMENT OF CuCl-HCl ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION VIA Cu-Cl THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE electrolytic performance with increasing temperature is likely due to an increase in the transfer coefficient and higher exchange current density. We believe that increasing the system operating temperature can be a factor to increase the overall efficiency of the CuCl(aq)/HCl(aq) electrolysis. The electrolysis measurements were conducted at three flow rates: i) anolyte 3.4 ml/min and catholyte 4.4 ml/min; ii) anolyte 11.8 ml/min and catholyte 11 ml/min); iii) anolyte 22 ml/min and catholyte 27 ml/min). The tests were run at ambient temperature and pressure. Linear sweep voltammetry data obtained for the AHA and Nafion 115 membranes indicated very little effect of the flow rate on the electrode kinetics as long as the mass transport limitation is not reached. Apparently, the higher flow rates of reactants passing through the electrodes do not speed up the electrochemical conversion rates in the electrolyser used in this study. Current efficiency A proper estimation of the electrolysis efficiency provides guidance to the improvement of the processes and the electrolyser design. In this study, the current efficiency, η c , of the electrolysis system was determined from the experimentally produced amount of hydrogen, H2(exp), divided by the theoretical value, H 2 (theor) calculated from the Faraday’s law: η c = [H 2 (exp)/H 2 (theor)] (7) Out of all tested membranes, AHA, AMX and AHT reach the highest efficiency values (90, 96 and 91%, respectively) in the operating current range below 100 mA. At higher operating currents, copper precipitation was observed in the membrane assemblies with the AHA and AMX membranes, which resulted in a drop in current efficiency down to ~30%. Copper permeation through the membrane from the anode to the cathode leads to parasitic electrochemical reduction and withdrawal of electrons from the hydrogen production reaction. For the AHT membrane, the current efficiencies were high and quite stable at all operating temperatures. No copper precipitation was observed after the experiment with this membrane. Summary A proof-of-concept study was carried out to show that CuCl/HCl electrolysis can be efficiently used in the Cu-Cl thermochemical cycle. A laboratory-scale CuCl/HCl electrolyser was designed and constructed to carry out the electrolytic measurements. Experimental values of the open circuit potential (OCP) measured by linear sweep voltammetry using the newly developed CuCl/HCl electrolyser were found to be consistent with the theoretical thermodynamic calculations. The performed electrolysis tests over wide ranges of temperature demonstrated that the elevated temperatures enhance the system performance. The current efficiency of the CuCl/HCl electrolyser, estimated using the amount of produced hydrogen, at current densities below 100 mA was found to be above 90% for a number of tested commercially available membranes. The current efficiency at current density above 100 mA was reduced mainly due to permeation of Cu through the membranes. The copper crossover from the anode to the cathode and copper precipitation inside the membrane and at the cathode were observed with a number of tested commercial membranes. It was found that the AHT membrane of Asahi Glass Inc. exhibited the highest tolerance to the copper crossover. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this work by Department of Energy (contract no. DE-FG07-07ID14886), and members of the DOE NERI Consortium on “Advanced Electrochemical Technologies for Hydrogen Production by Alternative Thermochemical Cycles” for useful discussion and suggestions. 256 NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010
DEVELOPMENT OF CuCl-HCl ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION VIA Cu-Cl THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE References Akinfiev, N. (2009), et al., Int. J. Hydr. Energy, submitted. Gong, Y., et al. (2009), J. Electrochem. Soc., submitted. Kothari, R., D. Buddhi, R.L. Sawheny (2004), Int. J. Global Energy Issues, 21, No. 1/2, 154. Lewis, M.A., J.G. Masin, R.B. Vilim (2005), International Congress on Advances in Nuclear Power Plants, Seoul, Korea, 15-19 May. Naterer, G.F., et al. (2008), Int. J. Hydr. Energy, 33, 5451. Naterer, G.F., et al. (2008a), Int. J. Hydr. Energy, 33, 5439. Orhan, M.F., I. Dincer, M.A. Rosen (2009), Chem. Eng. Sci., 64, 860. Pickard, P. (2008), “Sulfur-iodine Thermochemical Cycle”, 2008 DOE Hydrogen Program Review. Rosen, M.A. (1996), Energy Conv. Manag., 37, 359. Rosen, M.A. (1996a), Int. J. Hydr. Energy, 21, 349. Shvarov, Yu.V., Bastrakov, E.N. (1999), ”HCh: A Software Package for Geochemical Equilibrium Modeling, User’s Guide”, Geoscience Australia Record, 1999/25, 61 p. Stolberg, L., et al. (2008), “Electrolysis of the CuCl/HCl Aqueous System for the Production of Nuclear Hydrogen”, ORF Workshop. Ticianelli, A., et al. (1998), J. Electrochem. Soc., 135, 2209. NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010 257
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Nuclear Science 2010 Nuclear Produc
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Y. Gong, E. Chalk
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY steam turbine, in
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY sulphur depositio
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY affords saving 35
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY safety assessment
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The question was
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CHANGING THE WORLD WITH HYDROGEN AN
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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FRENCH RESEARCH STRATEGY TO USE NUC
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PRESENT STATUS OF HTGR AND HYDROGEN
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STATUS OF THE KOREAN NUCLEAR HYDROG
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THE CONCEPT OF NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRO
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CANADIAN NUCLEAR HYDROGEN R&D PROGR
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APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR-PRODUCED HYD
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STATUS OF THE INL HIGH-TEMPERATURE
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HIGH-TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS
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MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR SOEC Mate
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A METALLIC SEAL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATUR
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DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXI
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CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A SOLID OX
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70 μm CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A S
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN USING HIGH TEMPERA
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SESSION III: THERMOCHEMICAL SULPHUR
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CEA ASSESSMENT OF THE SULPHUR-IODIN
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STATUS OF THE INERI SULPHUR-IODINE
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INFLUENCE OF HTR CORE INLET AND OUT
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VAPOUR-LI
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DEVELOPMENT OF HI DECOMPOSITION PRO
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SOUTH AFRICA’S NUCLEAR HYDROGEN P
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THE PRODUCT OF HYDROGEN BY NUCLEAR
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SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN T
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PROHYTEC, THE FRENCH INDUSTRIAL PLA
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NHI ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CANDIDATE
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MARKET VIABILITY OF NUCLEAR HYDROGE
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POSSIBILITY OF ACTIVE CARBON RECYCL
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NUCLEAR SAFETY AND REGULATORY CONSI
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TRANSIENT MODELLING OF S-I CYCLE TH
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PROPOSED CHEMICAL PLANT INITIATED A
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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE HTTR-IS NU
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USE OF PSA FOR DESIGN OF EMERGENCY
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HEAT PUMP CYCLE BY HYDROGEN-ABSORBI
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HEAT EXCHANGER TEMPERATURE RESPONSE
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ALTERNATE VHTR/HTE INTERFACE FOR MI
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POSTER SESSION CONTRIBUTIONS Poster
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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MEETING ORGANISATION Annex 1: Meeti
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS REYTIER, Magal
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS BROWN, Nichola
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS SINK, Carl US
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