Nuclear Production of Hydrogen, Fourth Information Exchange ...
Nuclear Production of Hydrogen, Fourth Information Exchange ... Nuclear Production of Hydrogen, Fourth Information Exchange ...
DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS ANODES: Cr POISONING AND CATION INTERDIFFUSION grains separated by only a couple of microns but contrasting La/Co ratios. This indicates inhomogeneous segregation of the A and B site cations in the LSC layer or dissociation of LSC over the period of operation. STEM/EDX analysis also revealed segregation of the cations at a higher resolution. The results suggest that La and Cr are in some sort of chemical phase together and regions with higher Cr content have high La and a low Co content. All the results suggest that the LSC bond layer has severely dissociated into secondary phases. Besides, harmful phases formed by the Cr-containing species such as Cr 2 O 3 , etc., are also seen in the bond layer. These secondary phases hamper the activity of the SOEC and are directly responsible for the loss in their performance. Figure 6: Chemical map analyses of Cr, Co, La and Sr in a small region of the oxygen electrode of the SOEC References Adler (2004), “Factors Governing Oxygen Reduction in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes”, Chem. Rev., 104, 4791-4843. Chen, Lu (2006), “Scheithaur Journal of Catalaysis Raman Spectra of La 2 O 3 ”, Thin Solid Films, 515, 2179- 2184. Fergus (2007), “Effect of Cathode and Electrolyte Transport Properties on Chromium Poisoning in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3664-3671. Hoang, et al. (2003), “Redox Behaviour of La-Cr Compounds Formed in CrO x /La 2 O 3 Mixed Oxides and CrO x /La 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 Catalysts”, Applied Catalysis A: General, 239, 95-110. 144 NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010
DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS ANODES: Cr POISONING AND CATION INTERDIFFUSION Iliev, et al. (2006), “Raman Spectroscopy of Low-temperature (Pnma) and High-temperature (R3¯c) Phases of LaCrO 3 ”, Physical Review, B 74, 214301. Li, et al. (2003), “Phase Transformation in the Surface Region of Zirconia and Doped Zirconia Detected by UV Raman Spectroscopy”, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 5326-5332. Matsuzaki, Yasuda (2001), “Dependence of SOFC Cathode Degradation by Chromium-containing Alloy on Compositions of Electrodes and Electrolytes”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A126. Matsuzaki, Yasuda (2000), “Electrochemical Properties of a SOFC Cathode in Contact with a Chromium-containing Alloy Separator”, Solid State Ionics, 132, 271-278. Orlovskaya (2005), et al., “Detection of Temperature- and Stress-induced Modifications of LaCoO 3 by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy”, Physical Review, B 7, 014122. Scheithauer, Knouzinger, Vannice (1998), “Raman Spectra of La 2 O 3 Dispersed on γ-Al 2 O 3 ”, Journal of Catalysis, 178, 701-705. Simner, et al. (2006), “Degradation Mechanisms of La-Sr-Co-Fe-O 3 SOFC Cathodes”, Electrochemical and Solid State Letters, 9, (10) A478-A481. Stanislowski, et al. (2007), “Reduction of Chromium Vaporization from SOFC Interconnectors by Highly Effective Coatings”, J. Power Sources, 164, 578-589. Virkar (2007), “A Model for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Stack Degradation”, J. Power Sources, 172, 713-724. Yildiz, Hohnholt, Kazimi (2006), “Hydrogen Production Using High-temperature Steam Electrolysis Supported by Advanced Gas Reactors with Supercritical CO 2 Cycles”, Nuclear Technology, 155. Yildiz, Kazimi (2006a), “Efficiency of Hydrogen Production Systems Using Alternative Nuclear Energy Technologies”, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 31, 77-92. NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010 145
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DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS ANODES: Cr POISONING AND CATION INTERDIFFUSION<br />
Iliev, et al. (2006), “Raman Spectroscopy <strong>of</strong> Low-temperature (Pnma) and High-temperature (R3¯c)<br />
Phases <strong>of</strong> LaCrO 3 ”, Physical Review, B 74, 214301.<br />
Li, et al. (2003), “Phase Transformation in the Surface Region <strong>of</strong> Zirconia and Doped Zirconia Detected<br />
by UV Raman Spectroscopy”, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 5326-5332.<br />
Matsuzaki, Yasuda (2001), “Dependence <strong>of</strong> SOFC Cathode Degradation by Chromium-containing Alloy<br />
on Compositions <strong>of</strong> Electrodes and Electrolytes”, J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, A126.<br />
Matsuzaki, Yasuda (2000), “Electrochemical Properties <strong>of</strong> a SOFC Cathode in Contact with a<br />
Chromium-containing Alloy Separator”, Solid State Ionics, 132, 271-278.<br />
Orlovskaya (2005), et al., “Detection <strong>of</strong> Temperature- and Stress-induced Modifications <strong>of</strong> LaCoO 3 by<br />
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy”, Physical Review, B 7, 014122.<br />
Scheithauer, Knouzinger, Vannice (1998), “Raman Spectra <strong>of</strong> La 2 O 3 Dispersed on γ-Al 2 O 3 ”, Journal <strong>of</strong><br />
Catalysis, 178, 701-705.<br />
Simner, et al. (2006), “Degradation Mechanisms <strong>of</strong> La-Sr-Co-Fe-O 3 SOFC Cathodes”, Electrochemical and<br />
Solid State Letters, 9, (10) A478-A481.<br />
Stanislowski, et al. (2007), “Reduction <strong>of</strong> Chromium Vaporization from SOFC Interconnectors by Highly<br />
Effective Coatings”, J. Power Sources, 164, 578-589.<br />
Virkar (2007), “A Model for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Stack Degradation”, J. Power Sources, 172,<br />
713-724.<br />
Yildiz, Hohnholt, Kazimi (2006), “<strong>Hydrogen</strong> <strong>Production</strong> Using High-temperature Steam Electrolysis<br />
Supported by Advanced Gas Reactors with Supercritical CO 2 Cycles”, <strong>Nuclear</strong> Technology, 155.<br />
Yildiz, Kazimi (2006a), “Efficiency <strong>of</strong> <strong>Hydrogen</strong> <strong>Production</strong> Systems Using Alternative <strong>Nuclear</strong> Energy<br />
Technologies”, Int. J. <strong>Hydrogen</strong> Energy, 31, 77-92.<br />
NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010 145
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