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A METALLIC SEAL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS STACKS Lefrançois, M. (2007), 19 th International Conference on Fluid Sealing, Poitiers, France 25-26 September. Lessing, A., (2007), Journal of Materials Science, 42, pp. 3465-3476. Rouaud, C. (2002), WO 02 /086358. Singh, P., et al. (2004), Journal of Mat. Eng. and Performance, Vol. 13 (3), pp. 287-294, June. Weil, K.S., et al. (2004), Fuel Cells Bulletin, May, pp. 11-16. 138 NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010
DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYSIS ANODES: Cr POISONING AND CATION INTERDIFFUSION Degradation mechanisms in solid oxide electrolysis anodes: Cr poisoning and cation interdiffusion Vivek Inder Sharma, Bilge Yildiz Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Abstract High temperature steam electrolysis is one of the most efficient processes for hydrogen generation from water with no CO 2 emissions using electricity and heat from nuclear or concentrated solar plants. Solid Oxide Electrolytic Cells (SOEC) are the proposed technology being researched and developed for this purpose. Over a long period of operation of the cells, various sources for degradation in the cells’ electrochemical performance prevail, and hence the cell resistance increases and the process becomes inefficient. Our research is aimed at identifying the mechanisms for the loss in the electrochemical performance of the cell, particularly of the oxygen electrode, namely the anode. We are performing post-mortem analysis of the anode materials from SOEC stacks that were subject to demonstration tests over 2 000 hours. We are focusing on two mechanisms of degradation: i) on the diffusion and reaction of chromium from the stainless steel interconnects onto the bond layer (cobaltite) and electrode (manganite) surface; ii) inter-diffusion of electrode and composite cations dissociating the anode composition. Chromium penetrates into the electrode microstructure through vapour-phase or solid state transport and reacts with the electrode material to form secondary and inactive phases which block the active sites. We have employed Raman Spectroscopy and identified the secondary phases, on the surface of the bong layer, that include mainly Cr 2 O 3 , LaCrO 3 , La 2 O 3 and Co 3 O 4 , which have much lower conductivity than the original perovskite structure. We used scanning Auger Electron Nano-spectroscopy (AES) to study the local variations in the air electrode and the bond layer microchemistry and microstructure on a nano-to-micron scale. Chromium was clearly seen to be present in the cobaltite bond layer, and the chromium content was observed to monotonically decrease along the thickness of the bond layer. The manganite and manganite/zirconia composite electrode layers did not contain chromium. The bond layer exhibited an A-site segregation on the surface and drastic variations in the ratio of A-site cations to dopant cations were observed even at a local level. Using high resolution electron microscopy, we are studying the distribution of the chromium-containing phases on the surfaces, and the inter-diffusion and dissociation of compositional cations across the grains. Our approach combines focused ion beam techniques for selective specimen preparation, and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy coupled with Transmission Electron Microscopy for chemical and structural analysis. This investigation will be particularly important for the identification of chemical stability at the grain boundaries between the electrode and electrolyte particles in the electrode microstructure. NUCLEAR PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN – © OECD/NEA 2010 139
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Nuclear Science 2010 Nuclear Produc
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Y. Gong, E. Chalk
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY steam turbine, in
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY sulphur depositio
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY affords saving 35
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY safety assessment
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The question was
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CHANGING THE WORLD WITH HYDROGEN AN
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROGRAM
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FRENCH RESEARCH STRATEGY TO USE NUC
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PRESENT STATUS OF HTGR AND HYDROGEN
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STATUS OF THE KOREAN NUCLEAR HYDROG
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THE CONCEPT OF NUCLEAR HYDROGEN PRO
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CANADIAN NUCLEAR HYDROGEN R&D PROGR
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Page 90 and 91: APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR-PRODUCED HYD
Page 103 and 104: STATUS OF THE INL HIGH-TEMPERATURE
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Page 122 and 123: HIGH-TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS
Page 131: MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT FOR SOEC Mate
Page 134 and 135: A METALLIC SEAL FOR HIGH-TEMPERATUR
Page 142 and 143: DEGRADATION MECHANISMS IN SOLID OXI
Page 149 and 150: CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A SOLID OX
Page 151 and 152: 70 μm CAUSES OF DEGRADATION IN A S
Page 157 and 158: NUCLEAR HYDROGEN USING HIGH TEMPERA
Page 167: SESSION III: THERMOCHEMICAL SULPHUR
Page 170 and 171: CEA ASSESSMENT OF THE SULPHUR-IODIN
Page 181: STATUS OF THE INERI SULPHUR-IODINE
Page 184 and 185: INFLUENCE OF HTR CORE INLET AND OUT
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INFLUENCE OF HTR CORE INLET AND OUT
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INFLUENCE OF HTR CORE INLET AND OUT
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE VAPOUR-LI
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DEVELOPMENT OF HI DECOMPOSITION PRO
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SOUTH AFRICA’S NUCLEAR HYDROGEN P
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INTEGRATED LABORATORY SCALE DEMONST
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DEVELOPMENT STATUS OF THE HYBRID SU
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RECENT CANADIAN ADVANCES IN THE THE
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AN OVERVIEW OF R&D ACTIVITIES FOR T
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STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS REACTION OF
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DEVELOPMENT OF CuCl-HCl ELECTROLYSI
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EXERGY ANALYSIS OF THE Cu-Cl CYCLE
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CaBr 2 HYDROLYSIS FOR HBr PRODUCTIO
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SESSION V: ECONOMICS AND MARKET ANA
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE HYDROGEN ECONOMI
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NUCLEAR H 2 PRODUCTION - A UTILITY
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ALKALINE AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECT
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THE PRODUCT OF HYDROGEN BY NUCLEAR
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SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN T
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PROHYTEC, THE FRENCH INDUSTRIAL PLA
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NHI ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CANDIDATE
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MARKET VIABILITY OF NUCLEAR HYDROGE
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POSSIBILITY OF ACTIVE CARBON RECYCL
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NUCLEAR SAFETY AND REGULATORY CONSI
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TRANSIENT MODELLING OF S-I CYCLE TH
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PROPOSED CHEMICAL PLANT INITIATED A
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CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF THE HTTR-IS NU
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USE OF PSA FOR DESIGN OF EMERGENCY
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HEAT PUMP CYCLE BY HYDROGEN-ABSORBI
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HEAT EXCHANGER TEMPERATURE RESPONSE
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ALTERNATE VHTR/HTE INTERFACE FOR MI
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POSTER SESSION CONTRIBUTIONS Poster
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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ACTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH INST
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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A URANIUM THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE FOR
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MEETING ORGANISATION Annex 1: Meeti
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS REYTIER, Magal
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS BROWN, Nichola
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS SINK, Carl US
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