Nuclear Production of Hydrogen, Fourth Information Exchange ...

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SOUTH AFRICA’S NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME The hydrogen production technologies that will be evaluated are represented in Figure 1 and cover a wide range of technologies. This paper will focus on the large scale hydrogen production technologies and especially the ones coupled to a nuclear heat source, namely thermochemical water-splitting via the hybrid sulphur (HyS) process and hydrogen production using the plasma-arc process. Figure 1: Energy source, H 2 production technology and H 2 infrastructure CC identified projects Energy Source Renewable H 2 Production Technology H 2 Projects Solar Photolytic Water Splitting Small Scale Distributed H 2 production Large Scale Centralized H 2 Production Wind Photo-Biological Processes Bacterial bio-H 2 Algal H 2 Hydro/Wave Electricity Electro-chemical Water Splitting H 2 O – electrolyzer H 2 from renewables HTSE (Solar) Biomass Hi-Temp Heat Thermo-chemical Water Splitting Techno-Econ.Studies HyS SO 2 – electrolyzer Solar FeO/Fe 2 O 3 Nuclear LWR Gasification Biomass Gasification Solar coal gasification HTGR Steam Methane Reforming Plasma Arc Reactor Solar SMR Coal Fossil Natural Gas NWU lead CSIR lead Thermochemical water-splitting programme Thermochemical water-splitting is seen as a promising technology to produce hydrogen on a large scale. High temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR) produce heat at the temperatures needed for high yield hydrogen production. The Hydrogen Infrastructure CC identified thermochemical water-splitting as a key programme to make a significant contribution to technology development, which will build on the RSA strengths in high temperature reactors and its acumen in the Fischer-Tropsch technology, and with a good potential to lead to exportable technology in the form of products and systems. Figure 2 indicates how the application of process heat from HTGR (and/or concentrated solar), integrated with a water-splitting technology, can be used to produce hydrogen and oxygen which serves as feedstock for a coal-to-liquids (CTL) process. A clean source of hydrogen will enable CTL producers to significantly reduce CO 2 emissions in producing liquid fuels, and will hence impact the existing transport sector emissions through cleaner liquid fuels. However, once the necessary hydrogen transport infrastructure is established, the carbon-free hydrogen could be provided as merchant product for hydrogen-powered vehicles as well as for other industries such as steel manufacturers and other chemical industries such as steel production and ammonia production for fertilisers. Hybrid sulphur hydrogen production project The hybrid sulphur process (HyS) as shown schematically in Figure 3 is a partially thermochemical and partially electrolytic water-splitting process using approximately 80% of the energy as heat and 20% of the energy as electricity to generate hydrogen and oxygen in a two-step process as shown in Figure 3. The HyS process was developed by Westinghouse in the early 1970s (Brecher, 1977). 206 NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010
SOUTH AFRICA’S NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Figure 2: A road map for future hydrogen production NUCLEAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY Uranium HTGR Electricity / Process Heat 2018+ Process Heat Industrial HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Water Water- Splitting Hydrogen & Oxygen 2020+ Industry 2030 H 2 Fuel Industrial Transport FOSSIL TO LIQUIDS Coal Coal-to- Liquids Liquid Fuels IC Engine Transport OTHER Steel and Other Figure 3: A schematic of the HyS process Electrical power generation HTGR / VHTR High temp. heat source H 2 Electrical power Thermal energy > 900˚C Electrochemical reaction conc. H 2 SO 4 H 2 SO 4 (aq) Sulfuric acid decomposition H 2 O SO 2 re-circulate SO 2 & O 2 separation SO 2 & O 2 O 2 Westinghouse demonstrated the HyS process in 1978 through the operation of an integrated laboratory bench scale model producing 120 L/hr of hydrogen. Work on the HyS continued until 1983 after which no research was carried out for a long period. Through advances in the electrochemical industries [mainly chlor-alkali production and hydrogen proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells] opportunities arose to lower the capital and operating costs and increase the efficiency of the HyS process from what was achieved by 1983. NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010 207
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Nuclear Science 2010 Nuclear Produc
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Y. Gong, E. Chalk
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY steam turbine, in
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY sulphur depositio
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY affords saving 35
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY safety assessment
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The question was
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CHANGING THE WORLD WITH HYDROGEN AN
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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FRENCH RESEARCH STRATEGY TO USE NUC
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PRESENT STATUS OF HTGR AND HYDROGEN
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STATUS OF THE KOREAN NUCLEAR HYDROG
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THE CONCEPT OF NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRO
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CANADIAN NUCLEAR HYDROGEN R&D PROGR
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APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR-PRODUCED HYD
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STATUS OF THE INL HIGH-TEMPERATURE
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HIGH-TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS
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MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR SOEC Mate
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A METALLIC SEAL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATUR
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DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXI
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CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A SOLID OX
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70 μm CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A S
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Page 157 and 158: NUCLEAR HYDROGEN USING HIGH TEMPERA
Page 167: SESSION III: THERMOCHEMICAL SULPHUR
Page 170 and 171: CEA ASSESSMENT OF THE SULPHUR-IODIN
Page 181: STATUS OF THE INERI SULPHUR-IODINE
Page 184 and 185: INFLUENCE OF HTR CORE INLET AND OUT
Page 194 and 195: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VAPOUR-LI
Page 203: DEVELOPMENT OF HI DECOMPOSITION PRO
Page 206 and 207: SOUTH AFRICA’S NUCLEAR HYDROGEN P
Page 216 and 217: INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCALE DEMONST
Page 225: DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF THE HYBRID SU
Page 229 and 230: RECENT CANADIAN ADVANCES IN THE THE
Page 237 and 238: AN OVERVIEW OF R&D ACTIVITIES FOR T
Page 245 and 246: STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION OF
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DEVELOPMENT OF CuCl-HCl ELECTROLYSI
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EXERGY ANALYSIS OF THE Cu-Cl CYCLE
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CaBr 2 HYDROLYSIS FOR HBr PRODUCTIO
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SESSION V: ECONOMICS AND MARKET ANA
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMI
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NUCLEAR H 2 PRODUCTION - A UTILITY
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ALKALINE AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECT
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THE PRODUCT OF HYDROGEN BY NUCLEAR
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SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN T
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PROHYTEC, THE FRENCH INDUSTRIAL PLA
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NHI ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CANDIDATE
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MARKET VIABILITY OF NUCLEAR HYDROGE
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POSSIBILITY OF ACTIVE CARBON RECYCL
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NUCLEAR SAFETY AND REGULATORY CONSI
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TRANSIENT MODELLING OF S-I CYCLE TH
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PROPOSED CHEMICAL PLANT INITIATED A
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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE HTTR-IS NU
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USE OF PSA FOR DESIGN OF EMERGENCY
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HEAT PUMP CYCLE BY HYDROGEN-ABSORBI
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HEAT EXCHANGER TEMPERATURE RESPONSE
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ALTERNATE VHTR/HTE INTERFACE FOR MI
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POSTER SESSION CONTRIBUTIONS Poster
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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MEETING ORGANISATION Annex 1: Meeti
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS REYTIER, Magal
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS BROWN, Nichola
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS SINK, Carl US
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